WEBVTT

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♪ ♪

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♪ ♪

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(car horns honking)

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NARRATOR:
It was 1962,
the height of the Cold War,

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a moment when unrelenting
anxiety about the future

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was leavened by an abiding faith
in the power of science

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to secure our safety
and prosperity.

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Then came an incendiary book
that sowed seeds of doubt.

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MAN (on film):
This is one of the nation's
best sellers,

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first printed
on September 27, 1962.

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Up to now,
500,000 copies have been sold,

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and "Silent Spring"
has been called

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the most controversial book
of the year.

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NARRATOR:
At the eye of the storm
was Rachel Carson,

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one of the most celebrated
American writers of her time.

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With her first three books,

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a lyrical trilogy
about the sea,

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Carson had opened people's eyes
to the natural world.

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Now, in "Silent Spring,"
she delivered the dark warning

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that they might soon destroy it.

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CARSON:
If we are ever to solve
the basic problem

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of environmental contamination,

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we must begin to count
the many hidden costs

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of what we are doing.

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MAN (on film):
Miss Carson maintains
that the balance of nature

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is a major force
in the survival of man.

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Whereas the modern chemist,
the modern biologist,

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the modern scientist believes

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that man is steadily
controlling nature.

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MAN:
It was sort of the gospel
at the time

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that human ingenuity
would triumph over nature.

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What Carson was arguing
was for caution.

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She really confronted
the orthodoxies of her time.

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WOMAN:
She was accused
of being a Communist,

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of being a hysterical,
female Luddite.

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The reaction was
to attack the messenger.

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NARRATOR:
Carson was an unlikely heretic.

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Dutiful, demure,
and so jealous of her solitude

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that her most intimate
relationship

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was conducted mainly
through letters,

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she'd thrust herself
into the public eye,

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all the while harboring a secret
that was literally killing her.

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To some, "Silent Spring"
was an act of heroism;

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to others, an irresponsible
breach

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of scientific objectivity.

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But there could be no dispute

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that with her rebuke
to modern technological science,

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Carson had shattered a paradigm.

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MAN:
Rachel Carson not only changed

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the kind of questions we ask
about the environment,

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I think she caused us to start
to ask those questions.

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She's the instigator.

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(guns booming)

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NARRATOR:
In mid-July 1945,

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as the Second World War
ground on in the Pacific

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and weary Americans scanned
the morning's headlines

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for the word "victory,"

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Rachel Carson was trying
to call attention

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to what she believed
was a war against the Earth.

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♪ ♪

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Carson was 38 that summer,
and restless.

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A writer by inclination
and a biologist by training,

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she'd spent
much of the previous decade

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in the employ of the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

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overseeing publications
about its conservation work.

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The job paid the bills, but
Carson craved a wider audience.

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Now, the agency had undertaken
a study

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she felt warranted
public attention.

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As she put it in a letter to the
popular monthly

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"Reader's Digest": "Practically
at my back door in Maryland,

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"an experiment of more than
ordinary interest and importance

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is going on."

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On a vast, forested tract
at the Patuxent Research Refuge,

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not far from Carson's home
in Silver Spring,

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Fish and Wildlife scientists
had begun to examine

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the environmental impacts

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of a relatively new
chemistry lab creation:

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a so-called synthetic pesticide
known as DDT.

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WILLIAM SOUDER:
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane,
DDT.

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It was first synthesized
back in the 19th century

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and it sat on lab shelves
for decades.

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Nobody knew if it did anything,
if it had any useful purpose,

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until 1939, when a Swiss chemist
named Paul Müller

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discovered that it was
a very potent insecticide

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and killed all kinds of bugs
very readily.

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NEWSREEL NARRATOR:
Absorbed through the feet
or other parts of the body,

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DDT affects the nervous system
and motor coordination

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of the insect.

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Several hours elapse
before symptoms develop.

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Then in sequence follow
restlessness, tremors,

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convulsions, paralysis,
and death.

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DEBORAH BLUM:
Farmers have been doing war
with insects and other pests

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for a long time,

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and they had been using
what we think of now

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as almost obviously
homicidal poisons

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to do that.

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But for the first time,

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we have a sort of new-generation
pesticide.

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It's a whole new fascinating
kind of chemical formula

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that's not obviously toxic
to people,

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and insects are dying
all over the place.

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(newsreel music playing)

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NARRATOR:
After the bombing
of Pearl Harbor,

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the U.S. military had rushed DDT
to the battle zones

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in an effort to protect
American troops

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from insect-borne diseases
such as typhus,

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which was spread by lice
and, left untreated, could kill.

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NEWSREEL NARRATOR:
This was Naples, Italy, shortly
after the Allied occupation.

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Its crowded population lacked
almost everything

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for the safeguarding
of public health:

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the perfect set-up for epidemic.

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DAVID KINKELA:
Naples is really
a city under siege.

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And typhus spreads quickly
under those kinds of conditions.

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So they set up spray stations
in the cities,

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spraying thousands of people
a day with hand sprayers,

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people who wanted
to get sprayed,

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people who didn't want
to get sprayed,

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children, elderly.

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NEWSREEL NARRATOR:
Next, the 40,000 Italians

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dwelling in the jam-packed
air raid shelters

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were deloused.

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NARRATOR:
In all, more than a million
people were dusted with DDT,

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and the epidemic was stopped
in its tracks.

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"Neapolitans,"
the "New York Times" reported,

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"are now throwing DDT at brides
instead of rice.

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Meanwhile,
in the tropical Pacific theater,

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where more soldiers
had been sidelined by malaria

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than by gunshot wounds,

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entire islands were saturated
with DDT.

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♪ ♪

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MARK LYTLE:
General Douglas MacArthur
once said

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that in war, an army commander
had three divisions,

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one in the front fighting,
one in reserve,

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and one in the rear
being refitted.

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He said, "I have one
in the front, one in reserve,

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and one in the hospital,"
because of malaria.

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But with DDT, that problem
diminished substantially.

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It was considered to be
a miracle substance,

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in that it saved
hundreds of thousands of lives.

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NARRATOR:
By the middle of 1944, "Time"
magazine had pronounced DDT

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"one of the great scientific
discoveries of World War II."

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To "Reader's Digest,"

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Rachel Carson was offering
a new angle:

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a piece exploring
DDT's potential

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to cause collateral damage
to wildlife.

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NAOMI ORESKES:
Biologists for
the Fish and Wildlife Service

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begin to see pretty quickly

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that when DDT is used
in certain areas,

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there's evidence of problems.

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There's evidence
of fish kill or bird kill,

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and they see that,

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and like any expert,
they publish it in a place

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where other experts
will read it.

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But how that information

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then filters out
to a larger public

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is a very big question.

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SOUDER:
Carson understood
the implications of this.

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She wanted to write a story
warning people

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that, "We need to be
a little bit careful with this.

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"This looks like
it's a great thing,

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"but we maybe need to be
cautious in how we use it,

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how much of it we use."

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LINDA LEAR:
But "Reader's Digest"
doesn't want this article.

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They essentially say,

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"Oh, housewives would be
just turned off by this.

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"They wouldn't want to know
about this terrible stuff,

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so no-- no, thank you."

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(crowd cheering)

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NEWSREEL NARRATOR:
The victory-flash-electrified
Times Square,

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keyed to the bursting point,

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as the magic word of complete
surrender came through.

09:15.000 --> 09:18.133 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Just weeks later, the war
in the Pacific finally was won,

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and credit for the victory went

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to the twin weapons
of modern science:

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the atomic bomb and the
so-called insect bomb, DDT.

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LYTLE:
America's actually healthier

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and the death rate went down
during World War II,

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even if you include soldiers
in the equation.

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And so people considered this

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a real triumph
of human ingenuity

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over the old pestilences
of nature

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that had made life nasty,
brutish, and short.

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BLUM:
So people just went, "Wow.

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"We have this
incredibly potent compound,

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"doesn't cause any harm
to anything but bugs.

09:56.600 --> 09:58.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
We'll just use it everywhere."

09:58.433 --> 10:01.166 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

10:01.166 --> 10:06.000 align:left position:32.5% line:77% size:57.5%
MAN (on film):
I consider this amazing chemical
the most valuable contribution

10:06.000 --> 10:08.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
of our wartime
medical research program

10:08.866 --> 10:11.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
to the future health
and welfare

10:11.633 --> 10:14.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
not only of this nation,
but of the entire world.

10:14.466 --> 10:20.666 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Carson's misgivings about DDT
were not assuaged.

10:20.666 --> 10:22.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
But she was in no position
to spend time

10:22.766 --> 10:26.700 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
on a story she couldn't sell.

10:26.700 --> 10:28.866 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45%
LEAR:
She really is pretty certain

10:28.866 --> 10:33.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that synthetic pesticides are
not good for the environment,

10:33.466 --> 10:36.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and that they have
a power to destroy,

10:36.533 --> 10:40.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
which is not being
made clear to anybody.

10:40.166 --> 10:43.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
But "Reader's Digest" doesn't
think so.

10:43.400 --> 10:44.766 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
So she gives it up.

10:44.766 --> 10:46.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
She puts it away.

10:46.433 --> 10:48.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
But it really doesn't go away.

10:52.600 --> 10:55.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(birds chirping)

10:59.633 --> 11:03.066 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
I can remember no time,
even in earliest childhood,

11:03.066 --> 11:06.300 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
when I didn't assume
I was going to be a writer.

11:06.300 --> 11:07.800 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Also, I can remember no time

11:07.800 --> 11:10.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
when I wasn't interested
in the out-of-doors

11:10.666 --> 11:12.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and the whole world of nature.

11:12.900 --> 11:15.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
Those interests, I know,

11:15.200 --> 11:20.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
I inherited from my mother
and have always shared with her.

11:20.866 --> 11:24.700 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
She was, from the very
beginning, her mother's child.

11:25.833 --> 11:28.466 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

11:28.466 --> 11:32.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
A former schoolteacher
of stern Presbyterian stock,

11:32.300 --> 11:34.633 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
Maria Carson had given up
her career

11:34.633 --> 11:36.400 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
for marriage and motherhood,

11:36.400 --> 11:39.500 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
only to find herself
alone among strangers.

11:39.500 --> 11:43.200 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
Her husband, Robert,
while well-meaning,

11:43.200 --> 11:46.600 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
had never managed to provide
more than a meager existence.

11:46.600 --> 11:49.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
The family's clapboard house,

11:49.733 --> 11:52.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
on the Allegheny River
just north of Pittsburgh,

11:52.666 --> 11:55.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
lacked both central heating
and running water

11:55.433 --> 11:58.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
throughout the 29 years
the Carsons occupied it.

12:00.133 --> 12:03.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Maria's two older children
already were school-aged

12:03.333 --> 12:05.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
when their younger sister
was born,

12:05.566 --> 12:08.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and already showed
a marked lack of interest

12:08.066 --> 12:10.433 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
in their mother's passions.

12:10.433 --> 12:12.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
Rachel would be different.

12:14.666 --> 12:16.733 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Maria Carson was
an educated woman

12:16.733 --> 12:18.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and a woman who enjoyed reading.

12:18.700 --> 12:21.133 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
She enjoyed music.

12:21.133 --> 12:23.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
She was a person
who, to some degree,

12:23.566 --> 12:25.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
lived a life of the mind.

12:25.233 --> 12:29.866 align:left position:35% line:77% size:55%
ROBERT MUSIL:
She focused and passed this
all on to Rachel.

12:29.866 --> 12:32.166 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
She was ambitious
for her daughter.

12:32.166 --> 12:33.633 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
This was her youngest,
brightest,

12:33.633 --> 12:35.366 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
frankly, favorite child,

12:35.366 --> 12:38.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and so she wanted her
to get a good education.

12:38.900 --> 12:41.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(birds chirping)

12:41.233 --> 12:44.366 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Inspired by a popular
educational movement

12:44.366 --> 12:48.166 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
which held that children should
"study nature, not books,"

12:48.166 --> 12:50.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Maria made the surrounding woods
and fields

12:50.700 --> 12:53.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
Rachel's first classroom.

12:53.533 --> 12:56.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Learn to love the natural world,
the theory went,

12:56.766 --> 12:58.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and one will wish to protect it.

12:58.900 --> 13:01.866 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
Rachel and her mother

13:01.866 --> 13:05.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
would spend their afternoons
together exploring.

13:05.233 --> 13:08.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
She learned to identify
wild things

13:08.900 --> 13:10.933 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
and the songs of birds,

13:10.933 --> 13:14.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and she could recognize the
nests, and the flora and fauna.

13:14.133 --> 13:18.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Her mother taught her to be
rigorous in her observation,

13:18.966 --> 13:20.366 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
but it also, of course,

13:20.366 --> 13:23.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
deepened her relationship
with her mother.

13:28.666 --> 13:32.666 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

13:32.666 --> 13:34.666 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
She was the solitary
sort of girl

13:34.666 --> 13:37.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
who greeted the birds on the way
to school in the morning

13:37.933 --> 13:40.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and was partial to the
companionship of books.

13:40.833 --> 13:46.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
At the age of eight, she was
writing stories of her own.

13:46.033 --> 13:50.066 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
At ten, at her mother's urging,
Rachel entered a contest

13:50.066 --> 13:52.533 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
sponsored by the popular
children's magazine

13:52.533 --> 13:55.666 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
"St. Nicholas" and became a
published author.

13:55.666 --> 14:01.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
By 14, she was submitting
her work to magazines for sale.

14:02.900 --> 14:08.433 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
MUSIL:
If we picture a girl in a small
farm in Nowhere, Pennsylvania,

14:08.433 --> 14:11.666 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
who is transported
through literature

14:11.666 --> 14:15.266 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
and can imagine being elsewhere,

14:15.266 --> 14:20.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
I think she was led to see that
as something that she could do,

14:20.233 --> 14:22.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and it was constantly
reinforced.

14:25.166 --> 14:29.933 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
Maria Carson had always wanted
to go to college and couldn't,

14:29.933 --> 14:32.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
so she was going to be
quite sure that this daughter,

14:32.533 --> 14:35.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
this smart daughter,
was going to go to college.

14:37.466 --> 14:41.533 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
When Rachel won a scholarship to
Pennsylvania College for Women,

14:41.533 --> 14:43.966 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Maria sold off
even the family china

14:43.966 --> 14:46.066 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
to help cover
her daughter's expenses,

14:46.066 --> 14:50.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
then made the 30-mile round trip
to Pittsburgh most weekends

14:50.066 --> 14:52.433 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
to visit her.

14:52.433 --> 14:54.433 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
She was the star pupil.

14:54.433 --> 14:58.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Everyone realized right away
what a talented writer she was

14:58.100 --> 15:00.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and also saw that
this was her ambition in life,

15:00.300 --> 15:03.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that she wanted to be a writer.

15:03.166 --> 15:07.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
So it came as a great shock when
she fell in love with biology.

15:09.566 --> 15:11.500 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
(wildlife chittering)

15:11.500 --> 15:14.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
The science of life
just struck a chord in her

15:14.833 --> 15:17.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that I think she didn't realize
was there.

15:21.866 --> 15:25.400 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Thrilled by the prospect of
understanding the natural world

15:25.400 --> 15:28.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
she'd been taught
to so closely observe,

15:28.433 --> 15:31.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Carson changed her major
from English to biology

15:31.600 --> 15:35.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and announced her intention
to go on to graduate school.

15:37.133 --> 15:39.000 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
She spent the next two years

15:39.000 --> 15:42.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
taking courses in zoology,
physiology, anatomy.

15:42.966 --> 15:46.400 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
But her true interest

15:46.400 --> 15:48.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
only revealed itself
after graduation,

15:48.933 --> 15:51.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
when she landed
a coveted research spot

15:51.000 --> 15:55.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
at the Marine Biology Laboratory
in Woods Hole, Massachusetts,

15:55.266 --> 15:57.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and for the first time
in her life

15:57.600 --> 16:00.700 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
laid eyes on the ocean.

16:02.700 --> 16:05.333 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
(waves crashing)

16:08.100 --> 16:12.900 align:left position:45% line:5% size:45%
LEAR:
She's moved beyond just the
ordinary person would be moved

16:12.900 --> 16:17.800 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
who would have seen the ocean
for the first time.

16:17.800 --> 16:19.266 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
The sea taught her everything

16:19.266 --> 16:22.966 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
that she later came
to want to understand

16:22.966 --> 16:26.100 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
and want the world
to understand,

16:26.100 --> 16:30.033 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
that everything was connected
to everything else.

16:36.900 --> 16:38.466 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
If you study biology

16:38.466 --> 16:42.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and if you look at how all life
on Earth has evolved,

16:42.133 --> 16:46.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
eventually you begin
to see everything in totality.

16:46.200 --> 16:50.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
You can't divorce yourself
or any other living thing

16:50.800 --> 16:53.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
from the environment
that we all share.

16:53.666 --> 16:56.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And Carson was fascinated
by that.

17:03.333 --> 17:06.966 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

17:06.966 --> 17:10.033 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
It was one
of the most liberating,

17:10.033 --> 17:13.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
expansive experiences
she ever had in her life.

17:15.266 --> 17:17.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
One of her overriding lessons
was that the sea,

17:17.833 --> 17:23.700 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
with all of its massive expanse
and its varieties of creatures,

17:23.700 --> 17:27.000 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
was beyond the controlling hand
of man.

17:39.633 --> 17:41.566 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Had it not been
for the Depression

17:41.566 --> 17:44.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and her family's dire
financial straits,

17:44.400 --> 17:47.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Carson might have become
a marine biologist.

17:47.800 --> 17:49.266 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
As it was,

17:49.266 --> 17:52.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
she'd barely started her
graduate work at Johns Hopkins

17:52.500 --> 17:56.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
before her parents, her
older sister, and her two nieces

17:56.400 --> 17:59.300 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
came to live with her
in Baltimore.

17:59.300 --> 18:02.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Full-time study gave way
to part-time study

18:02.200 --> 18:03.700 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
and part-time work.

18:03.700 --> 18:09.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Then, when Carson was 28,
her father died suddenly.

18:09.566 --> 18:12.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Not long after, her sister died,
as well,

18:12.566 --> 18:15.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
leaving two daughters
in Rachel and her mother's care.

18:15.800 --> 18:18.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Now the family's
sole breadwinner,

18:18.833 --> 18:22.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Carson left Johns Hopkins
with her master's degree

18:22.066 --> 18:24.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and took a job with
the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries,

18:24.933 --> 18:26.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
writing an assortment
of publications

18:26.900 --> 18:32.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
about the bureau's
marine conservation work.

18:32.233 --> 18:34.766 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
As she's looking over the press
releases she's writing,

18:34.766 --> 18:36.533 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
she realizes
that some of these subjects

18:36.533 --> 18:37.933 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
are kind of interesting

18:37.933 --> 18:39.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and could be turned
into feature stories

18:39.566 --> 18:41.433 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
for a local newspaper.

18:41.433 --> 18:46.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
So she starts selling stories
to the "Baltimore Sun"

18:46.466 --> 18:48.800 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
that are based
on some of the work

18:48.800 --> 18:53.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that she's seeing being done
at the Bureau of Fisheries.

18:53.400 --> 18:54.800 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
From time to time,

18:54.800 --> 18:57.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Carson omitted her first name
from her signature,

18:57.933 --> 19:00.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
believing certain pieces
would have more credibility

19:00.666 --> 19:04.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
if they were presumed to have
been written by a man.

19:04.666 --> 19:08.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Still, as she later said,
"It was a turning point.

19:08.533 --> 19:11.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
"I had given up writing forever,
I thought.

19:11.166 --> 19:12.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
"It never occurred to me

19:12.700 --> 19:17.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that I was merely getting
something to write about."

19:17.100 --> 19:19.266 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
She has at last found this way

19:19.266 --> 19:22.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
to combine her two passions
in life.

19:22.233 --> 19:25.166 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
Biology and writing merge,

19:25.166 --> 19:28.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and I think really
from that time forward,

19:28.300 --> 19:31.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
she never thinks of them
as being separate things.

19:31.566 --> 19:36.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
What she is is someone
who writes about science.

19:36.866 --> 19:40.900 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In 1937, a piece Carson
published in "The Atlantic"

19:40.900 --> 19:43.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
came to the attention
of Simon & Schuster,

19:43.666 --> 19:45.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
which offered her
a small advance

19:45.833 --> 19:48.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
for a book about the sea.

19:48.000 --> 19:50.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Hopeful the opportunity
would help her

19:50.200 --> 19:51.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
make the leap
to full-time writer,

19:51.833 --> 19:54.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
she poured three years' worth
of nights and weekends

19:54.833 --> 19:58.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
into the book,
a kind of literary triptych

19:58.233 --> 20:00.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
about the lives
of three sea creatures.

20:02.900 --> 20:06.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"Under the Sea-Wind" earned
early critical praise,

20:06.566 --> 20:10.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
but the rush to the bookstore
Carson had dreamed of

20:10.000 --> 20:13.300 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
never happened.

20:13.300 --> 20:18.133 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
(bombs streaking and exploding)

20:18.133 --> 20:20.800 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
A few weeks after the book
is released,

20:20.800 --> 20:22.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
the Japanese attack
Pearl Harbor,

20:22.733 --> 20:26.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and everybody's attention
shifts from books,

20:26.533 --> 20:28.766 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
certainly from slight books,

20:28.766 --> 20:31.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
like a book about creatures
that live in the ocean.

20:31.866 --> 20:34.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
And "Under The Sea-Wind" just
kind of vanishes

20:34.700 --> 20:38.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
without a trace,
never sells even 2,000 copies.

20:38.733 --> 20:44.433 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
For Carson, there would be
no escape from her day job.

20:44.433 --> 20:48.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
The Bureau of Fisheries by then
had merged with another agency

20:48.066 --> 20:51.366 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
to become the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

20:51.366 --> 20:54.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
but Carson's position
was essentially unchanged.

20:54.800 --> 20:59.966 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
And though she excelled in it,
it was not work that she loved.

20:59.966 --> 21:01.866 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

21:01.866 --> 21:05.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
By the time the war came
to an end, in 1945,

21:05.500 --> 21:07.800 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
she was back
to pitching feature stories

21:07.800 --> 21:10.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and frustrated beyond measure.

21:10.466 --> 21:12.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
What she was,
as a friend put it,

21:12.733 --> 21:14.566 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
was a "would-be writer

21:14.566 --> 21:19.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
who could not afford the time
for creative work."

21:19.333 --> 21:23.533 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
I don't think Rachel sees
that there's much alternative.

21:23.533 --> 21:27.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
She's got a good job,
she's got family to support.

21:27.100 --> 21:28.900 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
So she's really stuck.

21:28.900 --> 21:31.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
She felt she'd come
to an obstacle

21:31.433 --> 21:34.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
that didn't have
any easy way around.

21:37.066 --> 21:38.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Really for the first time
in her life,

21:38.900 --> 21:41.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
I think she really didn't see
the way forward.

21:41.900 --> 21:45.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
And I think she was in the "now
what?" phase for several years.

21:49.166 --> 21:50.833 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
ANNOUNCER:
Headlines in Chemistry.

21:50.833 --> 21:54.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
(newsreel music playing)

21:55.633 --> 21:57.700 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
ANNOUNCER 2:
And here is our first headline.

21:57.700 --> 22:00.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Science can now rid the country
of mosquitoes.

22:00.866 --> 22:02.366 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
ANNOUNCER 3:
The mosquito is doomed!

22:02.366 --> 22:04.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
And so is the tiny bloodthirsty
black fly.

22:04.400 --> 22:07.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
These biting insects can now
be completely wiped out

22:07.800 --> 22:10.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
by man-made fogs
loaded with DDT.

22:10.633 --> 22:16.400 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Not long after "Reader's Digest"
declined Carson's DDT piece,

22:16.400 --> 22:20.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the "miracle pesticide"
was released for civilian use.

22:20.266 --> 22:25.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
For the first time,
the insect-borne scourges

22:25.000 --> 22:27.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that spread disease
and ravaged crops

22:27.600 --> 22:30.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
seemed subject to man's control.

22:32.033 --> 22:34.200 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
Most people were inclined
to think of humans

22:34.200 --> 22:36.633 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
as the superior, apex species,

22:36.633 --> 22:40.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and that the rest of the animal,
plant kingdom

22:40.433 --> 22:41.966 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
existed for our convenience,

22:41.966 --> 22:45.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and that man's function was
to dominate

22:45.533 --> 22:50.133 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
and in a sense
bend nature to his purposes.

22:50.133 --> 22:52.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
And so the ethos of science
and technology

22:52.900 --> 22:55.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
is that humans could improve
on nature.

22:58.600 --> 23:03.033 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
DDT was going to end diseases
like malaria and typhus.

23:03.033 --> 23:06.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
It was going to greatly increase
agricultural output.

23:08.266 --> 23:11.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
DDT was thought to be
so important

23:11.133 --> 23:14.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that Paul Müller won the
Nobel Prize for discovering DDT.

23:16.500 --> 23:21.766 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Cheap and long-lasting, DDT
was rushed into widespread use

23:21.766 --> 23:23.900 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
practically overnight.

23:23.900 --> 23:26.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
In the southeastern
United States,

23:26.233 --> 23:28.233 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
where malaria was rife,

23:28.233 --> 23:31.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
a coalition of state and
local health agencies

23:31.900 --> 23:35.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
treated some four-and-a-half
million homes with DDT.

23:35.500 --> 23:39.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
By 1951, malaria had been
eliminated

23:39.766 --> 23:42.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
from the entire country.

23:42.300 --> 23:45.500 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(engine buzzing)

23:48.266 --> 23:51.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
The U.S. Department
of Agriculture, meanwhile,

23:51.133 --> 23:54.233 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
promoted DDT to farmers

23:54.233 --> 23:56.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and, in conjunction
with the military,

23:56.266 --> 23:59.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
sold thousands of decommissioned
planes as crop dusters,

23:59.466 --> 24:03.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
boosting agricultural yields
across the country.

24:05.633 --> 24:07.800 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
It's hard to understand now

24:07.800 --> 24:09.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
because it seems instinctive
to us.

24:09.800 --> 24:12.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
But the idea that a chemical

24:12.200 --> 24:16.166 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
might present a hazard
to your health

24:16.166 --> 24:18.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
or to the well-being
of the natural environment,

24:18.333 --> 24:21.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
this was not front-of-mind
for anybody at the time.

24:21.033 --> 24:25.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
There was really no rigorous
testing of these chemicals

24:25.600 --> 24:27.133 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
to ensure their safety.

24:27.133 --> 24:29.233 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
There was much greater attention
paid

24:29.233 --> 24:30.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
to whether they were effective.

24:32.700 --> 24:37.233 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
BLUM:
Nature was big, and dark,
and scary, and dangerous

24:37.233 --> 24:40.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
in profound ways
through much of human history.

24:40.566 --> 24:43.633 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
So when people looked at nature,

24:43.633 --> 24:45.533 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
they saw that the world
would be safer

24:45.533 --> 24:46.933 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
if they could master it.

24:46.933 --> 24:51.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
And when you get something
that looks like a tool,

24:51.866 --> 24:53.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
a "magic bullet,"

24:53.000 --> 24:56.033 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
you want the magic bullet.

24:57.866 --> 25:01.100 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

25:01.100 --> 25:03.966 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Spurred by the success of DDT,

25:03.966 --> 25:07.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
chemists soon created a host
of new pesticidal compounds:

25:07.466 --> 25:11.933 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
endrin, dieldrin, toxaphene.

25:11.933 --> 25:15.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Over the decade to come,
all would be weapons

25:15.166 --> 25:17.566 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
in the struggle
to master nature.

25:17.566 --> 25:22.400 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
So you see an explosion
of American science

25:22.400 --> 25:25.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that has the potential to solve
deep-seated problems

25:25.333 --> 25:28.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
of famine and disease
around the world.

25:28.066 --> 25:31.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And so there's this sense
of a quest.

25:31.700 --> 25:34.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
We have the tools,
we have the technology,

25:34.866 --> 25:38.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
we have the know-how,
and this is our moment.

25:48.433 --> 25:51.500 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
On an overcast morning
in July 1949,

25:51.500 --> 25:53.833 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
Rachel Carson found herself

25:53.833 --> 25:56.366 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
in a boat
off the coast of Miami,

25:56.366 --> 25:58.933 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
staring down
into the storm-churned waters

25:58.933 --> 26:01.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
of Biscayne Bay.

26:01.400 --> 26:04.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
After five years spent
making the best of her job

26:04.100 --> 26:06.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
at the Fish and Wildlife
Service,

26:06.400 --> 26:08.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
she'd begun to toy with the idea

26:08.333 --> 26:11.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
of writing another book
about the sea,

26:11.000 --> 26:12.966 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
and this time,
she was determined

26:12.966 --> 26:16.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to experience her subject
firsthand.

26:16.966 --> 26:20.000 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
She probably didn't let on that
she was a very poor swimmer.

26:20.000 --> 26:22.333 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
She didn't like boats.

26:22.333 --> 26:25.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
You know, she was happy being in
up to about her knees,

26:25.533 --> 26:29.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and beyond that she really
wasn't very comfortable.

26:29.066 --> 26:32.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
But she felt that if she could
somehow muster the courage

26:32.400 --> 26:33.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
to go under the surface,

26:33.800 --> 26:35.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that it would be illuminating
and helpful to her

26:35.833 --> 26:38.166 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
in her writing.

26:38.166 --> 26:39.700 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
From her desk in Maryland,

26:39.700 --> 26:41.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
it had seemed critical
to her research

26:41.500 --> 26:43.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
that she make this dive.

26:43.033 --> 26:46.033 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
But now, on the boat,

26:46.033 --> 26:48.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the prospect of simply
getting into the water

26:48.866 --> 26:51.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
seemed impossibly daunting.

26:51.766 --> 26:54.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
The diving helmet alone
weighed 84 pounds.

26:54.700 --> 26:59.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Carson, at 5 feet, 4 inches
tall, weighed all of 120.

27:02.233 --> 27:05.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Trembling, she managed
to descend about eight feet,

27:05.600 --> 27:07.466 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
to the bottom
of the boat's ladder,

27:07.466 --> 27:10.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
staying just long enough to note
the presence of seaweed

27:10.933 --> 27:13.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and a few vibrantly colored
fish.

27:13.800 --> 27:17.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
She never once let go
of the ladder's rung.

27:17.900 --> 27:20.033 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Her facemask kind of clouded up.

27:20.033 --> 27:22.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
She was breathing heavily,
she was terrified.

27:22.433 --> 27:23.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
But she spent a few minutes
there

27:23.866 --> 27:25.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and then climbed back
up the ladder

27:25.433 --> 27:27.466 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
and went home.

27:30.033 --> 27:32.600 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Carson judged the dive
a success,

27:32.600 --> 27:34.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
because she'd at least been able

27:34.133 --> 27:37.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
to glimpse the ocean's surface
from below.

27:37.100 --> 27:40.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
But as research,
it was largely irrelevant:

27:40.100 --> 27:44.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
the new book was to be based
not on firsthand observation,

27:44.000 --> 27:46.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
but rather on the surfeit
of oceanographic studies

27:46.833 --> 27:50.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that lately had been piling up
on her desk.

27:55.000 --> 27:57.833 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
ORESKES:
Up until World War II,
nobody really worried much

27:57.833 --> 28:00.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
about what happened
below the waves.

28:00.933 --> 28:02.800 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
But in World War II,

28:02.800 --> 28:05.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
submarine warfare becomes
important for the first time,

28:05.300 --> 28:08.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and the only way you can operate
in the submarine environment

28:08.433 --> 28:11.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
is with a very, very detailed
understanding of the ocean.

28:11.566 --> 28:14.500 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
(sonar pinging)

28:14.500 --> 28:16.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And so we start learning
a tremendous amount

28:16.233 --> 28:19.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
about the ocean and
about the life in the deep ocean

28:19.233 --> 28:22.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that had been quite mysterious
before that.

28:22.900 --> 28:24.166 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
And the idea that there was

28:24.166 --> 28:25.566 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
all this amazing diverse life
in the ocean

28:25.566 --> 28:28.100 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
that we didn't really know about
and that is existing

28:28.100 --> 28:30.600 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
as a kind
of parallel universe,

28:30.600 --> 28:33.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
I think that that really
captured her.

28:37.566 --> 28:42.266 align:left position:45% line:5% size:45%
LEAR:
Carson wanted to be
the biographer of the ocean.

28:42.266 --> 28:45.000 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
She wanted certainly to tell
about its beauty

28:45.000 --> 28:48.366 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
and about how intricate
nature was.

28:48.366 --> 28:52.400 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
It's the same question
that she approached

28:52.400 --> 28:54.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
in "Under the Sea-Wind,"

28:54.600 --> 28:56.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
only now there was
all this information

28:56.766 --> 29:00.500 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
that she could tap.

29:00.500 --> 29:03.633 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
She had access
to confidential information.

29:03.633 --> 29:05.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
She had access to war records.

29:05.200 --> 29:08.833 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
She had access
to submarine research.

29:08.833 --> 29:11.166 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
She was a master synthesizer.

29:11.166 --> 29:13.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
She could take information
from this place and that place

29:13.666 --> 29:16.033 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55%
and then see
how it went together

29:16.033 --> 29:19.300 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
in ways that I don't think
very many people can do.

29:19.300 --> 29:22.166 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

29:22.166 --> 29:24.766 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Carson's technique
was to identify

29:24.766 --> 29:26.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
the leading experts
in the field,

29:26.833 --> 29:30.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
ask a few harmless questions
about their work,

29:30.600 --> 29:32.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and then once she got
her foot in the door with them,

29:32.833 --> 29:34.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
to expand the questioning

29:34.166 --> 29:35.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
so that she could really pick
their brains.

29:38.333 --> 29:40.900 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In the evenings,
after a full day at the office

29:40.900 --> 29:42.900 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
and dinner with her mother,

29:42.900 --> 29:45.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Carson cloistered herself
in her study

29:45.200 --> 29:49.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and worked on her book,
sometimes until dawn.

29:51.033 --> 29:54.966 align:left position:32.5% line:77% size:57.5%
DEBORAH CRAMER:
Once you have all these
hundreds and hundreds of papers,

29:54.966 --> 29:59.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
you need to shape them
in some kind of narrative,

29:59.033 --> 30:02.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and that requires
a very different prose style

30:02.200 --> 30:05.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
than what she was reading.

30:05.100 --> 30:08.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And so when you go about
taking that material

30:08.700 --> 30:12.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and transforming it,
but still being true to it,

30:12.833 --> 30:15.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
it's just an extraordinarily
difficult thing,

30:15.933 --> 30:19.933 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
because when you choose
different words to describe it,

30:19.933 --> 30:21.800 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
you run the risk

30:21.800 --> 30:24.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
of mistranslating
what you're reading.

30:27.100 --> 30:32.133 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
It was a painstaking process
because she was a perfectionist.

30:32.133 --> 30:34.300 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
She had to get
the first sentence right

30:34.300 --> 30:36.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
before she could go
to the second sentence.

30:36.400 --> 30:38.733 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
And then she'd revise.

30:38.733 --> 30:41.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
It takes a long time for her
to get something that she likes,

30:41.966 --> 30:46.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and then in the morning,
she's likely to revise it again,

30:46.033 --> 30:47.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
so things go very slowly.

30:49.566 --> 30:52.200 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Determined that this book
would not languish

30:52.200 --> 30:54.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
as "Under the Sea-Wind" had,

30:54.333 --> 30:58.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Carson signed on with a literary
agent named Marie Rodell,

30:58.033 --> 31:00.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
who sold the volume
to Oxford Press

31:00.233 --> 31:01.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
even before it had a title.

31:01.866 --> 31:04.066 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
"Current suggestions

31:04.066 --> 31:07.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
from irreverent friends
and relatives," Carson joked,

31:07.233 --> 31:13.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"include 'Out of My Depth'
and 'Carson at Sea.'"

31:13.000 --> 31:16.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
By the spring of 1950,
the manuscript,

31:16.000 --> 31:18.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
now bearing the title
"The Sea Around Us,"

31:18.700 --> 31:20.933 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
was nearly finished.

31:20.933 --> 31:24.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Hoping to foster advance
interest in its publication,

31:24.300 --> 31:28.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Rodell began shopping excerpts
to magazines.

31:28.333 --> 31:30.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
15 turned the material down

31:30.866 --> 31:33.966 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
before it finally made its way
to William Shawn,

31:33.966 --> 31:35.833 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
editor of the "New Yorker,"

31:35.833 --> 31:40.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
who offered to publish ten
of the book's chapters.

31:40.433 --> 31:43.833 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
This is the turning point
in Carson's career.

31:43.833 --> 31:46.333 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
The "New Yorker"
is a very prestigious,

31:46.333 --> 31:48.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
widely read, widely respected
magazine,

31:48.900 --> 31:51.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and so to be serialized
in the "New Yorker,"

31:51.800 --> 31:54.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
to have your work preview there

31:54.166 --> 31:55.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
ahead of its publication
as a book

31:55.866 --> 31:57.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
is almost a guarantee
of success.

31:59.866 --> 32:03.333 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Carson would clear more from
the "New Yorker" serialization

32:03.333 --> 32:05.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
than she did from an entire year

32:05.233 --> 32:08.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
at the Fish and Wildlife
Service.

32:08.033 --> 32:11.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"I am still in a daze,"
she cabled Rodell.

32:11.066 --> 32:15.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"All I know is how lucky I am
to have you."

32:22.100 --> 32:24.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
(people chattering,
car horns honking)

32:26.333 --> 32:31.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
By the time Carson's book went
to print in the spring of 1951,

32:31.333 --> 32:33.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
the world seemed to be cleaving
in two.

32:33.533 --> 32:38.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The Soviet Union had shaken
Americans' sense of security

32:38.366 --> 32:40.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
with the successful test
of an atomic bomb.

32:40.800 --> 32:44.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Communist forces had triumphed
in China.

32:44.633 --> 32:48.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
Now there was
a pervasive feeling

32:48.033 --> 32:50.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that the struggle to stem
the red tide

32:50.833 --> 32:52.466 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
would be unremitting.

32:52.466 --> 32:54.566 align:left position:37.5% line:77% size:52.5%
ANNOUNCER:
From the White House
in Washington, D.C.,

32:54.566 --> 32:56.466 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
President Harry S. Truman.

32:56.466 --> 32:58.466 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
TRUMAN:
My fellow Americans,

32:58.466 --> 33:01.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
I want to talk to you plainly
tonight

33:01.000 --> 33:04.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
about what we are doing in Korea

33:04.100 --> 33:07.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and about our policy
in the Far East.

33:07.633 --> 33:10.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
In the simplest terms,
what we are doing in Korea

33:10.966 --> 33:16.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
is this: we are trying
to prevent a third world war.

33:18.000 --> 33:21.566 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Against the backdrop of war,
both hot and cold,

33:21.566 --> 33:23.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Carson worried
that her second book

33:23.533 --> 33:25.966 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
would founder like the first.

33:25.966 --> 33:28.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
But thanks to the "New Yorker"
serialization,

33:28.400 --> 33:31.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
readers snapped it up
all across the country

33:31.133 --> 33:36.033 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
and found in its pages
an antidote to anxiety.

33:38.166 --> 33:41.933 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

33:43.700 --> 33:45.400 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
READER:
"The whole world ocean extends

33:45.400 --> 33:49.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"over about three-fourths
of the surface of the globe.

33:49.400 --> 33:52.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"If we subtract the shallow
areas of the continental shelves

33:52.700 --> 33:54.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"and the scattered banks
and shoals,

33:54.733 --> 33:57.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"where at least the pale ghost
of sunlight

33:57.266 --> 34:00.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"moves over the underlying
bottom,

34:00.433 --> 34:02.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"there still remains
about half the Earth

34:02.900 --> 34:07.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"that is covered by miles-deep,
lightless water,

34:07.233 --> 34:10.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that has been dark
since the world began."

34:13.766 --> 34:17.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Drawing upon all that was then
known about the ocean,

34:17.233 --> 34:21.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Carson told the story
of its life over the eons

34:21.133 --> 34:24.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and revealed a natural realm
largely indifferent

34:24.500 --> 34:28.266 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
to the rhythms of man.

34:28.266 --> 34:33.033 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
It's a book that is jammed with
news from the natural world.

34:33.033 --> 34:36.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
It's about currents,
about the propagation of waves,

34:36.066 --> 34:41.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
about storm systems, about the
ocean's relationship to climate.

34:41.800 --> 34:44.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
You have to remember
that this is all new.

34:44.133 --> 34:47.666 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
Nobody knows
what the ocean is like.

34:47.666 --> 34:52.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
So there's a lot
of really compelling information

34:52.600 --> 34:54.466 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
that transcends that term.

34:54.466 --> 34:58.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
It's not just information,
it's revelation.

34:58.133 --> 35:02.100 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
It's this immersive experience.

35:02.100 --> 35:05.200 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
"It is a work of science,"
one critic raved.

35:05.200 --> 35:07.666 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
"It is stamped with authority.

35:07.666 --> 35:09.366 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
"It is a work of art:

35:09.366 --> 35:12.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
"It is saturated
with the excitement of mystery.

35:12.933 --> 35:15.533 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
It is literature."

35:15.533 --> 35:21.333 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
CRAMER:
What she has done is to take
a very complicated subject

35:21.333 --> 35:25.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and distill it into its essence,

35:25.500 --> 35:30.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and bring the reader
right there.

35:30.033 --> 35:32.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
So science, which can be

35:32.066 --> 35:36.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
extraordinarily impersonal
and dry,

35:36.333 --> 35:42.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
has suddenly become immediate
and very important.

35:45.300 --> 35:48.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Three weeks after it appeared
in bookstores,

35:48.233 --> 35:50.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
"The Sea Around Us" made

35:50.300 --> 35:52.166 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
the "New York Times" bestseller
list.

35:52.166 --> 35:56.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Amid the near-universal praise
for the book,

35:56.133 --> 35:59.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
there occasionally emerged
a distorted portrait of Carson

35:59.733 --> 36:03.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
as a working scientist
with rare literary gifts,

36:03.533 --> 36:07.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
or as an experienced diver
who'd come to know her subject

36:07.000 --> 36:09.400 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
at a depth of a hundred feet.

36:09.400 --> 36:11.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Thrilled about the book's
success

36:11.100 --> 36:14.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
but dismayed at the attention
focused on its author,

36:14.200 --> 36:17.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Carson did nothing
to correct the misconceptions.

36:17.366 --> 36:18.866 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Critic after critic

36:18.866 --> 36:23.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
would remark in some way,
either offhandedly or directly,

36:23.933 --> 36:25.633 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
how amazing it was

36:25.633 --> 36:27.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that a woman understood
these technical matters

36:27.833 --> 36:29.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and wrote so beautifully
about them,

36:29.833 --> 36:33.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
particularly because the ocean
was such a hostile place,

36:33.066 --> 36:36.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
where, you know,
presumably only men could go.

36:36.833 --> 36:38.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
So Carson had to endure that.

36:38.433 --> 36:41.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
And so I think
letting this fiction stand

36:41.933 --> 36:44.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
was her little way
of kind of getting even

36:44.300 --> 36:47.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
with the people that doubted her
or doubted her gender.

36:47.933 --> 36:51.333 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
I think it amused her.

36:53.600 --> 36:56.100 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
By early September,
"The Sea Around Us"

36:56.100 --> 36:59.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
had reached number one
on the bestseller list.

36:59.600 --> 37:05.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
There it would remain
for an astonishing 32 weeks.

37:05.600 --> 37:09.400 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
When it at last dropped a notch,
it was joined on the list

37:09.400 --> 37:11.600 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55%
by a re-issue
of Carson's first book,

37:11.600 --> 37:13.400 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
in what the "New York Times"
called

37:13.400 --> 37:18.066 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
a "publishing phenomenon as rare
as a total solar eclipse."

37:18.066 --> 37:24.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
At 44, Rachel Carson,
the one-time "would-be writer,"

37:24.066 --> 37:28.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
had two of the country's
non-fiction bestsellers.

37:28.933 --> 37:30.433 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
"The Sea Around Us" was

37:30.433 --> 37:33.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
one of the bestselling
science books of all time.

37:33.933 --> 37:36.200 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
It sold
almost two million copies

37:36.200 --> 37:39.066 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
in its initial publication.

37:39.066 --> 37:42.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
It was also translated into,
I think, 30 foreign languages,

37:42.600 --> 37:45.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
so it was an international
bestseller.

37:47.033 --> 37:49.100 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
It won the National Book Award.

37:49.100 --> 37:50.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
So it really made her
a public figure

37:50.866 --> 37:55.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
with a very large following.

37:55.200 --> 37:57.400 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
"We have been troubled
about the world,

37:57.400 --> 38:01.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and had almost lost faith in
man," one reader wrote Carson.

38:01.166 --> 38:04.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"It helps to think about
the long history of the Earth,

38:04.500 --> 38:06.766 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
"and of how life came to be.

38:06.766 --> 38:09.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"When we think in terms
of millions of years,

38:09.766 --> 38:11.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
"we are not so impatient

38:11.333 --> 38:14.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
that our own problems
be solved tomorrow."

38:19.666 --> 38:21.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
You have a grandstand seat here

38:21.433 --> 38:23.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
to one of the most momentous
events

38:23.066 --> 38:24.633 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
in the history of science.

38:24.633 --> 38:29.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
This is the first full-scale
test of a hydrogen device.

38:29.666 --> 38:34.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
If the reaction goes,
we're in the thermonuclear era.

38:34.333 --> 38:37.566 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65%
MAN (on loudspeaker):
It is now 30 seconds
to zero time.

38:37.566 --> 38:39.933 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Put on goggles or turn away.

38:39.933 --> 38:45.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
MAN (on loudspeaker):
5, 4, 3, 2, 1.

38:48.900 --> 38:53.500 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

39:00.433 --> 39:01.900 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
(low rumbling)

39:01.900 --> 39:02.933 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
(explosion booming)

39:07.766 --> 39:13.033 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

39:13.033 --> 39:16.033 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
Carson was always aware,
I think,

39:16.033 --> 39:19.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
from, especially,
her time in government,

39:19.166 --> 39:21.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that some people looked
at science

39:21.833 --> 39:25.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
as discovering
something beautiful and new,

39:25.533 --> 39:27.900 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
and some people
looked at science

39:27.900 --> 39:31.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
as discovering ways
in which to wage war,

39:31.633 --> 39:36.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
to destroy things,
not to create things,

39:36.000 --> 39:37.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
that by the time
of the Cold War,

39:37.666 --> 39:43.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
there are really two sciences
going on in the United States.

39:43.133 --> 39:47.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
World War II had raised
the profile of American science.

39:47.233 --> 39:50.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
Now the Cold War made it soar.

39:52.133 --> 39:56.533 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
The atom was used
in a very destructive way,

39:56.533 --> 39:58.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
but it also suggested
in many ways

39:58.833 --> 40:03.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that science was at the
forefront of something grand.

40:03.100 --> 40:08.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This is the way in which we will
solve the problems of the world.

40:13.233 --> 40:15.366 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
The laboratory was no longer
merely the source

40:15.366 --> 40:17.633 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
of the nation's military might.

40:17.633 --> 40:20.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
It was also, ever increasingly,

40:20.533 --> 40:22.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
a font of ingenious chemical
tools

40:22.333 --> 40:24.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
that gave mankind an edge

40:24.966 --> 40:27.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
against its enemies
in the natural world.

40:29.166 --> 40:31.466 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
For any sort of question
that deals with nature,

40:31.466 --> 40:34.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
what is emerging
in the postwar period

40:34.166 --> 40:37.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
is that chemicals
will solve the problem.

40:37.466 --> 40:41.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
So if your question is about
crop production, more chemicals.

40:41.500 --> 40:44.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
If your question is about
public health, more chemicals.

40:44.733 --> 40:46.466 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
If your question is about,

40:46.466 --> 40:49.033 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
"How do I protect my home
from these unwanted pests?"

40:49.033 --> 40:50.066 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5%
More chemicals.

40:51.933 --> 40:55.266 align:left position:45% line:5% size:45%
BLUM:
People are worshiping at the
altar of science and technology

40:55.266 --> 41:00.133 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
because finally it's making us
the human masters of the planet,

41:00.133 --> 41:04.100 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
and we're taking
this incredibly dangerous,

41:04.100 --> 41:05.833 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
un-nurturing landscape,

41:05.833 --> 41:09.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and it is now under our control.

41:09.666 --> 41:13.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Science is rewriting
the way we live on Earth.

41:13.900 --> 41:19.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
And so there was
very little questioning.

41:19.466 --> 41:22.366 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Rachel Carson was less sure.

41:22.366 --> 41:25.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
To her, there seemed something
dangerous about a world

41:25.733 --> 41:28.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
in which human ingenuity
knew no limits.

41:30.533 --> 41:34.966 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
She sees human beings
in their post-World War II form

41:34.966 --> 41:37.900 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
as being arrogant,

41:37.900 --> 41:41.300 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
that human arrogance
outruns human wisdom,

41:41.300 --> 41:44.200 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
and we ought to try
to put them back together

41:44.200 --> 41:45.866 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
as equals again.

41:48.033 --> 41:51.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
(waves gently lapping rocks)

41:57.900 --> 42:00.466 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
When the demands of promoting
"The Sea Around Us"

42:00.466 --> 42:02.533 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
threatened to overwhelm her,

42:02.533 --> 42:04.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
Carson escaped to Maine,

42:04.966 --> 42:07.466 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
to a remote stretch
of the central coast

42:07.466 --> 42:10.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
where slivers of land reach out
into the ocean

42:10.233 --> 42:12.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and the tides rise higher
than anywhere

42:12.466 --> 42:15.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
along the Atlantic seaboard.

42:17.866 --> 42:20.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
A research trip had
first brought her to the area

42:20.266 --> 42:22.033 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
some years before,

42:22.033 --> 42:23.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and it had since been
her ambition,

42:23.833 --> 42:25.633 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
as she'd put it to a friend,

42:25.633 --> 42:27.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
"to be able to buy a place here

42:27.533 --> 42:31.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and then manage to spend
a great deal of time in it."

42:32.966 --> 42:35.533 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

42:35.533 --> 42:39.366 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
Now, flush from the sales
of two bestselling books,

42:39.366 --> 42:42.333 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
she purchased a plot
on Southport Island

42:42.333 --> 42:45.100 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
and built a summer cottage
of her own.

42:47.033 --> 42:49.900 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
At the edge of her property,

42:49.900 --> 42:55.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
there's this large area
of rocky shelf tableland

42:55.266 --> 42:56.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
that at high tide
is under the water,

42:56.933 --> 43:00.200 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
but at low tide is exposed.

43:00.200 --> 43:02.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
And so this exposes
all the crevices

43:02.700 --> 43:04.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
and nooks and tidal pools

43:04.900 --> 43:10.200 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
where starfish and periwinkles
and sea anemones live.

43:10.200 --> 43:12.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
All these creatures
of this intertidal zone

43:12.866 --> 43:17.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that so fascinated Carson
and always had,

43:17.033 --> 43:20.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
that's all available to her
right there.

43:23.633 --> 43:27.766 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
MUSIL:
She identifies with the
creatures who live on the edge,

43:27.766 --> 43:32.533 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5%
this borderland
between the power of water

43:32.533 --> 43:34.333 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
that could also crush you,

43:34.333 --> 43:37.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and its ability to release life
and to create new life.

43:40.800 --> 43:45.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Rachel wanted to be still,
to feel and to imagine,

43:45.233 --> 43:49.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and this was the place
that would allow her to do that.

43:55.333 --> 43:57.566 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Before her house
was even habitable,

43:57.566 --> 44:01.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Carson received a letter
from a Mrs. Dorothy Freeman,

44:01.166 --> 44:04.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
whose family owned a cottage
a half-mile up the shoreline

44:04.533 --> 44:05.933 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
from Carson's property.

44:05.933 --> 44:08.733 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
Dorothy's husband, Stanley,

44:08.733 --> 44:11.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
had been given a copy
of "The Sea Around Us"

44:11.033 --> 44:13.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
for his birthday.

44:13.433 --> 44:16.366 align:left position:32.5% line:77% size:57.5%
MARTHA FREEMAN:
My grandparents had read it
out loud to each other

44:16.366 --> 44:18.900 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
sailing or on the porch
of their cottage,

44:18.900 --> 44:21.566 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
and had adored it.

44:21.566 --> 44:25.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
It really spoke to a lot of
what they cared about in life.

44:25.200 --> 44:29.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
My grandmother read
about Rachel coming

44:29.633 --> 44:31.233 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
in the local newspaper,

44:31.233 --> 44:34.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and sent her a little
welcoming note in 1952,

44:34.566 --> 44:36.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
and she got a note back.

44:38.633 --> 44:40.100 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Despite all the attention

44:40.100 --> 44:42.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that recently had been showered
upon her--

44:42.833 --> 44:45.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
requests for interviews,
speaking invitations,

44:45.666 --> 44:47.800 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
mountains of fan mail--

44:47.800 --> 44:49.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Carson felt isolated

44:49.533 --> 44:53.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and more than usually burdened
by her family.

44:55.533 --> 44:59.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Maria Carson, as she aged,
had grown demanding and jealous

44:59.366 --> 45:01.800 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
of Rachel's time and attention.

45:03.733 --> 45:06.366 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
And then
there was niece Marjorie,

45:06.366 --> 45:08.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
who had taken up
with a married man

45:08.600 --> 45:11.733 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
and become pregnant.

45:11.733 --> 45:13.500 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
Carson and her mother arranged

45:13.500 --> 45:17.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
to have the woman
admitted to a special home,

45:17.133 --> 45:19.866 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
where she had the baby and
kept it out of the public eye,

45:19.866 --> 45:23.700 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
and sort of protected her from
the rumor mill and whatnot.

45:23.700 --> 45:28.600 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

45:28.600 --> 45:30.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Carson once wrote, she said,

45:30.233 --> 45:32.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"If ever I was bitter
about anything,

45:32.100 --> 45:35.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
I was bitter about that."

45:35.133 --> 45:38.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The problems with her niece
really detracted

45:38.166 --> 45:41.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
from the joy and the wonderful
sense of success she felt

45:41.933 --> 45:45.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
for "The Sea Around Us."

45:45.866 --> 45:47.666 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Having finally resigned
her position

45:47.666 --> 45:49.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
at the Fish and Wildlife Service

45:49.366 --> 45:51.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
to dedicate herself to writing,

45:51.400 --> 45:54.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Carson lacked even
the companionship of colleagues.

45:56.600 --> 46:01.566 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

46:03.733 --> 46:05.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The friendship that bloomed
with the Freemans

46:05.866 --> 46:08.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
was a revelation to her.

46:08.133 --> 46:11.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The couple shared her love
for nature and the sea,

46:11.266 --> 46:14.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and enthusiastically joined
in her tide pool explorations,

46:14.900 --> 46:18.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Dorothy marveling
at the unseen life

46:18.066 --> 46:19.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
that teemed at the shoreline,

46:19.466 --> 46:22.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
while Stanley took photographs.

46:22.300 --> 46:26.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(camera clicking)

46:26.700 --> 46:32.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
But of the two, it was Dorothy
to whom Carson felt most drawn.

46:34.800 --> 46:37.866 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
FREEMAN:
I think Rachel had
the same experience in a way

46:37.866 --> 46:39.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that I had with my grandmother,

46:39.200 --> 46:44.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
in that she was just so present,
so much herself,

46:44.833 --> 46:47.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
so comfortable in herself,

46:47.300 --> 46:52.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
that she was really open to
seeing who you were, listening.

46:52.700 --> 46:55.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
You totally felt heard
and understood.

46:55.600 --> 46:58.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
I did, anyway,
and I believe Rachel did.

47:00.166 --> 47:04.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
She was just a very comfortable
person to be with,

47:04.466 --> 47:06.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
a really wonderful friend
to have.

47:09.933 --> 47:12.700 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Dorothy Freeman
and Rachel Carson had,

47:12.700 --> 47:14.733 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
almost from the beginning,

47:14.733 --> 47:18.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
this deep, deep,
emotional connection

47:18.666 --> 47:20.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that they would later describe
as the ability

47:20.766 --> 47:22.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
to know exactly what
the other one was thinking

47:22.633 --> 47:24.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
about everything,

47:24.233 --> 47:26.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
to feel as though they were
inside the other person's head

47:26.933 --> 47:28.233 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
at all times.

47:28.233 --> 47:31.466 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
Everything they each loved
about the world

47:31.466 --> 47:32.900 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
hit them in the same way.

47:35.300 --> 47:39.466 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Dorothy was 55,
the mother of a grown son,

47:39.466 --> 47:44.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
a new grandmother,
a devoted homemaker and wife.

47:44.666 --> 47:47.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Now, as the summer turned
to fall

47:47.066 --> 47:49.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and Southport was abandoned
for the season,

47:49.766 --> 47:51.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
she became the confidante

47:51.266 --> 47:56.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that Carson, at 46,
had never had.

47:56.566 --> 47:58.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
Darling Dorothy,

47:58.866 --> 48:00.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
I don't suppose anyone
really knows

48:00.700 --> 48:02.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
how a creative writer works

48:02.333 --> 48:06.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
or what sort of nourishment
his spirit must have.

48:06.533 --> 48:09.400 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
All I am certain of is this:

48:09.400 --> 48:11.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
that it is quite necessary
for me

48:11.333 --> 48:13.133 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
to know that there is someone

48:13.133 --> 48:16.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
who is deeply devoted to me
as a person,

48:16.066 --> 48:19.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and who also has the capacity
and the depth of understanding

48:19.633 --> 48:23.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
to share vicariously
the sometimes crushing burden

48:23.366 --> 48:25.900 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
of creative effort.

48:25.900 --> 48:28.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Last summer I was feeling,
as never before,

48:28.566 --> 48:32.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
that there was no one
who combined all of that.

48:32.233 --> 48:38.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
And then, my dear one,
you came into my life!

48:38.666 --> 48:41.300 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
They started writing letters
to each other,

48:41.300 --> 48:42.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and the letters became
more and more frequent,

48:42.933 --> 48:45.700 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and they very quickly escalated

48:45.700 --> 48:47.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
to include a level
of personal affection

48:47.800 --> 48:53.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that was surprising to everyone
except to them.

48:53.400 --> 48:55.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Before they ever see each other
in person again,

48:55.933 --> 49:00.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
they've declared their love
for each other.

49:03.800 --> 49:05.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Carson never really had
any relationships.

49:05.933 --> 49:07.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
She never dated.

49:07.900 --> 49:10.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
I think she knew
that Dorothy was the one person

49:10.866 --> 49:14.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
who really was the one person,
the soulmate.

49:14.100 --> 49:21.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
And the beauty is that Dorothy
feels the same thing in her way,

49:21.366 --> 49:24.533 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
to the extent that she can.

49:24.533 --> 49:27.100 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In phone calls
and occasional visits,

49:27.100 --> 49:29.033 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
and in letter after letter,

49:29.033 --> 49:30.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Carson poured out to Dorothy

49:30.866 --> 49:33.766 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
the challenges
of completing her third book,

49:33.766 --> 49:35.033 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
an Atlantic shore guide

49:35.033 --> 49:37.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
she'd agreed to write
for Houghton Mifflin

49:37.066 --> 49:40.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
even before "The Sea Around Us"
had been published.

49:44.300 --> 49:46.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Freed at last to do nothing
but write,

49:46.866 --> 49:50.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Carson found the task
nearly impossible.

49:50.566 --> 49:55.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Again and again, her approach
to the guide changed.

49:55.000 --> 49:58.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Entire chapters were
laboriously revised,

49:58.566 --> 50:01.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and what was meant to be
a two-year project

50:01.000 --> 50:04.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
soon stretched into four.

50:04.700 --> 50:07.900 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
Maybe the easiest way for me
to write a chapter

50:07.900 --> 50:12.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
would be to type "Dear Dorothy"
on the first page!

50:12.366 --> 50:14.066 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
As a matter of fact,

50:14.066 --> 50:18.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
you and your particular kind
of interest and appreciation

50:18.000 --> 50:19.900 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
were in my mind a great deal

50:19.900 --> 50:23.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
when I was rewriting parts
of the section on rocky shores.

50:26.600 --> 50:28.300 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Once they're together--

50:28.300 --> 50:29.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and they're rarely physically
together,

50:29.766 --> 50:31.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
they're almost always
in different places

50:31.366 --> 50:33.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
writing letters to each other--

50:33.300 --> 50:35.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
once they're together,
they're never apart.

50:35.700 --> 50:38.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
There's never any question
between them.

50:38.833 --> 50:41.300 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(birds chirping)

50:41.300 --> 50:42.766 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
FREEMAN:
There's a huge amount
of affection.

50:42.766 --> 50:44.700 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
I mean, it is love.

50:44.700 --> 50:49.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
It is the love
of kindred spirits.

50:49.233 --> 50:55.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
They wrote to each other
three, four, five times a week.

50:55.200 --> 50:59.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
So their relationship was always
this caring at a distance.

51:01.800 --> 51:04.000 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

51:04.000 --> 51:05.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
They knew each other
for about 12 years,

51:05.666 --> 51:07.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and I think I added it up
at one point

51:07.800 --> 51:10.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that they were probably
in each other's presence

51:10.866 --> 51:15.700 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
for, at most, 60 days.

51:18.266 --> 51:19.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
When "The Edge of the Sea,"

51:19.866 --> 51:21.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
the widely-acclaimed
third volume

51:21.633 --> 51:23.833 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
in Carson's marine trilogy,

51:23.833 --> 51:27.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
finally hit bookstores
in the summer of 1955,

51:27.800 --> 51:29.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
it would be dedicated
not to her mother,

51:29.900 --> 51:32.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
as "The Sea Around Us" had been,

51:32.333 --> 51:36.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
but to Dorothy and Stanley
Freeman.

51:37.666 --> 51:41.766 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

51:45.400 --> 51:50.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
(newsreel music playing)

52:02.100 --> 52:05.400 align:left position:37.5% line:77% size:52.5%
ANNOUNCER:
Let's face it: the threat
of hydrogen bomb warfare

52:05.400 --> 52:09.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
is the greatest danger
our nation has ever known.

52:09.066 --> 52:11.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Enemy jet bombers
carrying nuclear weapons

52:11.466 --> 52:13.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
can sweep over a variety
of routes

52:13.500 --> 52:19.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and drop bombs on any important
target in the United States.

52:19.066 --> 52:22.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
The threat of this destruction
has affected our way of life

52:22.100 --> 52:24.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
in every city, town, and village
from coast to coast.

52:24.800 --> 52:28.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
These are the signs
of the times.

52:28.633 --> 52:32.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
(air raid siren blaring)

52:32.066 --> 52:34.266 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
You can imagine
what it might be like

52:34.266 --> 52:37.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
to be thinking and hearing
almost all the time

52:37.500 --> 52:39.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that you could die
at any moment, right?

52:39.633 --> 52:41.766 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
That the Soviet Union
will attack.

52:41.766 --> 52:43.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
There's going to be no warning,

52:43.166 --> 52:47.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and the only way that you could
protect yourselves

52:47.266 --> 52:49.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
is to duck and cover yourselves

52:49.966 --> 52:51.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
with whatever you have
around you.

52:51.866 --> 52:54.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
The threat was incredibly
palpable.

52:57.266 --> 52:58.466 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
More and more,

52:58.466 --> 53:00.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
when Rachel Carson
raised her eyes

53:00.400 --> 53:02.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
to take in the man-made world
around her,

53:02.400 --> 53:06.033 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
what she felt was a quiet rage.

53:06.033 --> 53:09.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
The Cold War had become

53:09.066 --> 53:11.833 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
a macabre game
of one-upsmanship,

53:11.833 --> 53:13.733 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
a high-stakes standoff

53:13.733 --> 53:17.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
fueled by the threat
of nuclear destruction.

53:17.800 --> 53:21.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
Then, on March 1, 1954,

53:21.066 --> 53:22.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
the United States pressed
for the lead

53:22.933 --> 53:27.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
with the test of a dry-fuel
hydrogen bomb,

53:27.266 --> 53:29.000 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
code-named "Shrimp."

53:30.666 --> 53:33.766 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

53:41.466 --> 53:45.600 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Everything goes right
with this test

53:45.600 --> 53:46.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
except the things that go wrong,

53:46.966 --> 53:49.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and the things that go wrong
are really big problems.

53:49.100 --> 53:51.100 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
(loud bang)

53:51.100 --> 53:54.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
The explosion
was much more powerful

53:54.033 --> 53:55.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
than the scientists
had predicted,

53:55.566 --> 53:58.000 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
about two-and-a-half times more
powerful

53:58.000 --> 53:59.600 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
than it was supposed to be;

53:59.600 --> 54:01.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
largest explosion
that had ever occurred

54:01.833 --> 54:03.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
on the face of the Earth

54:03.100 --> 54:04.466 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
that wasn't a volcano.

54:06.866 --> 54:09.866 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

54:12.066 --> 54:13.900 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Radioactive fallout scattered

54:13.900 --> 54:17.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
over more than
5,000 square miles

54:17.233 --> 54:19.500 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
and then drifted downward,

54:19.500 --> 54:22.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
settling on open ocean,
inhabited islands,

54:22.633 --> 54:25.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
and a hapless
Japanese fishing boat

54:25.033 --> 54:28.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
named Lucky Dragon Number 5.

54:32.166 --> 54:36.666 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
This gray, snow-like ash begins
to fall out of the sky

54:36.666 --> 54:39.166 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and it coats the ship
from stem to stern.

54:39.166 --> 54:41.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
It gets on every surface.

54:41.166 --> 54:42.633 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
And it coats the men.

54:42.633 --> 54:44.500 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
It gets in their eyes.

54:44.500 --> 54:48.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
They're tasting it to see if
they can figure out what it is.

54:48.766 --> 54:50.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
That becomes apparent
within a couple of days,

54:50.900 --> 54:53.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
because very soon,
everybody on the ship is sick.

54:58.266 --> 55:01.300 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
By the time the Lucky Dragon
returned to port,

55:01.300 --> 55:05.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
everyone on board had succumbed
to radiation poisoning,

55:05.433 --> 55:09.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
their skin blackened, their hair
falling out in clumps.

55:09.600 --> 55:13.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Their ordeal made headlines
all over the world.

55:15.633 --> 55:18.833 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
For the first time,
people realized

55:18.833 --> 55:22.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
that the real danger
in nuclear war

55:22.000 --> 55:25.166 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
was not
the explosions themselves,

55:25.166 --> 55:26.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
but the fallout,

55:26.866 --> 55:29.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
this total contamination
of the Earth

55:29.533 --> 55:31.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that had the potential
to wipe out

55:31.233 --> 55:34.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
every living organism
on the face of the Earth.

55:34.000 --> 55:36.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
(radioactivity counter
crackling)

55:39.566 --> 55:42.566 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
The Atomic Energy Commission
and other government agencies

55:42.566 --> 55:45.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
now issued a flurry
of reassurances

55:45.333 --> 55:46.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that atmospheric testing
was safe,

55:46.966 --> 55:50.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and that fallout constituted
no appreciable danger

55:50.566 --> 55:53.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
outside of the test zone.

55:55.333 --> 55:58.400 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5%
NEWSREEL ANNOUNCER:
The atomic cloud,
like a giant vacuum cleaner,

55:58.400 --> 56:00.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
has sucked up dirt and debris
from the Earth

56:00.900 --> 56:05.600 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
and is full
of radioactive particles.

56:05.600 --> 56:07.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
Is it dangerous?

56:07.233 --> 56:09.700 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Yes, right now it is.

56:09.700 --> 56:11.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
You wouldn't want to go into it,

56:11.533 --> 56:13.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
but neither would you
deliberately walk

56:13.066 --> 56:14.966 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
into a blazing fire.

56:14.966 --> 56:17.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
You have to use common sense.

56:18.933 --> 56:21.266 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
BLUM:
It's really easy for us
to look back

56:21.266 --> 56:23.800 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
at something like above-ground
nuclear testing

56:23.800 --> 56:26.533 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
and think, "Well, that was
a primitive moment."

56:26.533 --> 56:31.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
But people had just suffered
through a really terrible war.

56:31.733 --> 56:34.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Tens and tens and tens
of thousands of young Americans

56:34.900 --> 56:36.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
had died abroad.

56:36.233 --> 56:41.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
And so you can also say
to yourself, as they did,

56:41.266 --> 56:44.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"We have to have the weapon
that ends all wars."

56:44.200 --> 56:45.400 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5%
Right?

56:45.400 --> 56:47.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"And if there's some sacrifice
involved,

56:47.900 --> 56:50.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
well, you know,
that's for the greater good."

56:50.233 --> 56:54.700 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
People were not dying
because of nuclear tests.

56:54.700 --> 57:00.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And that is tied to the question
of how people understood harm.

57:00.566 --> 57:02.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
And throughout much
of the 20th century

57:02.533 --> 57:04.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
and into the early 1950s,

57:04.066 --> 57:07.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
it was really about sort of
the question of,

57:07.300 --> 57:08.933 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
does this kill you?

57:10.733 --> 57:12.366 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
Very simple.

57:12.366 --> 57:15.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
Is it acutely toxic, and if so,

57:15.000 --> 57:17.466 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
how much
can a human body withstand

57:17.466 --> 57:21.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
before it kills somebody?

57:21.800 --> 57:25.300 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Carson framed the question
differently,

57:25.300 --> 57:29.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and her doubts about the vector
of modern technological science

57:29.500 --> 57:32.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
now began to harden
into a certainty.

57:32.300 --> 57:35.733 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
Now she has to come to grips
with the fact

57:35.733 --> 57:39.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that humans can destroy nature.

57:39.533 --> 57:43.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
So her mission, if you will,
is to show the world

57:43.600 --> 57:47.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
what a perfect thing
the natural systems are

57:47.700 --> 57:51.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
and how easily the hand of man
can muck it up.

57:51.400 --> 57:54.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And that becomes a theme
in everything

57:54.700 --> 57:57.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
that she starts to write.

57:57.200 --> 57:59.666 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
It's the undercurrent.

58:02.466 --> 58:04.500 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
By the close of 1954,

58:04.500 --> 58:08.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Carson had a title in mind,
"Remembrance of Earth,"

58:08.466 --> 58:11.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and a vague idea for a book
that would illuminate

58:11.133 --> 58:14.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
the relation of life
to its environment.

58:14.833 --> 58:16.700 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
But months gave way to years,

58:16.700 --> 58:18.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and she made no progress
with it.

58:18.766 --> 58:23.266 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Then, in early January 1957,

58:23.266 --> 58:26.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
her niece Marjorie contracted
a pneumonia so severe

58:26.466 --> 58:28.200 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
she had to be hospitalized.

58:28.200 --> 58:31.333 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

58:31.333 --> 58:33.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Two weeks later,
Marjie was dead,

58:33.900 --> 58:38.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and her five-year-old son Roger
became Carson's responsibility.

58:40.733 --> 58:46.700 align:left position:32.5% line:77% size:57.5%
ROGER CHRISTIE:
Rachel kind of had
a hard life that way.

58:46.700 --> 58:50.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
You know, first she had to raise
my mother and my mother's sister

58:50.266 --> 58:55.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
because their parents died
when they were very young,

58:55.433 --> 58:58.533 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
and then the same thing
repeated itself

58:58.533 --> 59:01.233 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
just when she was getting out
from under it.

59:03.366 --> 59:07.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
She was very considerate
of my feelings all the time,

59:07.600 --> 59:13.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
sometimes to the detriment
of her own work.

59:13.600 --> 59:16.933 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In the spring, on the heels
of her 50th birthday,

59:16.933 --> 59:20.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Carson legally became
Roger's adoptive mother

59:20.233 --> 59:24.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and tried to resign herself
to her changed circumstances.

59:24.133 --> 59:27.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
But as she confessed to Dorothy,

59:27.533 --> 59:29.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
she could not entirely
keep herself

59:29.766 --> 59:33.033 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
from feeling a dark resentment.

59:33.033 --> 59:34.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
She was all but convinced

59:34.533 --> 59:37.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
she'd never again have the time
to write.

59:37.333 --> 59:39.133 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
Then, friends told her

59:39.133 --> 59:41.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
about a U.S. Department
of Agriculture program

59:41.466 --> 59:43.200 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
to eradicate the fire ant,

59:43.200 --> 59:44.966 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
and more than a decade

59:44.966 --> 59:49.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
after she'd proposed the piece
about DDT to "Reader's Digest,"

59:49.266 --> 59:53.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
pesticides came roaring back
into her consciousness.

59:53.133 --> 59:55.233 align:left position:37.5% line:77% size:52.5%
ANNOUNCER:
The fire ant is believed
to have entered this country

59:55.233 --> 59:57.000 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
from South America in 1925.

59:57.000 --> 01:00:00.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The destructive insect has
brought heavy losses to crops

01:00:00.666 --> 01:00:03.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
in Alabama, Mississippi,
and Louisiana.

01:00:03.033 --> 01:00:09.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Once they swarm across a field
like this, nothing survives.

01:00:09.766 --> 01:00:14.033 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
The fire ant was
the perfect invasive species

01:00:14.033 --> 01:00:16.333 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
for the Cold War era.

01:00:16.333 --> 01:00:18.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
They were red,
they snuck into the country,

01:00:18.666 --> 01:00:23.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
they were subversive,
and they were mostly annoying.

01:00:23.900 --> 01:00:26.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
For some reason,
the Department of Agriculture

01:00:26.166 --> 01:00:29.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
got it into their head that,
scientists there,

01:00:29.233 --> 01:00:31.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that this would be
a perfect demonstration

01:00:31.400 --> 01:00:37.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
of the power of pesticides
to solve a nagging problem.

01:00:37.200 --> 01:00:41.266 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
The enthusiasm for DDT
and other synthetic pesticides

01:00:41.266 --> 01:00:44.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
had given way to the conviction
that science could do far more

01:00:44.766 --> 01:00:48.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
than control insects
and other unwanted pests.

01:00:48.700 --> 01:00:52.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
The objective now
was eradication.

01:00:52.266 --> 01:00:55.533 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
It meant extermination,
extermination of the species.

01:00:55.533 --> 01:01:00.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
So in 1955, you see the advent

01:01:00.000 --> 01:01:01.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
of the World Health
Organization's

01:01:01.766 --> 01:01:03.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Malaria Eradication Program,

01:01:03.833 --> 01:01:06.966 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
which was in many ways designed
to exterminate

01:01:06.966 --> 01:01:10.733 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
not the problem of malaria,
but the problem of mosquitoes.

01:01:10.733 --> 01:01:17.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
The Fire Ant Eradication Program
was the same idea.

01:01:17.733 --> 01:01:21.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Scientists are convinced that
this is the right way to go.

01:01:21.866 --> 01:01:26.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
And if we fail, then
we're going to fail humanity.

01:01:26.433 --> 01:01:31.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
It becomes this all-or-nothing
equation.

01:01:31.100 --> 01:01:35.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
ORESKES:
And so what we see in the 1950s
is tremendous amounts of money

01:01:35.233 --> 01:01:37.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
going into studying
pest killing,

01:01:37.966 --> 01:01:39.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
not so much money
going into studying

01:01:39.600 --> 01:01:42.500 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
broader questions
of wildlife biology,

01:01:42.500 --> 01:01:44.933 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
broader questions
of environmental health,

01:01:44.933 --> 01:01:46.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
broader questions
of environmental toxicity.

01:01:48.800 --> 01:01:52.300 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
The people involved,
the scientists and whatnot,

01:01:52.300 --> 01:01:54.400 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
who are inventing pesticides,

01:01:54.400 --> 01:01:56.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
think they're doing God's work,

01:01:56.933 --> 01:02:00.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and that they are also helping
the United States keep its edge

01:02:00.900 --> 01:02:03.633 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
in the Cold War environment.

01:02:03.633 --> 01:02:06.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
The Department of Agriculture
and the chemical industry say,

01:02:06.966 --> 01:02:11.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
one of the reasons that we have
such a rich material life

01:02:11.533 --> 01:02:13.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
is that we have found ways
to control these problems,

01:02:13.700 --> 01:02:17.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
to maximize food
and fiber production,

01:02:17.766 --> 01:02:19.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and it's one of the things
that distinguishes

01:02:19.800 --> 01:02:23.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the U.S. and its allies
from the Communist bloc.

01:02:23.366 --> 01:02:26.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Our standard of living
is so much higher

01:02:26.466 --> 01:02:28.866 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
and we owe it
to human ingenuity.

01:02:31.566 --> 01:02:34.366 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In 1957, in the U.S.D.A.'s
all-out war

01:02:34.366 --> 01:02:35.533 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
against the fire ant,

01:02:35.533 --> 01:02:37.866 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
some 20 million acres
in the South

01:02:37.866 --> 01:02:41.566 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
were doused with pesticides,
killing not only ants,

01:02:41.566 --> 01:02:46.233 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
but blackbirds and meadowlarks,
armadillos and opossums.

01:02:48.466 --> 01:02:49.833 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
The sprayed areas,

01:02:49.833 --> 01:02:52.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
as one Alabama agricultural
official reported,

01:02:52.866 --> 01:02:56.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"reeked with the odor
of decaying wildlife."

01:02:58.066 --> 01:03:01.166 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
The hunting-fishing community
was outraged.

01:03:01.166 --> 01:03:03.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
County agricultural agents

01:03:03.133 --> 01:03:05.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
dropped their support
for the project

01:03:05.133 --> 01:03:06.733 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
and it really was a black eye

01:03:06.733 --> 01:03:09.033 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
for the Department
of Agriculture,

01:03:09.033 --> 01:03:10.600 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
but it was a warning for Carson.

01:03:12.433 --> 01:03:14.500 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
What concerned Carson
was not merely

01:03:14.500 --> 01:03:18.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that synthetic pesticides
had unintended consequences,

01:03:18.333 --> 01:03:21.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
but that substances
about which so little was known

01:03:21.200 --> 01:03:23.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
were now practically ubiquitous.

01:03:25.766 --> 01:03:27.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Widely employed
by government agencies

01:03:27.866 --> 01:03:30.000 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
to protect
health and agriculture,

01:03:30.000 --> 01:03:31.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
as well as American interests
abroad,

01:03:31.933 --> 01:03:37.300 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
synthetic pesticides also were
sold directly to consumers,

01:03:37.300 --> 01:03:39.500 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
who, by 1957, could choose

01:03:39.500 --> 01:03:42.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
from an array of some 6,000
different products.

01:03:42.966 --> 01:03:47.833 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
You could get shelf paper
for your kitchen cabinets

01:03:47.833 --> 01:03:50.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that was impregnated with DDT.

01:03:50.266 --> 01:03:54.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
You could get paints and
varnishes that had DDT in them.

01:03:54.466 --> 01:03:59.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
One of my favorite devices,
and my father owned this,

01:03:59.566 --> 01:04:03.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
was a cylinder about the size
and shape of a beer can,

01:04:03.333 --> 01:04:05.500 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
and it had DDT in it.

01:04:05.500 --> 01:04:07.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
It attached to the muffler
of your lawn mower,

01:04:07.600 --> 01:04:10.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
so the hot exhaust gas
would volatilize the DDT

01:04:10.833 --> 01:04:13.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and spray a fog out
across your yard.

01:04:13.733 --> 01:04:16.166 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
So if you were having
company over for a picnic later,

01:04:16.166 --> 01:04:18.600 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
you could poison the grass
before they got there

01:04:18.600 --> 01:04:20.533 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
and nobody would get
a mosquito bite.

01:04:20.533 --> 01:04:23.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
(engine slowly starting)

01:04:28.500 --> 01:04:30.866 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Although manufacturers
were required by law

01:04:30.866 --> 01:04:32.966 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
to register
new chemical compounds,

01:04:32.966 --> 01:04:34.333 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
the government mandated

01:04:34.333 --> 01:04:37.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
no independent safety testing
of those compounds

01:04:37.866 --> 01:04:40.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and placed no limitation
on their sale or use.

01:04:40.833 --> 01:04:45.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
So long as the label provided
safe-use instructions,

01:04:45.433 --> 01:04:48.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the product was deemed
to be safe under the law.

01:04:48.633 --> 01:04:51.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
ORESKES:
That's, of course, reinforced

01:04:51.266 --> 01:04:53.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
by the manufacturers
of the pesticides.

01:04:53.566 --> 01:04:56.566 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
The companies
that are manufacturing DDT

01:04:56.566 --> 01:04:59.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
focus on this question of
immediate short-term toxicity.

01:04:59.333 --> 01:05:01.800 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
They say,
"Well, look, it's not toxic.

01:05:01.800 --> 01:05:03.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"We applied it on all
these soldiers in World War II

01:05:03.700 --> 01:05:06.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and they were all fine, so
that proves that this is fine."

01:05:06.466 --> 01:05:12.500 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
You had examples of people
digesting spoonfuls of DDT

01:05:12.500 --> 01:05:14.766 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
just to prove how safe it was.

01:05:14.766 --> 01:05:18.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
At the same time,
birds are dying en masse,

01:05:18.600 --> 01:05:20.766 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
fish are dying,

01:05:20.766 --> 01:05:22.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
and I think Rachel understood

01:05:22.866 --> 01:05:27.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that something radically
transformative was happening,

01:05:27.200 --> 01:05:30.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
this sense that scientists had
been asking the wrong question.

01:05:30.433 --> 01:05:32.266 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Scientists had been thinking

01:05:32.266 --> 01:05:35.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
about the question
of acute toxicity,

01:05:35.300 --> 01:05:37.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
rather than, what are
the long-term impacts

01:05:37.400 --> 01:05:38.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
of this chemical world
that we're creating?

01:05:38.966 --> 01:05:42.066 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:05:42.066 --> 01:05:44.666 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(birds squawking)

01:05:44.666 --> 01:05:48.433 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
Carson is not eager
to take on pesticides.

01:05:48.433 --> 01:05:51.466 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
She's too busy
and life is too complicated,

01:05:51.466 --> 01:05:57.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
but there's this story there,
so she knows there's a story.

01:05:57.366 --> 01:05:59.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
On the other hand,
it's also the fact

01:05:59.433 --> 01:06:04.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
that it is the story
about human hubris.

01:06:08.266 --> 01:06:10.766 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
It was pleasant to believe
that much of Nature

01:06:10.766 --> 01:06:14.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
was forever beyond
the tampering reach of man.

01:06:14.400 --> 01:06:17.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
He might level the forests
and dam the streams,

01:06:17.766 --> 01:06:22.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
but the clouds and the rain
and the wind were God's.

01:06:22.233 --> 01:06:25.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
But I have now opened my eyes
and my mind.

01:06:25.866 --> 01:06:27.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
I may not like what I see,

01:06:27.566 --> 01:06:30.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
but it does no good
to ignore it,

01:06:30.133 --> 01:06:32.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and it's worse than useless
to go on repeating

01:06:32.566 --> 01:06:36.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
the old "eternal verities"
that are no more eternal

01:06:36.600 --> 01:06:39.266 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
than the hills of the poets.

01:06:39.266 --> 01:06:42.300 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
(thunder rumbling)

01:06:46.433 --> 01:06:49.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(engine roaring)

01:06:51.233 --> 01:06:55.966 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Rachel Carson had long known
that scientists were divided

01:06:55.966 --> 01:06:57.866 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
on the issue
of synthetic pesticides

01:06:57.866 --> 01:06:59.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and that conclusions
about their safety

01:06:59.533 --> 01:07:01.833 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
depended on who was asked.

01:07:03.366 --> 01:07:04.800 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
ORESKES:
You have scientists
who are working closely

01:07:04.800 --> 01:07:06.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
with the Department
of Agriculture

01:07:06.066 --> 01:07:08.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and with the chemical industry,

01:07:08.366 --> 01:07:11.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and are part of a mindset,
a worldview that says,

01:07:11.233 --> 01:07:15.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"I've got a pest, I've got
a boll weevil or a gypsy moth,

01:07:15.200 --> 01:07:18.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"and I want to kill that pest,
and I want to kill effectively,

01:07:18.833 --> 01:07:21.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
without killing the person who
is applying it to the crops."

01:07:21.866 --> 01:07:24.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
And so almost all the attention

01:07:24.466 --> 01:07:27.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
is either on the killing
of the pest

01:07:27.633 --> 01:07:29.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
or the non-killing
of the farmer.

01:07:31.366 --> 01:07:33.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
But on the other hand,
you have wildlife biologists

01:07:33.566 --> 01:07:36.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
who are not linked
to any particular industry,

01:07:36.333 --> 01:07:37.433 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
they're out in nature,

01:07:37.433 --> 01:07:39.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
they're thinking
about the interrelations

01:07:39.433 --> 01:07:41.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
between fish, birds,
pollinators, plants,

01:07:41.666 --> 01:07:43.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
chemicals, and the environment,

01:07:43.533 --> 01:07:45.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
and so they see
there's evidence of problems.

01:07:45.600 --> 01:07:48.700 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:07:48.700 --> 01:07:51.633 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
For Carson, it began
with research,

01:07:51.633 --> 01:07:53.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
a gathering of bits
of information

01:07:53.700 --> 01:08:00.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
excavated from technical reports
and obscure scientific journals.

01:08:00.133 --> 01:08:04.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
What soon became clear
was that pesticides such as DDT

01:08:04.533 --> 01:08:06.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
accumulated in the organisms
exposed to them,

01:08:06.966 --> 01:08:10.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and grew ever more concentrated
as they moved up the food chain.

01:08:10.333 --> 01:08:12.166 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
(baby birds chirping)

01:08:12.166 --> 01:08:16.100 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
According to one study,
earthworms were still so toxic

01:08:16.100 --> 01:08:19.500 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
a full year after exposure
to DDT

01:08:19.500 --> 01:08:21.700 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
that they poisoned the robins
that fed upon them.

01:08:21.700 --> 01:08:24.300 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Another demonstrated

01:08:24.300 --> 01:08:28.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that when birds were fed
a miniscule amount of DDT daily,

01:08:28.566 --> 01:08:31.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
both their fertility and
the survival rate of their young

01:08:31.566 --> 01:08:34.633 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
dramatically declined.

01:08:34.633 --> 01:08:37.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Most troubling of all
was the evidence

01:08:37.133 --> 01:08:39.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that insect populations
very quickly

01:08:39.200 --> 01:08:42.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
developed resistance
to synthetic pesticides.

01:08:44.800 --> 01:08:47.500 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
ORESKES:
If you dump large amounts
of pesticides in a field,

01:08:47.500 --> 01:08:49.500 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
you will kill
many of the insects

01:08:49.500 --> 01:08:50.800 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
you intend to kill,

01:08:50.800 --> 01:08:52.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
but there'll be some fragment
that survive

01:08:52.400 --> 01:08:53.800 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
because for whatever reason,

01:08:53.800 --> 01:08:56.500 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
they happen
to be more resistant.

01:08:56.500 --> 01:08:57.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
That sub-population lives on,

01:08:57.833 --> 01:09:01.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
they breed, they pass on
to their offspring

01:09:01.500 --> 01:09:03.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
whatever that resistance is
that they have,

01:09:03.466 --> 01:09:05.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
and pretty soon you have

01:09:05.133 --> 01:09:07.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
a pesticide-resistant
population.

01:09:07.033 --> 01:09:09.733 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
Carson fully understood

01:09:09.733 --> 01:09:12.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that ultimately this strategy
was going to fail,

01:09:12.566 --> 01:09:15.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and the farmer would be
in the position

01:09:15.500 --> 01:09:16.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
of either needing
a different pesticide

01:09:16.966 --> 01:09:19.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
or using more and more and more.

01:09:19.766 --> 01:09:24.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
And so then you have a kind
of arms race of pesticide use.

01:09:24.233 --> 01:09:27.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
You use more pesticides,
insects become more resistant,

01:09:27.833 --> 01:09:29.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
more resistance,
more pesticides,

01:09:29.866 --> 01:09:33.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
more resistance, and now you're
trapped in an escalating cycle,

01:09:33.266 --> 01:09:34.800 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
and it's a damaging cycle,

01:09:34.800 --> 01:09:37.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
because meanwhile you're also
killing fish and birds

01:09:37.433 --> 01:09:40.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and other things that you like
and that you want.

01:09:43.633 --> 01:09:46.000 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In isolation,
each study Carson read

01:09:46.000 --> 01:09:48.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
was little more
than an anecdote.

01:09:48.666 --> 01:09:51.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Taken together,
they offered compelling evidence

01:09:51.433 --> 01:09:55.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that synthetic pesticides had
potentially grave disadvantages,

01:09:55.500 --> 01:10:00.233 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
none of which
were yet fully understood.

01:10:00.233 --> 01:10:03.833 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
She was not against
the wise use of pesticides.

01:10:03.833 --> 01:10:05.966 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
She saw the need for that.

01:10:05.966 --> 01:10:07.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
But what she was against

01:10:07.266 --> 01:10:09.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
was the indiscriminate spreading
of poisons

01:10:09.766 --> 01:10:13.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
that had untold
and unanticipated consequences

01:10:13.600 --> 01:10:16.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
for all living things,
human beings included.

01:10:18.133 --> 01:10:21.133 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
"I realized that here
was the material for a book,"

01:10:21.133 --> 01:10:23.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
Carson later recalled.

01:10:23.066 --> 01:10:25.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"Everything which meant most
to me as a naturalist

01:10:25.533 --> 01:10:28.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"was being threatened,
and nothing I could do

01:10:28.133 --> 01:10:30.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
would be more important."

01:10:32.733 --> 01:10:34.500 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
In May 1958,

01:10:34.500 --> 01:10:36.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
she signed a contract
with Houghton Mifflin

01:10:36.833 --> 01:10:40.300 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
for what her friend and editor
Paul Brooks had dubbed

01:10:40.300 --> 01:10:42.500 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
"the poison book."

01:10:42.500 --> 01:10:46.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
It was slated to be a short
volume, perhaps 50,000 words,

01:10:46.366 --> 01:10:49.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
of which William Shawn
of the "New Yorker"

01:10:49.033 --> 01:10:53.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
already had offered
to publish two excerpts.

01:10:53.066 --> 01:10:55.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Only Dorothy had misgivings.

01:10:57.400 --> 01:11:01.133 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:11:01.133 --> 01:11:05.200 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
It's a book about death, and
it's a book about destruction,

01:11:05.200 --> 01:11:07.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and Dorothy's not comfortable,

01:11:07.966 --> 01:11:10.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and she's not comfortable
with Rachel writing that,

01:11:10.100 --> 01:11:13.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
using her talent for beauty
and beautiful words

01:11:13.133 --> 01:11:17.733 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
to write
about the elixirs of death.

01:11:17.733 --> 01:11:19.566 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
She had Rachel before

01:11:19.566 --> 01:11:22.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
when she's writing about tide
pools and beautiful things.

01:11:22.100 --> 01:11:26.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
She can't follow her
in this research.

01:11:30.900 --> 01:11:32.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
You do know, I think,

01:11:32.566 --> 01:11:37.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
how deeply I believe in the
importance of what I am doing.

01:11:37.166 --> 01:11:38.533 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
Knowing what I do,

01:11:38.533 --> 01:11:40.166 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
there would be no future peace
for me

01:11:40.166 --> 01:11:44.200 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
if I kept silent.

01:11:44.200 --> 01:11:48.566 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
She wants to tell that story,
and try to tell it fairly,

01:11:48.566 --> 01:11:50.633 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
and tell it scientifically,

01:11:50.633 --> 01:11:52.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
but she's got an argument
from the beginning.

01:11:52.900 --> 01:11:54.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
It isn't, "Well, let's talk

01:11:54.766 --> 01:11:58.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
about the good and bad
of pesticides."

01:11:58.466 --> 01:12:00.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
And the first titles
of this book

01:12:00.700 --> 01:12:03.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
are "Man Against the Earth"
and "Man the Destroyer."

01:12:03.233 --> 01:12:08.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Carson's underlying anger
is right there.

01:12:10.233 --> 01:12:13.433 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
In a sense, she was going public
with a lot of data

01:12:13.433 --> 01:12:18.600 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that was somewhat inconclusive
or premature.

01:12:18.600 --> 01:12:20.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
On the other hand, she felt,

01:12:20.866 --> 01:12:24.166 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
what is the morality
of remaining quiet

01:12:24.166 --> 01:12:27.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
when you have a huge amount
of circumstantial evidence

01:12:27.366 --> 01:12:32.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
that points to a substance
being toxic or dangerous?

01:12:32.000 --> 01:12:33.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
You know, advocacy
is not something

01:12:33.533 --> 01:12:36.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
scientists of the time
were wont to do,

01:12:36.866 --> 01:12:40.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
but for Carson,
it became a crusade.

01:12:41.566 --> 01:12:44.433 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:12:47.600 --> 01:12:50.700 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
On November 22, 1958,

01:12:50.700 --> 01:12:53.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
with Carson deep
into the research for her book,

01:12:53.866 --> 01:12:58.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Maria, now 89,
suffered a stroke.

01:12:58.533 --> 01:13:01.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
When she died on the morning
of December 1,

01:13:01.566 --> 01:13:05.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Rachel was at her bedside,
holding her hand.

01:13:05.166 --> 01:13:08.033 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
"More than anyone else I know,

01:13:08.033 --> 01:13:12.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
she embodied a 'reverence for
life,'" Carson told a friend.

01:13:12.133 --> 01:13:13.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
"And she could fight fiercely

01:13:13.500 --> 01:13:15.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
"against anything
she believed wrong,

01:13:15.700 --> 01:13:18.066 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
"as in our present crusade!

01:13:18.066 --> 01:13:20.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
"Knowing how she felt about that
will help me

01:13:20.466 --> 01:13:22.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
to carry it through
to completion."

01:13:22.700 --> 01:13:27.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Just weeks later,
Carson was back to work,

01:13:27.700 --> 01:13:29.800 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
driven by the growing certainty

01:13:29.800 --> 01:13:33.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that manmade pesticides menaced
not only the environment,

01:13:33.233 --> 01:13:35.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
but human health.

01:13:35.866 --> 01:13:38.433 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
Carson is convinced
that there is this link

01:13:38.433 --> 01:13:42.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
between pesticides
and cancer in humans.

01:13:42.633 --> 01:13:45.333 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
And that is going to be
an explosive part to this book

01:13:45.333 --> 01:13:47.900 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
that she didn't initially plan,

01:13:47.900 --> 01:13:50.666 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and she has to be very careful
of how she puts that out.

01:13:50.666 --> 01:13:55.400 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Once again, the evidence
was preliminary--

01:13:55.400 --> 01:13:58.100 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
much of it as yet unpublished.

01:13:58.100 --> 01:13:59.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
It was also well outside

01:13:59.733 --> 01:14:01.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Carson's training
as a biologist,

01:14:01.566 --> 01:14:05.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and therefore difficult
for her to parse.

01:14:05.033 --> 01:14:07.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
But the more she learned,
the more focused she became

01:14:07.666 --> 01:14:10.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
on the parallels
between synthetic pesticides

01:14:10.733 --> 01:14:12.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
and radioactive fallout.

01:14:18.866 --> 01:14:23.500 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
They operated
in much the same way.

01:14:23.500 --> 01:14:24.966 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
They were widely dispersed.

01:14:24.966 --> 01:14:29.666 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
You could absorb a body burden
of both of them.

01:14:29.666 --> 01:14:34.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Both of them were being linked
to cancer and birth defects.

01:14:34.466 --> 01:14:37.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Things would happen years,
even decades after the exposure.

01:14:37.600 --> 01:14:39.866 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
These were long-range problems

01:14:39.866 --> 01:14:41.400 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
that you didn't know
were happening

01:14:41.400 --> 01:14:43.366 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
when they were happening.

01:14:46.533 --> 01:14:49.633 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Events soon bolstered
Carson's case.

01:14:49.633 --> 01:14:51.433 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
In the spring of 1959,

01:14:51.433 --> 01:14:54.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
government officials
publicly admitted

01:14:54.200 --> 01:14:57.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that they had underestimated
the hazards of nuclear fallout.

01:14:57.900 --> 01:15:03.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Of particular concern was
the radionuclide strontium-90,

01:15:03.500 --> 01:15:06.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
which had made its way
into the nation's dairy supply

01:15:06.333 --> 01:15:10.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and was now thought to cause
leukemia, bone cancer,

01:15:10.400 --> 01:15:11.800 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
and birth defects.

01:15:13.100 --> 01:15:15.100 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
This is the height
of the Baby Boom,

01:15:15.100 --> 01:15:18.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and so you have a nation
focused

01:15:18.466 --> 01:15:20.066 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
on its child and family life

01:15:20.066 --> 01:15:22.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
being potentially poisoned
by this by-product

01:15:22.700 --> 01:15:26.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
of the nuclear testing regime.

01:15:26.200 --> 01:15:30.666 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
As Carson's editor, Paul Brooks,
told her,

01:15:30.666 --> 01:15:32.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"All this publicity
about fallout

01:15:32.400 --> 01:15:34.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"gives you a head start
in awakening people

01:15:34.933 --> 01:15:38.066 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
to the dangers of chemicals."

01:15:40.233 --> 01:15:43.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Then, just before
Thanksgiving 1959,

01:15:43.733 --> 01:15:46.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
came the so-called
cranberry scare.

01:15:46.533 --> 01:15:50.033 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:15:50.033 --> 01:15:52.733 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
People of my generation

01:15:52.733 --> 01:15:55.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
remember the Thanksgiving
with no cranberry sauce.

01:15:55.100 --> 01:15:57.100 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
Farmers in Oregon

01:15:57.100 --> 01:16:01.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
had sprayed their cranberry bogs
with a pesticide,

01:16:01.133 --> 01:16:03.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
but they did it
in the wrong growth cycle,

01:16:03.533 --> 01:16:05.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
so that it got into the berries
themselves

01:16:05.633 --> 01:16:08.733 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
and then
into the national food supply.

01:16:10.066 --> 01:16:13.133 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
It was potentially
a cancer-causing agent.

01:16:13.133 --> 01:16:17.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
This might have been one of
the first public demonstrations

01:16:17.366 --> 01:16:21.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
of the hazards
of chemical pesticides.

01:16:21.666 --> 01:16:23.666 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
Of course,
this alarmed the public,

01:16:23.666 --> 01:16:26.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
who wanted their cranberries
but didn't want to be poisoned,

01:16:26.133 --> 01:16:30.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and it greatly distressed
the cranberry industry.

01:16:30.033 --> 01:16:33.433 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
To Carson,
this was just exhibit A

01:16:33.433 --> 01:16:35.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
in a story she'd already

01:16:35.600 --> 01:16:38.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
formed in her own mind
and was ready to tell.

01:16:38.233 --> 01:16:43.133 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
With shipments of cranberries
being seized for inspection

01:16:43.133 --> 01:16:46.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and panicked grocers pulling
cranberry products from shelves,

01:16:46.933 --> 01:16:49.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Oregon's bad berries
were on the verge

01:16:49.600 --> 01:16:53.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
of ruining a $50 million crop.

01:16:53.433 --> 01:16:56.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Growers in other states
cried foul,

01:16:56.066 --> 01:16:58.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and government officials
went into high gear

01:16:58.166 --> 01:16:59.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
to shore up the industry.

01:17:01.500 --> 01:17:03.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Secretary of Agriculture
Ezra Benson

01:17:03.933 --> 01:17:06.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
had himself photographed
eating cranberries.

01:17:06.966 --> 01:17:10.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
On the presidential
campaign trail,

01:17:10.533 --> 01:17:14.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Senator John F. Kennedy quaffed
a cranberry juice toast,

01:17:14.233 --> 01:17:17.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
while his opponent,
Vice President Richard Nixon,

01:17:17.566 --> 01:17:20.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
swallowed down
four full helpings

01:17:20.000 --> 01:17:22.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
of the supposedly tainted fruit.

01:17:22.800 --> 01:17:26.900 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Whether the public was reassured
by that, we can't know.

01:17:26.900 --> 01:17:28.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
But it demonstrated
that there was

01:17:28.633 --> 01:17:32.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
this inherent coalition,
this inherent partnership

01:17:32.966 --> 01:17:36.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
between the government
and its clients in industry--

01:17:36.900 --> 01:17:40.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the chemicals industry,
the agricultural industry--

01:17:40.500 --> 01:17:42.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that would be very resistant
to the ideas

01:17:42.900 --> 01:17:45.333 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
that Carson
was going to propose,

01:17:45.333 --> 01:17:47.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that she was going
to come head-to-head

01:17:47.433 --> 01:17:49.633 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
with the massed might

01:17:49.633 --> 01:17:52.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
of the U.S. economy
and the U.S. government

01:17:52.666 --> 01:17:55.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
if she tried to prove
to the public

01:17:55.033 --> 01:17:56.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that they were being poisoned.

01:17:58.733 --> 01:18:00.166 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50%
NARRATOR:
"I think you know,"

01:18:00.166 --> 01:18:02.900 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5%
one of Carson's
research contacts warned her,

01:18:02.900 --> 01:18:05.633 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
"how grim this struggle
with the U.S. government

01:18:05.633 --> 01:18:07.500 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
"and the whole chemical industry

01:18:07.500 --> 01:18:09.766 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
is bound to be."

01:18:14.600 --> 01:18:18.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
(thunder rumbling,
rain pattering)

01:18:21.000 --> 01:18:23.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Initially, she'd thought it
a nuisance:

01:18:23.833 --> 01:18:28.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
first, in early January 1960,
a painful ulcer,

01:18:28.433 --> 01:18:31.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
then a sinus infection
that laid her low for weeks,

01:18:31.866 --> 01:18:34.100 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
then two lumps
in her left breast,

01:18:34.100 --> 01:18:37.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
discovered during an examination
in March.

01:18:39.733 --> 01:18:41.700 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45%
LEAR:
Carson is making progress.

01:18:41.700 --> 01:18:44.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
She knows she's going to finish
this book.

01:18:44.333 --> 01:18:48.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
And suddenly she's got
this catalogue of illnesses

01:18:48.533 --> 01:18:50.866 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
that happen to her.

01:18:50.866 --> 01:18:58.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
She was never very good
at facing up to limitations.

01:18:58.733 --> 01:19:03.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Probably none of us are,
but she's in denial

01:19:03.700 --> 01:19:06.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and she hides it
under the covers of herself,

01:19:06.166 --> 01:19:08.100 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
and to herself,

01:19:08.100 --> 01:19:10.166 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
and just tries
to plow through it.

01:19:13.533 --> 01:19:16.133 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Carson had a history
of breast tumors

01:19:16.133 --> 01:19:19.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and twice had had them
surgically removed.

01:19:19.300 --> 01:19:21.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
This time, one tumor
was "suspicious enough"

01:19:21.866 --> 01:19:25.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
to require a radical mastectomy.

01:19:25.266 --> 01:19:27.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
Still, the surgeon assured her

01:19:27.000 --> 01:19:29.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that no malignancy
had been found,

01:19:29.500 --> 01:19:31.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
so Carson sought
no further treatment.

01:19:33.733 --> 01:19:35.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
It was only when she discovered

01:19:35.300 --> 01:19:37.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
a hard lump on her rib,
months later,

01:19:37.866 --> 01:19:39.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
that she sought
a second opinion

01:19:39.333 --> 01:19:44.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and learned that the surgeon
had withheld the truth.

01:19:44.700 --> 01:19:46.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
According to the pathology
report,

01:19:46.800 --> 01:19:49.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
the removed tumor had in fact
been malignant,

01:19:49.700 --> 01:19:53.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and it had metastasized
to her lymph nodes.

01:19:53.800 --> 01:19:57.733 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
It was common at the time
for doctors in such situations

01:19:57.733 --> 01:20:01.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
to discuss a diagnosis,
a prognosis, a treatment

01:20:01.633 --> 01:20:03.900 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
with a woman's husband,

01:20:03.900 --> 01:20:06.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
who they believed
would be better able

01:20:06.233 --> 01:20:08.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
to handle this information,
process it,

01:20:08.800 --> 01:20:11.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
make decisions
if decisions had to be made.

01:20:14.233 --> 01:20:16.533 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
It may also be that the cancer

01:20:16.533 --> 01:20:19.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
was sufficiently
far enough advanced

01:20:19.200 --> 01:20:20.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
that he figured,

01:20:20.900 --> 01:20:22.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"Well, there's nothing much
we can do about this.

01:20:22.766 --> 01:20:24.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
We've done what we can."

01:20:24.600 --> 01:20:26.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
But, you know, in the process,

01:20:26.433 --> 01:20:30.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
he denied her six months
of potential treatment

01:20:30.600 --> 01:20:32.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that might have mitigated
the cancer

01:20:32.400 --> 01:20:36.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
or might have extended her life.

01:20:36.800 --> 01:20:39.933 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Carson's first thought
was for her privacy.

01:20:39.933 --> 01:20:41.433 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
"Somehow I have no wish

01:20:41.433 --> 01:20:44.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
to read of my ailments
in literary gossip columns,"

01:20:44.433 --> 01:20:46.033 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
she told a friend.

01:20:46.033 --> 01:20:50.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
"Too much comfort
to the chemical companies!"

01:20:50.100 --> 01:20:52.600 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
She was sure
that she would be accused

01:20:52.600 --> 01:20:55.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
of having written the book
as a retribution

01:20:55.200 --> 01:20:57.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
against the chemical industry

01:20:57.200 --> 01:21:02.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
on the unfounded allegation
that pesticides caused cancer.

01:21:02.033 --> 01:21:04.033 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
She understood
this was a serious risk

01:21:04.033 --> 01:21:07.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and this would be
a point of attack against her.

01:21:08.433 --> 01:21:10.900 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:21:12.533 --> 01:21:15.666 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
The months that followed
were excruciating:

01:21:15.666 --> 01:21:19.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
radiation treatments,
a flare-up of her ulcer,

01:21:19.500 --> 01:21:21.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
a staph infection
that progressed

01:21:21.233 --> 01:21:25.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
to septic arthritis in her knees
and ankles.

01:21:25.066 --> 01:21:29.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
By the end of January 1961,
she was unable to walk

01:21:29.566 --> 01:21:32.200 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
and could barely stand.

01:21:34.700 --> 01:21:36.166 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
Darling,

01:21:36.166 --> 01:21:37.833 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
you know my high hopes

01:21:37.833 --> 01:21:40.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
for the goal I might meet
by March,

01:21:40.133 --> 01:21:43.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
hopes I entertained
last October!

01:21:43.700 --> 01:21:45.133 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
Now I look back

01:21:45.133 --> 01:21:48.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
at the complete and devastating
wreckage of those plans,

01:21:48.866 --> 01:21:53.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
not only no writing for months,
but the nearly complete loss

01:21:53.633 --> 01:21:57.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
of any creative feeling
or desire.

01:21:57.933 --> 01:22:01.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Sometimes I wonder whether
the Author even exists anymore.

01:22:04.466 --> 01:22:09.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
CHRISTIE:
I think she handled it
as well as she could.

01:22:09.233 --> 01:22:11.333 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
You know,
the only negative thing

01:22:11.333 --> 01:22:14.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
I would have to say about it
in retrospect was,

01:22:14.700 --> 01:22:19.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
she wasn't honest enough
with me about it,

01:22:19.900 --> 01:22:23.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
although who knows whether
that would've been a good thing?

01:22:25.766 --> 01:22:27.833 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
You know, but that's all
I remember about it,

01:22:27.833 --> 01:22:33.266 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
just that it was kind of
a broken time.

01:22:34.533 --> 01:22:36.966 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
(birds chirping)

01:22:36.966 --> 01:22:39.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
To her research files on cancer,

01:22:39.266 --> 01:22:41.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Carson now began
to save clippings

01:22:41.233 --> 01:22:44.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
on experimental treatments
and improbable miracle cures.

01:22:44.700 --> 01:22:49.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
She would never be truly healthy
again,

01:22:49.100 --> 01:22:51.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
but as soon as the radiation
treatments were finished,

01:22:51.766 --> 01:22:55.033 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
she went back to work.

01:22:55.033 --> 01:22:59.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
(typewriter keys clacking)

01:22:59.566 --> 01:23:03.100 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
CHRISTIE:
The book became a race
for her to finish.

01:23:05.533 --> 01:23:11.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
That was the one time
where it would impact on us

01:23:11.866 --> 01:23:13.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
in that, you know,
she would say,

01:23:13.866 --> 01:23:16.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"I have to go and lock myself
in the study

01:23:16.966 --> 01:23:19.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"and you have to go
amuse yourself,

01:23:19.800 --> 01:23:23.066 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and that's just the way it is."

01:23:23.066 --> 01:23:27.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
And that got more and more
intense as time went on.

01:23:27.566 --> 01:23:31.500 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In late January 1962,

01:23:31.500 --> 01:23:34.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
nearly four years
after she'd begun to write it,

01:23:34.500 --> 01:23:37.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Carson finally submitted
the bulk of the manuscript

01:23:37.400 --> 01:23:40.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to both Houghton Mifflin
and the "New Yorker."

01:23:40.566 --> 01:23:42.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
It was, she wrote Dorothy,

01:23:42.333 --> 01:23:46.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"like reaching the last station
before the summit of Everest."

01:23:47.900 --> 01:23:51.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
William Shawn called as soon
as he'd finished reading it.

01:23:51.666 --> 01:23:55.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"Silent Spring," he told her,
was "a brilliant achievement."

01:23:58.733 --> 01:24:02.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
That night, while listening
to her favorite violin concerto

01:24:02.366 --> 01:24:04.166 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
alone in her study,

01:24:04.166 --> 01:24:06.000 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
Carson wept.

01:24:10.200 --> 01:24:15.866 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
Darling, I could never again
listen happily to a thrush song

01:24:15.866 --> 01:24:17.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
if I had not done all I could.

01:24:17.966 --> 01:24:20.933 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
And last night the thoughts

01:24:20.933 --> 01:24:23.300 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
of all the birds
and other creatures

01:24:23.300 --> 01:24:25.866 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
and all the loveliness
that is in nature

01:24:25.866 --> 01:24:30.166 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
came to me with such a surge
of deep happiness,

01:24:30.166 --> 01:24:33.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that now I had done
what I could.

01:24:33.200 --> 01:24:36.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
I had been able
to complete it.

01:24:36.000 --> 01:24:39.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
Now it had its own life.

01:24:49.333 --> 01:24:52.033 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
On June 16, 1962,

01:24:52.033 --> 01:24:53.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
as the elements of
"Silent Spring"

01:24:53.966 --> 01:24:56.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
were being prepared
for publication,

01:24:56.066 --> 01:24:58.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the first "New Yorker"
installment arrived

01:24:58.033 --> 01:25:01.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
on the newsstands, and with its
opening paragraphs

01:25:01.500 --> 01:25:04.966 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
lured readers
into a fertile world of plenty.

01:25:08.200 --> 01:25:10.800 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
READER:
"There was once a town
in the heart of America

01:25:10.800 --> 01:25:12.500 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
"where all life seemed to live

01:25:12.500 --> 01:25:15.766 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
"in harmony
with its surroundings.

01:25:15.766 --> 01:25:17.600 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
"The town lay in the midst

01:25:17.600 --> 01:25:19.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"of a checkerboard
of prosperous farms,

01:25:19.933 --> 01:25:23.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"with fields of grain
and hillsides of orchards

01:25:23.500 --> 01:25:26.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"where, in spring,
white clouds of bloom

01:25:26.333 --> 01:25:30.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
drifted above the green fields."

01:25:30.466 --> 01:25:34.100 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
The birds sing, and the woods
are filled with living things,

01:25:34.100 --> 01:25:38.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and it's an abundant,
happy place.

01:25:38.100 --> 01:25:43.566 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
And then suddenly the residents
discover the birds are gone

01:25:43.566 --> 01:25:45.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
and the animals have died

01:25:45.466 --> 01:25:50.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and many of the plants
have withered.

01:25:50.066 --> 01:25:53.900 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
People start to get sick for
reasons that can't be explained.

01:25:53.900 --> 01:25:58.300 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Livestock have
stunted offspring.

01:25:58.300 --> 01:25:59.866 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Everything goes bad.

01:26:03.100 --> 01:26:04.700 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
READER:
"In the gutters under the eaves

01:26:04.700 --> 01:26:07.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"and between the shingles
of the roofs,

01:26:07.066 --> 01:26:11.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
"a few patches of white granular
powder could be seen.

01:26:11.433 --> 01:26:14.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
"Some weeks earlier, this powder
had been dropped, like snow,

01:26:14.800 --> 01:26:19.666 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"upon the roofs and the lawns,
the fields and the streams.

01:26:19.666 --> 01:26:22.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
"No witchcraft, no enemy action

01:26:22.166 --> 01:26:25.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"had snuffed out life
in this stricken world.

01:26:25.633 --> 01:26:28.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
The people had done it
themselves."

01:26:31.166 --> 01:26:35.133 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
ORESKES:
She creates an image of silence.

01:26:35.133 --> 01:26:38.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"What would it be like
if you woke up in the morning

01:26:38.133 --> 01:26:40.200 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
"and you went outside

01:26:40.200 --> 01:26:42.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
"and instead
of hearing birds chirp or sing,

01:26:42.833 --> 01:26:46.233 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
you heard nothing?"

01:26:46.233 --> 01:26:48.466 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
And that's
so amazingly powerful, right?

01:26:48.466 --> 01:26:50.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
And it just, you know,
it stops you in your tracks.

01:26:54.266 --> 01:26:57.866 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In the zealous quest
for mastery, Carson argued,

01:26:57.866 --> 01:27:01.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
synthetic pesticides
had been used indiscriminately,

01:27:01.100 --> 01:27:03.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
excessively, heedlessly,

01:27:03.266 --> 01:27:05.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
upsetting the delicate balance
of nature

01:27:05.333 --> 01:27:09.166 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
and putting all life at risk.

01:27:09.166 --> 01:27:14.700 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
She felt that proponents
of widespread pesticide use

01:27:14.700 --> 01:27:17.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
were conducting an experiment
with life itself

01:27:17.700 --> 01:27:20.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
without having done
adequate testing or research

01:27:20.500 --> 01:27:24.766 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
to determine
what the consequences might be.

01:27:24.766 --> 01:27:26.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
And that the citizenry
weren't being informed

01:27:26.666 --> 01:27:29.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
because the proponents
of pesticides

01:27:29.100 --> 01:27:31.433 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
were telling them
only one side of the story

01:27:31.433 --> 01:27:35.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and the one that benefited
their own interests.

01:27:35.833 --> 01:27:38.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
And so all these things are part

01:27:38.100 --> 01:27:40.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
of the Cold War consensus
by which Americans lived:

01:27:40.566 --> 01:27:45.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
the benevolence of corporations,
the authority of science.

01:27:45.133 --> 01:27:47.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Well, Carson's challenging
all of those things.

01:27:50.500 --> 01:27:52.233 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50%
NARRATOR:
The furor arose even before

01:27:52.233 --> 01:27:55.366 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
the second and third
installments of "Silent Spring"

01:27:55.366 --> 01:27:57.366 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
hit the newsstands.

01:27:57.366 --> 01:28:00.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
The "New Yorker" was deluged
with letters.

01:28:00.366 --> 01:28:03.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
So, too, was the U.S.D.A.

01:28:03.100 --> 01:28:04.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
Most of those who wrote,

01:28:04.466 --> 01:28:07.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
an agency spokesman
told the "New York Times,"

01:28:07.133 --> 01:28:09.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
expressed "horror and amazement"

01:28:09.133 --> 01:28:11.400 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
that the use
of such toxic chemicals

01:28:11.400 --> 01:28:13.566 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
was even permitted.

01:28:13.566 --> 01:28:15.633 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
CRAMER:
She raised the level
of awareness

01:28:15.633 --> 01:28:17.600 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
of the general public

01:28:17.600 --> 01:28:20.700 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
of all of these chemical
applications

01:28:20.700 --> 01:28:24.166 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
and why we need to think
about their implications.

01:28:24.166 --> 01:28:30.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
People were deeply moved
and frightened by what she said.

01:28:32.233 --> 01:28:35.466 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Scientists for the chemical
industry and the U.S.D.A.

01:28:35.466 --> 01:28:37.500 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
were incensed
by Carson's assertions.

01:28:37.500 --> 01:28:42.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
What, they wondered publicly,
was the death of a songbird

01:28:42.033 --> 01:28:43.800 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
against the possibility

01:28:43.800 --> 01:28:45.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
of ending malaria
or world hunger?

01:28:45.533 --> 01:28:48.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
As one industry chemist put it,

01:28:48.366 --> 01:28:51.166 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"DDT alone has saved
as many human lives

01:28:51.166 --> 01:28:53.200 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
"over the past 15 years

01:28:53.200 --> 01:28:55.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
as all the wonder drugs
combined."

01:28:57.833 --> 01:29:00.366 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
The proponents of pesticides
argued

01:29:00.366 --> 01:29:02.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
that you have to take risks
to go forward.

01:29:02.700 --> 01:29:05.200 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
That's very much part

01:29:05.200 --> 01:29:09.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
of our scientific, technological
culture.

01:29:09.933 --> 01:29:14.900 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
BLUM:
They saw themselves as doing
something in the higher good.

01:29:14.900 --> 01:29:16.800 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
They were fostering
human development.

01:29:16.800 --> 01:29:18.333 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
They were killing plagues.

01:29:18.333 --> 01:29:22.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
They were making the world
a better place.

01:29:24.566 --> 01:29:26.033 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
ORESKES:
Carson herself acknowledged

01:29:26.033 --> 01:29:29.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
there was this benefit
through the use of pesticides.

01:29:29.666 --> 01:29:31.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
But the whole point
of her argument

01:29:31.733 --> 01:29:34.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
is that there's been a kind of
an assumption and a rush.

01:29:34.633 --> 01:29:36.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The benefits were obvious,
so people rushed

01:29:36.800 --> 01:29:38.366 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
to take advantage
of those benefits,

01:29:38.366 --> 01:29:40.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
but there were
these other problems

01:29:40.600 --> 01:29:42.666 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that were maybe not as obvious,

01:29:42.666 --> 01:29:45.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
but actually might outweigh
the benefits.

01:29:47.466 --> 01:29:49.700 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
By August, with the publication
of the book

01:29:49.700 --> 01:29:51.800 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
still more than a month away,

01:29:51.800 --> 01:29:54.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
the controversy
over "Silent Spring"

01:29:54.000 --> 01:29:56.300 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
had reached
the nation's capital,

01:29:56.300 --> 01:29:58.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
and a special
Science Advisory Committee

01:29:58.733 --> 01:30:00.300 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
had been convened

01:30:00.300 --> 01:30:02.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
to review all federal policies
on pesticides.

01:30:04.633 --> 01:30:08.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
On August 28, the subject
even found its way into one

01:30:08.366 --> 01:30:12.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
of the president's regular
televised press conferences.

01:30:12.366 --> 01:30:14.400 align:left position:10% line:77% size:80%
REPORTER:
There appears to be growing
concern among scientists

01:30:14.400 --> 01:30:16.300 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
as to the possibility

01:30:16.300 --> 01:30:19.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
of dangerous long-range
side effects

01:30:19.066 --> 01:30:22.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
from the widespread use
of DDT and other pesticides.

01:30:22.600 --> 01:30:25.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Have you considered asking
the Department of Agriculture

01:30:25.033 --> 01:30:26.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
or the Public Health Service

01:30:26.433 --> 01:30:28.133 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
to take a closer look
at this?

01:30:28.133 --> 01:30:31.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Yes, and I know
that they already are,

01:30:31.933 --> 01:30:34.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I think particularly, of course,
since Miss Carson's book,

01:30:34.800 --> 01:30:37.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
but they are examining
the matter.

01:30:37.700 --> 01:30:39.833 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
You can only imagine how worried

01:30:39.833 --> 01:30:41.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
the people who made
these pesticides were.

01:30:41.900 --> 01:30:43.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
When President Kennedy said,

01:30:43.100 --> 01:30:45.066 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
"Yeah, we're going to look
into this.

01:30:45.066 --> 01:30:47.966 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
"We're going to reach in
to the private sector

01:30:47.966 --> 01:30:49.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"and see if we need to
regulate these products

01:30:49.966 --> 01:30:51.100 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
in a different way,"

01:30:51.100 --> 01:30:52.266 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
that was a threat.

01:30:52.266 --> 01:30:54.633 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
That's a threat
to the bottom line.

01:30:54.633 --> 01:30:57.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
That's a threat to the business
that these companies were in.

01:30:57.933 --> 01:31:00.633 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
They formed essentially
a war council

01:31:00.633 --> 01:31:03.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
to get together and develop
a propaganda campaign

01:31:03.133 --> 01:31:04.333 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
to discredit Carson,

01:31:04.333 --> 01:31:07.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to discredit the science
in her book,

01:31:07.100 --> 01:31:08.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and to defend their practices.

01:31:08.933 --> 01:31:12.800 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:31:12.800 --> 01:31:14.733 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
From public relations
departments

01:31:14.733 --> 01:31:16.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
throughout the chemical industry

01:31:16.133 --> 01:31:19.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
now came a flood
of bulletins and brochures

01:31:19.666 --> 01:31:22.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
which emphasized
the benefits of pesticides.

01:31:24.700 --> 01:31:27.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
The Monsanto Company,
an industry leader,

01:31:27.266 --> 01:31:29.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
papered news outlets
across the country

01:31:29.733 --> 01:31:32.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
with a spoof of "Silent
Spring's" opening chapter,

01:31:32.633 --> 01:31:35.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
in which a pesticide-free world

01:31:35.200 --> 01:31:38.366 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
loses millions
to yellow fever and malaria...

01:31:38.366 --> 01:31:40.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
NEWSREEL NARRATOR:
She dines on healthy blood,

01:31:40.033 --> 01:31:44.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and in payment leaves
the chills and fever of malaria.

01:31:44.133 --> 01:31:47.000 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
...and crop-ravaging insects
drive humanity

01:31:47.000 --> 01:31:49.600 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
to the brink of famine.

01:31:49.600 --> 01:31:52.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
"Silent Spring,"
critics charged,

01:31:52.600 --> 01:31:54.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
was a "high-pitched,"
"emotional,"

01:31:54.433 --> 01:31:56.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"scientifically indefensible"
screed.

01:31:56.833 --> 01:32:01.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
To heed Carson's call
for restraint, it was argued,

01:32:01.466 --> 01:32:05.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
meant nothing less than
"the end of all human progress."

01:32:05.933 --> 01:32:07.900 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
KINKELA:
There is this sort of
real tension

01:32:07.900 --> 01:32:11.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
between this understanding
of chemical sciences

01:32:11.266 --> 01:32:15.700 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75%
as a sort of hyper-masculine,
lab-intensive research

01:32:15.700 --> 01:32:18.600 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55%
that produces
these wonderful technologies

01:32:18.600 --> 01:32:22.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and these scientists
who work in nature,

01:32:22.066 --> 01:32:24.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
who examine issues
over the long term,

01:32:24.566 --> 01:32:27.733 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
but who really
aren't scientists.

01:32:27.733 --> 01:32:29.033 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
They're sort of like a cult.

01:32:29.033 --> 01:32:32.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
And having a woman
at this particular moment

01:32:32.766 --> 01:32:37.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
being the lead spokesperson
of that kind of idea

01:32:37.733 --> 01:32:39.733 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
really chafed,

01:32:39.733 --> 01:32:42.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and made the chemical scientists
really angry.

01:32:45.500 --> 01:32:47.366 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
ORESKES:
The idea that this woman,

01:32:47.366 --> 01:32:50.266 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
you know, this woman with what,
a master's degree,

01:32:50.266 --> 01:32:53.666 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
that she knows something
that we don't know?

01:32:53.666 --> 01:32:57.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
You know, you just see their,
their condescension towards her

01:32:57.666 --> 01:32:59.566 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
in their just really dismissive
approach

01:32:59.566 --> 01:33:01.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and their misrepresentation
of her work.

01:33:01.433 --> 01:33:04.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
They try to accuse her
of rejecting modernity,

01:33:04.933 --> 01:33:08.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
of being unrealistic, of
wanting to ban all pesticides,

01:33:08.766 --> 01:33:10.033 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
none of which are true,

01:33:10.033 --> 01:33:12.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
but it's a way to try
to discredit her

01:33:12.000 --> 01:33:13.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
and discredit the argument,

01:33:13.300 --> 01:33:15.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and it's a way to not even
have the argument.

01:33:15.400 --> 01:33:18.100 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:33:21.266 --> 01:33:23.733 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Concerned the attacks
from industry scientists

01:33:23.733 --> 01:33:25.500 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
created the impression

01:33:25.500 --> 01:33:27.866 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
that the science
was "all on the other side,"

01:33:27.866 --> 01:33:30.033 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60%
Carson prevailed
upon Houghton Mifflin

01:33:30.033 --> 01:33:35.633 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
to publish a rebuttal
to her critics.

01:33:35.633 --> 01:33:39.666 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
The commercial, monetary,
political resources

01:33:39.666 --> 01:33:42.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
that the agencies
and the businesses

01:33:42.466 --> 01:33:45.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that were arrayed against her
could command

01:33:45.333 --> 01:33:47.200 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
were daunting indeed.

01:33:47.200 --> 01:33:50.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
But many scientists
strongly supported Carson

01:33:50.700 --> 01:33:53.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and accepted her case
and even contributed to it.

01:33:55.900 --> 01:33:58.933 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
ORESKES:
The worst thing you could say
about "Silent Spring"

01:33:58.933 --> 01:34:01.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
is actually a compliment:
It's not a work of science.

01:34:04.500 --> 01:34:06.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
And that's true,
it's not a work of science.

01:34:06.266 --> 01:34:08.500 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
It's a work
of science communication.

01:34:08.500 --> 01:34:11.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
She is communicating to us
what scientists have to say

01:34:11.000 --> 01:34:12.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and she's communicating
the meaning

01:34:12.866 --> 01:34:14.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
of that scientific work.

01:34:14.433 --> 01:34:18.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
She makes clear what's at stake,
and that's her great gift.

01:34:20.800 --> 01:34:24.933 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In the end, "Silent Spring"
flew off the shelves.

01:34:24.933 --> 01:34:29.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Within two weeks of its official
publication, on September 27,

01:34:29.200 --> 01:34:32.766 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
65,000 copies had been sold.

01:34:32.766 --> 01:34:37.300 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
Before long,
it was a runaway bestseller.

01:34:37.300 --> 01:34:41.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Every major publication in
the country reviewed the book.

01:34:41.100 --> 01:34:43.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
More than 70 newspapers
also ran editorials.

01:34:43.900 --> 01:34:46.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Carson, meanwhile,
was the subject

01:34:46.633 --> 01:34:49.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
of so many magazine articles
and cartoons

01:34:49.866 --> 01:34:52.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that she and Roger began
to collect them.

01:34:54.566 --> 01:34:57.166 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:35:05.566 --> 01:35:08.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Absent from all the publicity
was the fact

01:35:08.000 --> 01:35:11.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that Carson's cancer had spread
to the right side of her body

01:35:11.500 --> 01:35:16.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and that she was once again
undergoing radiation treatments.

01:35:16.300 --> 01:35:19.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Inundated with interview
requests,

01:35:19.733 --> 01:35:21.633 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
Carson agreed that fall

01:35:21.633 --> 01:35:24.233 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
to only two
that involved cameras:

01:35:24.233 --> 01:35:26.066 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
a profile in "Life" magazine

01:35:26.066 --> 01:35:28.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and an appearance
on "CBS Reports"

01:35:28.800 --> 01:35:31.133 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
with Eric Sevareid.

01:35:31.133 --> 01:35:33.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
For both, she wore
a heavy, dark wig

01:35:33.733 --> 01:35:35.800 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
she'd purchased
at Elizabeth Arden.

01:35:37.700 --> 01:35:39.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
The two-day interview session
with CBS

01:35:39.900 --> 01:35:41.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
at her home in Silver Spring

01:35:41.866 --> 01:35:44.100 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
was so taxing
that it became plain to Sevareid

01:35:44.100 --> 01:35:46.700 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65%
that Carson was ill.

01:35:46.700 --> 01:35:49.966 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
Get the piece on the air
as soon as possible,

01:35:49.966 --> 01:35:52.066 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
he urged his producer.

01:35:52.066 --> 01:35:54.566 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
"You've got a dead
leading lady."

01:35:54.566 --> 01:35:59.133 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:35:59.133 --> 01:36:02.400 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
Carson was determined
as a young girl.

01:36:02.400 --> 01:36:04.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
She was determined
to get an education.

01:36:04.133 --> 01:36:06.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
She was determined
to be a writer.

01:36:06.333 --> 01:36:09.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
She was determined to find
something to write about.

01:36:09.733 --> 01:36:11.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
And with "Silent Spring,"

01:36:11.466 --> 01:36:15.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
she was determined
that this message would get out.

01:36:15.100 --> 01:36:18.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
She's willing to endure
almost everything

01:36:18.700 --> 01:36:21.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
to get that message out.

01:36:21.500 --> 01:36:23.233 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
CARSON:
My text this afternoon is taken

01:36:23.233 --> 01:36:29.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
from the "Globe Times"
of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,

01:36:29.100 --> 01:36:34.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
a news item in the issue
of October 12.

01:36:34.000 --> 01:36:38.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
After describing in detail
the reactions to "Silent Spring"

01:36:38.966 --> 01:36:43.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
of the farm bureaus
in two Pennsylvania counties,

01:36:43.133 --> 01:36:45.966 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
the reporter continued:

01:36:45.966 --> 01:36:50.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"No one in either county farm
office who was talked to today

01:36:50.333 --> 01:36:52.000 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
"had read the book,

01:36:52.000 --> 01:36:54.300 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
but all
disapproved of it heartily."

01:36:54.300 --> 01:36:56.333 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
(audience laughing)

01:36:56.333 --> 01:36:58.900 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
In early December 1962,

01:36:58.900 --> 01:37:01.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
in an address to
the Women's National Press Club,

01:37:01.466 --> 01:37:05.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Rachel Carson finally answered
her critics.

01:37:05.233 --> 01:37:07.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Challenging the industry's
contention

01:37:07.300 --> 01:37:08.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that "chemicals are never used

01:37:08.966 --> 01:37:10.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
unless tests have shown them
to be safe,"

01:37:10.966 --> 01:37:13.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
she reminded her audience

01:37:13.033 --> 01:37:16.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that pesticide manufacturers
financed the studies

01:37:16.066 --> 01:37:18.833 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
of their own products' safety.

01:37:18.833 --> 01:37:22.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
I know that many thoughtful
scientists are deeply disturbed

01:37:22.433 --> 01:37:26.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
that their organizations are
becoming fronts for industry.

01:37:28.366 --> 01:37:30.600 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Is industry becoming a screen

01:37:30.600 --> 01:37:32.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
through which facts
must be filtered

01:37:32.600 --> 01:37:37.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
so that the hard, uncomfortable
truths are kept back

01:37:37.366 --> 01:37:43.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and only the harmless morsels
are allowed to filter through?

01:37:43.166 --> 01:37:47.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
The tailoring, the screening
of basic truth

01:37:47.233 --> 01:37:50.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
is done to accommodate
to the short-term gain,

01:37:50.766 --> 01:37:55.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
to serve the gods
of profit and production.

01:37:55.300 --> 01:37:59.100 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:37:59.100 --> 01:38:02.366 align:left position:45% line:5% size:45%
LEAR:
She is calling
for the population

01:38:02.366 --> 01:38:05.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to understand that money
has a great deal to do

01:38:05.600 --> 01:38:07.900 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
with what is done in science.

01:38:07.900 --> 01:38:12.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
She says, "We need to ask
who speaks and why.

01:38:12.633 --> 01:38:15.166 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55%
"What is done
in the name of science

01:38:15.166 --> 01:38:17.266 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5%
and why doesn't the public
have a right to know?"

01:38:19.066 --> 01:38:21.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
These are not just
scientific questions.

01:38:21.633 --> 01:38:25.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
These are questions that
a social revolutionary asks.

01:38:25.533 --> 01:38:27.066 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
CARSON:
These are matters

01:38:27.066 --> 01:38:29.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
of the most serious importance
to society.

01:38:29.933 --> 01:38:32.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And I commend their study
to you

01:38:32.866 --> 01:38:36.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
as professionals
in the field of communication.

01:38:36.100 --> 01:38:38.233 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
Thank you.

01:38:38.233 --> 01:38:41.400 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
(audience applauds)

01:38:41.400 --> 01:38:43.333 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
Unable to silence Carson,

01:38:43.333 --> 01:38:45.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
the chemical industry
lobbied hard

01:38:45.033 --> 01:38:50.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to muzzle the forthcoming
CBS special on "Silent Spring."

01:38:50.100 --> 01:38:53.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
In March, just weeks before
the program was slated to air,

01:38:53.766 --> 01:38:55.400 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
the network was flooded

01:38:55.400 --> 01:38:57.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
with mimeographed letters
urging fairness--

01:38:57.733 --> 01:39:00.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
a campaign orchestrated,
CBS assumed,

01:39:00.466 --> 01:39:02.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
by the chemical industry lobby.

01:39:02.366 --> 01:39:06.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Then, just days
before the broadcast,

01:39:06.266 --> 01:39:09.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
two of the show's five
commercial sponsors pulled out,

01:39:09.300 --> 01:39:12.566 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
followed swiftly by a third.

01:39:12.566 --> 01:39:14.266 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
CBS was undaunted,

01:39:14.266 --> 01:39:18.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and on the evening
of Wednesday, April 3, 1963,

01:39:18.933 --> 01:39:21.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"The Silent Spring
of Rachel Carson"

01:39:21.533 --> 01:39:24.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
was beamed into living rooms
all across the country.

01:39:24.133 --> 01:39:25.633 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
Good evening.

01:39:25.633 --> 01:39:28.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
We are living in what has been
called the synthetic age.

01:39:28.833 --> 01:39:30.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
The age of the atom,
the missile,

01:39:30.566 --> 01:39:32.733 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
the frozen TV dinner.

01:39:32.733 --> 01:39:34.233 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
In the next hour, you will hear

01:39:34.233 --> 01:39:36.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that this is also the age
of the wormless apple

01:39:36.633 --> 01:39:38.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
and the calculated risk.

01:39:38.566 --> 01:39:40.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Do you know how long

01:39:40.066 --> 01:39:42.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
the pesticides persist
in the water

01:39:42.566 --> 01:39:44.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
once they get into it?

01:39:44.166 --> 01:39:45.566 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
Not entirely.

01:39:45.566 --> 01:39:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Do you know the extent
to which our groundwater

01:39:48.533 --> 01:39:51.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
may be contaminated right now
by pesticides?

01:39:51.866 --> 01:39:54.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
We don't know that, either,
nor do we know...

01:39:54.366 --> 01:39:55.733 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
NARRATOR:
As the program unfolded,

01:39:55.733 --> 01:39:59.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
a welter of scientists
and government officials,

01:39:59.233 --> 01:40:01.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
as well as Carson herself,

01:40:01.366 --> 01:40:04.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
argued the pros and cons
of synthetic pesticides.

01:40:04.266 --> 01:40:07.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
In the end, one fact was clear:

01:40:07.400 --> 01:40:10.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
For every scientific certainty,

01:40:10.400 --> 01:40:12.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
there was a host
of unanswered questions.

01:40:12.700 --> 01:40:14.333 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
CARSON:
We have to remember

01:40:14.333 --> 01:40:17.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
that children born today
are exposed to these chemicals

01:40:17.600 --> 01:40:18.933 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
from birth.

01:40:18.933 --> 01:40:20.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
Perhaps even before birth.

01:40:20.766 --> 01:40:24.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Now, what is going to happen
to them in adult life

01:40:24.200 --> 01:40:27.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
as a result of that exposure?

01:40:27.466 --> 01:40:29.700 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
We simply don't know.

01:40:29.700 --> 01:40:32.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Because we've never before
had this kind of experience.

01:40:32.466 --> 01:40:34.866 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
SEVAREID:
A spokesman
for the chemical industry,

01:40:34.866 --> 01:40:36.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
Dr. Robert White-Stevens.

01:40:36.766 --> 01:40:38.566 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70%
Miss Carson is concerned

01:40:38.566 --> 01:40:42.266 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5%
with every possibility
of hazard and danger,

01:40:42.266 --> 01:40:46.000 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
whereas the agricultural school
has to concern itself

01:40:46.000 --> 01:40:49.166 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
with the probability,
the likelihood of danger,

01:40:49.166 --> 01:40:51.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and to assess that
against utility.

01:40:51.433 --> 01:40:54.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
If we had to investigate
every possibility,

01:40:54.300 --> 01:40:56.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
we would never make
any advances at all,

01:40:56.200 --> 01:40:58.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
because this would require

01:40:58.100 --> 01:41:01.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
an infinite time
for experimental work,

01:41:01.300 --> 01:41:03.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and we would never be finished.

01:41:03.166 --> 01:41:06.633 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
CARSON:
We've heard the benefits
of pesticides.

01:41:06.633 --> 01:41:10.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
We've heard a great deal
about their safety,

01:41:10.833 --> 01:41:15.966 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
but very little
about the hazards,

01:41:15.966 --> 01:41:19.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
very little about the failures,
the inefficiencies,

01:41:19.066 --> 01:41:23.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and yet the public was being
asked to accept these chemicals,

01:41:23.600 --> 01:41:28.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
was being asked to acquiesce
in their use

01:41:28.166 --> 01:41:30.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and did not have
the whole picture.

01:41:30.500 --> 01:41:33.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
So I set about to remedy
the balance there.

01:41:33.266 --> 01:41:37.933 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:41:37.933 --> 01:41:43.333 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
"CBS Reports" becomes almost a
second publication of the book.

01:41:43.333 --> 01:41:47.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
People who hadn't read it and
probably wouldn't have read it

01:41:47.866 --> 01:41:53.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
can see that Rachel Carson
is a very calm, rational woman

01:41:53.300 --> 01:41:57.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
who is not frothing at the mouth
and is not a raving Communist.

01:41:57.200 --> 01:41:59.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
She's giving the public credit

01:41:59.533 --> 01:42:02.400 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
for being able
to understand science.

01:42:02.400 --> 01:42:06.400 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
With an audience estimated
at between ten and 15 million,

01:42:06.400 --> 01:42:09.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"The Silent Spring
of Rachel Carson"

01:42:09.100 --> 01:42:11.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
catapulted the environment

01:42:11.566 --> 01:42:13.233 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
to the top
of the political agenda.

01:42:13.233 --> 01:42:18.100 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
The next day,
Senator Abraham Ribicoff,

01:42:18.100 --> 01:42:21.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
chair of the subcommittee
on government operations,

01:42:21.000 --> 01:42:24.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
was charged with conducting
a broad congressional review

01:42:24.200 --> 01:42:27.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
of environmental hazards,
including pesticides.

01:42:27.633 --> 01:42:32.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Then, on May 15,
came the long-awaited report

01:42:32.533 --> 01:42:37.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
from the president's
Science Advisory Committee.

01:42:37.133 --> 01:42:40.200 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
ORESKES:
And they say
in more prosaic language

01:42:40.200 --> 01:42:42.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
what she has essentially
already said in "Silent Spring,"

01:42:42.600 --> 01:42:46.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
which is, "Yes, there are some
benefits to using pesticides,

01:42:46.333 --> 01:42:49.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"and no, we probably don't want
to outlaw and ban

01:42:49.100 --> 01:42:51.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
"all pesticides tomorrow,

01:42:51.266 --> 01:42:53.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"but there is substantial
scientific evidence

01:42:53.733 --> 01:42:55.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"that the indiscriminate use
of pesticides,

01:42:55.800 --> 01:42:57.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
"the overuse of pesticides,

01:42:57.566 --> 01:43:01.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"and particularly certain
persistent pesticides like DDT

01:43:01.766 --> 01:43:03.133 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
may be problematic."

01:43:05.400 --> 01:43:06.900 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
"I think it's
a splendid report,"

01:43:06.900 --> 01:43:08.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
Carson told a journalist.

01:43:08.566 --> 01:43:10.566 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
"It's strong, it's objective,

01:43:10.566 --> 01:43:14.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"and, I think, a very fair
evaluation of the problem.

01:43:14.100 --> 01:43:16.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"I feel that the report
has vindicated me

01:43:16.300 --> 01:43:19.766 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
and my principal contentions."

01:43:24.800 --> 01:43:28.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
By now, Carson knew
she didn't have long to live.

01:43:28.800 --> 01:43:31.033 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Despite ongoing
radiation treatments,

01:43:31.033 --> 01:43:33.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
the cancer had spread
and spread again,

01:43:33.833 --> 01:43:37.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
to her collarbone, her neck,
her shoulder.

01:43:37.133 --> 01:43:39.733 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Though often in pain,

01:43:39.733 --> 01:43:42.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
she kept her call for change
insistent,

01:43:42.500 --> 01:43:44.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
appearing in late May
on the "Today Show"

01:43:44.700 --> 01:43:49.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and in early June before
Ribicoff's Senate committee,

01:43:49.200 --> 01:43:51.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
where she delivered 40 minutes
of testimony

01:43:51.266 --> 01:43:53.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
to a rapt, capacity crowd.

01:43:53.366 --> 01:43:56.300 align:left position:30% line:77% size:60%
We have acquired
technical skills

01:43:56.300 --> 01:44:01.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
on a scale undreamed-of
even a generation ago.

01:44:01.200 --> 01:44:04.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
We can do dramatic things
and we can do them quickly.

01:44:04.933 --> 01:44:08.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
By the time damaging
side effects are apparent,

01:44:08.433 --> 01:44:10.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
it is often too late
or impossible

01:44:10.966 --> 01:44:13.300 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
to reverse our actions.

01:44:13.300 --> 01:44:16.233 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
She's aware that
there will be changes coming

01:44:16.233 --> 01:44:21.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
because of her words,
because of her book,

01:44:21.000 --> 01:44:23.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
so she's at peace,
comfortable in some ways

01:44:23.366 --> 01:44:27.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
with the fact that she's done
the work that she set out to do.

01:44:27.733 --> 01:44:29.833 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
If we are ever to solve
the basic problem

01:44:29.833 --> 01:44:33.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
of environmental contamination,

01:44:33.166 --> 01:44:36.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
we must begin to count
the many hidden costs

01:44:36.200 --> 01:44:38.066 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
of what we are doing

01:44:38.066 --> 01:44:42.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and to weigh them
against the gains or advantages.

01:44:42.166 --> 01:44:46.166 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:44:46.166 --> 01:44:48.533 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Now we enter
into a period of time

01:44:48.533 --> 01:44:50.800 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
in which everyone understands

01:44:50.800 --> 01:44:53.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
that the environment
is an important subject,

01:44:53.666 --> 01:44:55.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that it's something
we should talk about,

01:44:55.166 --> 01:44:56.900 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
something we should consider

01:44:56.900 --> 01:44:58.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
when we are using
new technologies

01:44:58.533 --> 01:45:01.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
that might adversely affect it.

01:45:01.566 --> 01:45:04.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
It puts the government squarely
into the middle

01:45:04.133 --> 01:45:06.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
as a regulating authority,

01:45:06.100 --> 01:45:11.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
as a force that can restrain
technology.

01:45:11.333 --> 01:45:14.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
This hadn't been part
of the dialogue before.

01:45:20.766 --> 01:45:23.800 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65%
CARSON (dramatized):
It seems strange,
looking back over my life,

01:45:23.800 --> 01:45:26.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that all that went
before this past decade

01:45:26.033 --> 01:45:29.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
seems to have been merely
preparation for it.

01:45:29.766 --> 01:45:32.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Into that decade have been
crowded everything

01:45:32.433 --> 01:45:34.666 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
I shall be remembered for.

01:45:37.633 --> 01:45:41.933 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
There was for Carson
one last summer at Southport,

01:45:41.933 --> 01:45:44.166 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
a summer filled with birdsong

01:45:44.166 --> 01:45:46.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and the sound of the wind
in the spruce trees.

01:45:49.733 --> 01:45:52.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
There were walks along the shore
with Dorothy,

01:45:52.400 --> 01:45:56.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
slow and ginger now on account
of Carson's constant pain,

01:45:56.900 --> 01:45:59.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and bittersweet hours spent
watching the surf

01:45:59.366 --> 01:46:02.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
crash against the rocks.

01:46:06.666 --> 01:46:10.966 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
FREEMAN:
I don't think the kids,
my brother and Roger and I,

01:46:10.966 --> 01:46:17.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
understood that this was
some big last deal.

01:46:17.100 --> 01:46:20.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
But it was Rachel's last summer
at Southport,

01:46:20.800 --> 01:46:25.300 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and she was unable to go down
to the beach.

01:46:25.300 --> 01:46:29.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And yet, we all still had
a lovely summer day

01:46:29.766 --> 01:46:35.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
going down and bringing little
creatures up to the cottage

01:46:35.400 --> 01:46:38.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
for her to look at
and talk to us about,

01:46:38.833 --> 01:46:42.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and then instruct us
that they had to go back

01:46:42.600 --> 01:46:44.966 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
where they came from.

01:46:44.966 --> 01:46:47.466 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:46:47.466 --> 01:46:49.466 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
I think I like that

01:46:49.466 --> 01:46:52.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
as a quintessential
and last memory,

01:46:52.700 --> 01:46:57.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
because that was her essence,
and there it was.

01:47:04.500 --> 01:47:10.266 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
The cancer spread to her pelvis,
then to her upper back and arms.

01:47:10.266 --> 01:47:12.933 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
By October,
back in Silver Spring,

01:47:12.933 --> 01:47:16.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Carson was spending
most of her time in bed.

01:47:17.900 --> 01:47:22.200 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:47:22.200 --> 01:47:25.166 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
She had all these other ideas
of what she wanted to write.

01:47:25.166 --> 01:47:27.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
I think she comes to terms
with the fact

01:47:27.233 --> 01:47:32.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that she will lay down her pen
without having done them all.

01:47:32.133 --> 01:47:34.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Um, but the biggest thing,
of course,

01:47:34.500 --> 01:47:35.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
is what to do with Roger.

01:47:38.166 --> 01:47:41.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
To face the fact
that when she dies--

01:47:41.700 --> 01:47:44.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
which she doesn't really
face well--

01:47:44.733 --> 01:47:46.266 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Roger needs a family,

01:47:46.266 --> 01:47:52.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and she can't seem
to come to grips with that.

01:47:52.200 --> 01:47:54.500 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
CHRISTIE:
She tried to shield me
from how serious it was,

01:47:54.500 --> 01:47:56.766 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
and it was never...

01:47:56.766 --> 01:47:59.366 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5%
You know, well,
"I'm going to die."

01:48:00.900 --> 01:48:03.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I don't know how she expected it
to work, really,

01:48:03.966 --> 01:48:08.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
beyond, you know, making
provisions for me in her will.

01:48:08.066 --> 01:48:10.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
It's not something
we talked about.

01:48:12.333 --> 01:48:15.800 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
FREEMAN:
The best she could do was
add a codicil to her will

01:48:15.800 --> 01:48:20.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that said it was her wish that
either the Paul Brooks family--

01:48:20.633 --> 01:48:23.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Paul Brooks being her editor
at Houghton Mifflin--

01:48:23.233 --> 01:48:28.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
or my parents would take Roger
in, would adopt Roger.

01:48:30.600 --> 01:48:33.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
I think in the end she punted.

01:48:33.566 --> 01:48:37.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
She just, wherever she was
in her life,

01:48:37.200 --> 01:48:39.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
the end of her life,

01:48:39.533 --> 01:48:45.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
she didn't want to
or couldn't make that decision.

01:48:48.766 --> 01:48:53.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
(rain pattering,
thunder rumbling)

01:49:00.166 --> 01:49:05.433 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
NARRATOR:
By spring, the cancer had spread
to her brain.

01:49:05.433 --> 01:49:08.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Dorothy still wrote
nearly every day,

01:49:08.333 --> 01:49:11.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
but Carson no longer wrote back.

01:49:11.433 --> 01:49:14.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
When Dorothy came for a visit
in early April,

01:49:14.266 --> 01:49:18.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Carson was only dimly aware
that she was there.

01:49:21.733 --> 01:49:27.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
On April 14, 1964,
Rachel Carson died.

01:49:27.200 --> 01:49:30.966 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
She was 56 years old.

01:49:30.966 --> 01:49:34.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Some of her ashes were buried
next to her mother's grave.

01:49:34.633 --> 01:49:36.733 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
The rest Dorothy Freeman spread

01:49:36.733 --> 01:49:40.133 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
over the ocean
at Southport Island.

01:49:41.200 --> 01:49:45.333 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:49:47.333 --> 01:49:50.900 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
(waves gently crashing)

01:49:55.200 --> 01:49:58.533 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
BLUM:
There's a Before Rachel
and After Rachel

01:49:58.533 --> 01:50:00.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
in the way we think
about what matters

01:50:00.933 --> 01:50:05.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
in protecting the environment.

01:50:05.266 --> 01:50:08.200 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
There are not very many people
who you say,

01:50:08.200 --> 01:50:10.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"That person drove
a paradigm shift,"

01:50:10.633 --> 01:50:11.866 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
but she did.

01:50:11.866 --> 01:50:14.800 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
And it's post-"Silent Spring"

01:50:14.800 --> 01:50:18.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
that you start seeing
genuine environmental regulation

01:50:18.233 --> 01:50:21.500 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50%
in a way
that didn't exist before.

01:50:21.500 --> 01:50:23.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
It's like a rain
on a dry landscape.

01:50:23.866 --> 01:50:26.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
That book was it.

01:50:28.633 --> 01:50:32.033 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45%
LEAR:
"Silent Spring" was the book
that changed the world.

01:50:32.033 --> 01:50:37.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
It taught us
that life was fragile,

01:50:37.733 --> 01:50:43.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
that it was mutable,
that science was not omniscient.

01:50:43.100 --> 01:50:48.833 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Her message was
that there's an ongoing story.

01:50:48.833 --> 01:50:51.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
It doesn't just stop
with the removal of pesticides.

01:50:54.000 --> 01:50:56.000 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5%
LYTLE:
Many business
and political types

01:50:56.000 --> 01:50:59.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
who can't stand
environmental regulation

01:50:59.600 --> 01:51:03.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
have since been trying
to discredit Rachel Carson.

01:51:03.400 --> 01:51:05.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
They feel if they can
discredit her,

01:51:05.333 --> 01:51:08.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
they can in a sense deconstruct
the environmental apparatus.

01:51:08.733 --> 01:51:10.900 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
And they're still doing it.

01:51:10.900 --> 01:51:13.966 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
It has not gone quiet.

01:51:13.966 --> 01:51:16.600 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50%
ORESKES:
Rachel Carson begins
a conversation

01:51:16.600 --> 01:51:21.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that we needed to have,
that we weren't having in 1963,

01:51:21.466 --> 01:51:23.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and that we still haven't
really figured out

01:51:23.100 --> 01:51:26.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
how to have in an
appropriate way even today.

01:51:27.933 --> 01:51:30.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
It's a conversation about
the pros and cons of technology.

01:51:30.900 --> 01:51:33.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
It's a conversation about
the role of nature in our life

01:51:33.900 --> 01:51:37.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and about whether or not
we make our lives better

01:51:37.033 --> 01:51:39.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
through technological
innovations

01:51:39.433 --> 01:51:43.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
or whether we do damage
that outweighs the benefits.

01:51:46.766 --> 01:51:48.766 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
SOUDER:
Carson said, "Let's try to look

01:51:48.766 --> 01:51:50.066 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
"at life from the other side.

01:51:50.066 --> 01:51:51.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"Let's try to look
at the natural world

01:51:51.733 --> 01:51:53.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
as if we were actually
a part of it."

01:51:53.600 --> 01:51:57.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
That's a different way
to understand things

01:51:57.200 --> 01:51:59.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
than anyone had ever proposed
before.

01:51:59.933 --> 01:52:01.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
You're not separate.

01:52:01.533 --> 01:52:05.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
You're human, but you're not
separate from this living world.

01:52:05.266 --> 01:52:08.600 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:52:16.933 --> 01:52:21.733 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪

01:52:36.700 --> 01:52:39.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
♪ ♪

01:52:39.200 --> 01:52:41.933 align:left position:37.5% line:77% size:52.5%
ANNOUNCER:
"American Experience:
Rachel Carson"

01:52:41.933 --> 01:52:46.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
is available with PBS Passport
and on Amazon Prime Video.

01:52:47.166 --> 01:52:52.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
♪ ♪

01:53:02.233 --> 01:53:07.266 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
♪ ♪