WEBVTT 00:01.700 --> 00:05.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] For thousands of years, 00:07.766 --> 00:10.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the Adriatic Sea has guided ships 00:10.200 --> 00:16.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% into the safe harbors of Croatia's Dalmatian coast. 00:16.166 --> 00:19.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Among these ancient ports stands Zadar, 00:19.733 --> 00:26.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% one of the country's oldest continually inhabited cities. 00:26.633 --> 00:30.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Colonized by the Romans in the 1st century BC, 00:30.766 --> 00:44.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% remnants of the Empire's occupation endure to this day. 00:44.433 --> 00:46.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] The Romans and Greeks before them, 00:46.533 --> 00:51.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the people who built foundations, let's 00:51.333 --> 00:54.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when you see what they used, what they did, 00:54.400 --> 00:58.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's not changed eventually too much today. 00:58.866 --> 01:00.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The main square stands in the same position 01:00.666 --> 01:03.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% where the Roman main square was. 01:03.000 --> 01:05.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The main raster of the streets in Zadar 01:05.633 --> 01:09.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is following the streets that we had in Roman times. 01:09.633 --> 01:11.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we are living in the same place 01:11.700 --> 01:21.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where Romans lived in these first centuries 2,000 years ago. 01:21.400 --> 01:23.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] The 1st and 2nd centuries 01:23.233 --> 01:29.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% marked the golden age of the Roman Empire. 01:29.166 --> 01:32.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Every artifact uncovered by archeologists 01:32.266 --> 01:40.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and preserved by conservators tells a story. 01:40.833 --> 01:47.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A glass jar bears the stamp of its creator. 01:47.566 --> 01:51.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A ceramic amphora reveals its city of origin 01:51.166 --> 01:55.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% through shape and design. 01:55.966 --> 02:00.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And ancient coins, marked with the heads of emperors, 02:00.200 --> 02:08.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% disclose their age. 02:08.733 --> 02:12.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% As they colonized existing settlements like Zadar, 02:12.366 --> 02:15.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the Romans also constructed elaborate country farms, 02:15.933 --> 02:19.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% or villas, whose valuable products like olives 02:19.533 --> 02:24.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and wine helped sustain and grow the Empire. 02:24.766 --> 02:26.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Luka] All these products needed 02:26.266 --> 02:30.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to be transferred either to Italy or other provinces, 02:30.066 --> 02:32.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so the transport was, in fact, 02:32.100 --> 02:34.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the ships which were carrying all this stuff. 02:34.766 --> 02:36.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It was much cheaper than transferring 02:36.866 --> 02:40.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% along the inland roads. 02:40.200 --> 02:41.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] As these Roman ships sailed 02:41.733 --> 02:45.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from colonies along Croatia's Adriatic coast 02:45.166 --> 02:48.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to ports across the Mediterranean and beyond, 02:48.833 --> 02:51.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they left their archeological footprint 02:51.466 --> 02:54.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% across the sea floor. 02:54.766 --> 03:05.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (soft music) 03:05.933 --> 03:09.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% For over a decade, underwater archeologists 03:09.300 --> 03:12.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and conservators at the International Centre 03:12.166 --> 03:16.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for Underwater Archeology in Zadar, or ICUA, 03:16.066 --> 03:18.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% have perfected their expertise in uncovering 03:18.933 --> 03:22.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and meticulously documenting the traces 03:22.033 --> 03:25.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of this rich history. 03:25.400 --> 03:26.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Luka] We have a lot 03:26.866 --> 03:30.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of abundant cultural heritage underwater in Croatia. 03:30.233 --> 03:32.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And the main reason for our center 03:32.866 --> 03:40.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is in fact the protection of it. 03:40.766 --> 03:42.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] During recent excavations 03:42.566 --> 03:46.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of an ancient Roman harbor near Zadar, 03:46.066 --> 03:50.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the team at ICUA made a remarkable discovery: 03:50.866 --> 03:54.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the wooden remains of a Roman ship dating 03:54.433 --> 03:58.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to the 1st century, AD. 03:58.500 --> 04:00.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Roko] You know that feeling 04:00.033 --> 04:04.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when you find something that is really valuable to you. 04:04.633 --> 04:06.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And then that feeling overwhelms you. 04:06.933 --> 04:08.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So that's basically the feeling 04:08.566 --> 04:11.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that we get while excavating, 04:11.333 --> 04:14.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then when you find something, for 04:14.566 --> 04:18.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% oh my god, this is 2,000 years old, so I'm the first one, 04:18.233 --> 04:20.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the first person who gets a chance 04:20.300 --> 04:23.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to view this object after 2,000 years, 04:23.366 --> 04:25.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so the last one who viewed it, 04:25.133 --> 04:26.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it was a Roman citizen. 04:26.833 --> 04:28.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So that's beautiful. 04:28.733 --> 04:32.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Maja] When you are the first one to see the ship remains, 04:32.333 --> 04:37.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% after 2,000 years, that's a very special and personal, 04:37.333 --> 04:45.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% emotional moment, so things like this always surprise you. 04:45.033 --> 04:46.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] This find marks the beginning 04:46.800 --> 04:49.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of a comprehensive archeological process 04:49.733 --> 04:55.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that will span years, if not decades. 04:55.733 --> 04:57.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% How do archeologists 04:57.333 --> 05:02.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and conservators document and preserve this sunken history? 05:02.166 --> 05:06.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And what hidden stories still lie submerged, 05:06.333 --> 05:09.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% waiting to be discovered? 05:09.266 --> 05:31.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (uplifting music) 05:31.266 --> 05:33.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Announcer] Major funding for this program 05:33.200 --> 05:36.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was provided by The Batchelor Foundation 05:36.366 --> 05:38.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% encouraging people to preserve 05:38.433 --> 05:42.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and protect America's underwater resources. 05:42.366 --> 05:46.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Additional funding was provided by Trish and Dan Bell 05:46.466 --> 05:49.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and by The Parrot Family Endowment 05:49.066 --> 06:03.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for Environmental Education. 06:03.533 --> 06:06.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] On the north end of Old Town Zadar, 06:06.600 --> 06:08.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% underwater archeologists 06:08.233 --> 06:09.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% at the International Centre 06:09.633 --> 06:12.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for Underwater Archeology prepare 06:12.400 --> 06:16.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for another day of excavation field work. 06:16.933 --> 06:19.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% As a UNESCO-supported center working 06:19.733 --> 06:22.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with world heritage underwater, 06:22.433 --> 06:25.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ICUA is the only research institute 06:25.033 --> 06:30.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of its kind in the world. 06:30.366 --> 06:32.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] So, we are underwater archeologists 06:32.066 --> 06:35.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and conservators of underwater archeological material, 06:35.366 --> 06:37.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and our main tasks are scientific research 06:37.933 --> 06:40.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of underwater archeological sites, 06:40.266 --> 06:41.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% education of the students, 06:41.666 --> 06:45.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and presentation to the wider public. 06:45.100 --> 06:46.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] ICUA's experts collaborate 06:46.833 --> 06:50.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with researchers worldwide to conserve underwater heritage 06:50.833 --> 06:52.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% at least a century old, 06:52.966 --> 06:58.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% spanning from the prehistoric period to the First World War. 06:58.033 --> 06:59.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Luka] The conservation work 06:59.300 --> 07:02.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is very important aspect of our center, 07:02.300 --> 07:05.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and this is the biggest facility 07:05.866 --> 07:11.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we have in Croatia for underwater cultural heritage. 07:11.933 --> 07:13.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The Adriatic Sea has a lot of salts. 07:13.200 --> 07:15.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So getting this salt out of the material 07:15.766 --> 07:18.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is a priority in conservation. 07:18.666 --> 07:21.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Otherwise, all of these objects will collapse, 07:21.600 --> 07:30.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and they will be destroyed in 10 years, let's say. 07:30.966 --> 07:32.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] The center is also developing 07:32.666 --> 07:37.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% a specialized library and constructing a new museum space, 07:37.266 --> 07:43.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% both dedicated to the field of underwater archeology. 07:43.500 --> 07:45.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% As an educational center, 07:45.500 --> 07:48.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ICUA provides underwater field work training 07:48.233 --> 07:54.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and experience to archeologists from around the world. 07:54.533 --> 07:57.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% One such project is a unique excavation 07:57.633 --> 08:04.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% led by the center's director, Dr. Mladen Peai 08:04.100 --> 08:07.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In 2020, the ICUA team discovered a wooden plank 08:07.633 --> 08:14.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and iron nail buried in the ancient Roman harbor of Barbir. 08:14.033 --> 08:17.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Subsequent excavations revealed a sunken Roman ship, 08:17.766 --> 08:21.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% estimated to be over 40 feet in length. 08:21.366 --> 08:25.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This rare wooden find has been naturally preserved 08:25.000 --> 08:32.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by layers of silt and sand for over 2,000 years. 08:32.100 --> 08:34.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] To find the ship in this good condition, 08:34.666 --> 08:36.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it's really not a common find, 08:36.633 --> 08:38.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so basically we were really happy 08:38.133 --> 08:43.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to discover it was protected in such a good condition. 08:43.300 --> 08:45.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This is something that we will leave, 08:45.600 --> 08:48.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we will start this year, document as much as we can, 08:48.900 --> 08:50.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we will leave this for the next year also. 08:50.900 --> 08:53.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We are continuing the excavation this year, 08:53.533 --> 08:55.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the idea is to uncover only a small part 08:55.866 --> 08:58.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of the ship in order to overlap the pictures 08:58.266 --> 09:06.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the plans that we are going to make this year. 09:06.133 --> 09:25.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (inspiring music) 09:25.666 --> 09:28.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Today, the abandoned Roman harbor 09:28.166 --> 09:32.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% at Barbir lies submerged in shallow waters 09:32.233 --> 09:38.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% due to centuries of erosion, settling, and sea-level rise. 09:38.700 --> 09:40.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] The harbor is made from two parts, let's say. 09:40.566 --> 09:41.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% One part is much bigger. 09:41.800 --> 09:44.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It is the pier that we see underwater. 09:44.866 --> 09:48.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Today it is possible to see different small stones 09:48.233 --> 09:50.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that were part of the harbor 09:50.200 --> 09:52.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and also big blocks of the stone more 09:52.033 --> 09:54.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% than two meters long that were meant 09:54.133 --> 09:56.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to protect the inner part of the harbor 09:56.000 --> 09:59.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from the big waves that are coming. 09:59.266 --> 10:01.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Maja] So probably the harbor existed 10:01.700 --> 10:04.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because of the Roman villa on the coast. 10:04.800 --> 10:08.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It was their harbor to transport goods 10:08.466 --> 10:11.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% along the coast or outside of Adriatic. 10:11.433 --> 10:12.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We don't know. 10:12.900 --> 10:16.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But we know that there is a lot of harbor material, 10:16.366 --> 10:19.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so a lot of imported products 10:19.200 --> 10:25.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from all over the Roman Empire. 10:25.733 --> 10:28.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] To dig trenches for this year's excavations, 10:28.633 --> 10:31.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the team secures a metal grid over the site, 10:31.733 --> 10:38.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% then prepares to remove sediment from the seafloor. 10:38.466 --> 10:41.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So for excavation in underwater archeology, 10:41.000 --> 10:43.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we use water dredges. 10:43.033 --> 10:46.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So the dredges that have a suction power, 10:46.033 --> 10:49.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and they actually help us like a vacuum cleaner. 10:49.400 --> 10:52.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They help us to clean the sediment. 10:52.033 --> 10:54.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Then we are excavating layer by layer. 10:54.766 --> 10:57.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So we are excavating one layer, 10:57.133 --> 11:00.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the layer tells us a story about the period 11:00.433 --> 11:02.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in which it formed. 11:02.433 --> 11:04.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And then there is another layer underneath it, 11:04.333 --> 11:05.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% which is older. 11:05.600 --> 11:10.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's called archeological stratigraphy. 11:10.333 --> 11:13.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Facing uncertainty about what lies beneath, 11:13.733 --> 11:15.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the team must be vigilant 11:15.333 --> 11:21.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in spotting fragile artifacts before they are harmed. 11:21.200 --> 11:25.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% After an artifact's resting location is precisely measured, 11:25.066 --> 11:27.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's assigned a unique identifier, 11:27.666 --> 11:32.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% photographed, and placed in a secure net bag. 11:32.100 --> 11:33.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - According to analysis of them, 11:33.833 --> 11:36.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we can tell from which period they are. 11:36.966 --> 11:38.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So basically we know that 11:38.700 --> 11:42.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% although this ship sank somewhere in the 11:42.600 --> 11:45.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we know that the harbor existed even after the ship. 11:45.466 --> 11:47.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Most of the material on the surface 11:47.266 --> 11:49.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% comes from the 5th century AD. 11:49.366 --> 11:52.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So during excavations, we found first elements, 11:52.066 --> 11:54.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% small pottery, from the 5th century. 11:54.100 --> 11:55.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Then if you're going lower, 11:55.833 --> 11:59.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% then you can see the elements from 4th century, 3rd century. 11:59.033 --> 12:00.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And eventually when you come close to the ship, 12:00.900 --> 12:02.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you can see the pottery and small finds, 12:02.966 --> 12:07.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which are dated to the same era when the ship sank. 12:07.266 --> 12:10.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So basically, we are cutting the layers 12:10.466 --> 12:12.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and reconstructing them. 12:12.500 --> 12:15.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It helps us to see when the ship sank, 12:15.100 --> 12:17.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but also to see how the harbor existed 12:17.266 --> 12:20.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and how rich the harbor was in different periods 12:20.000 --> 12:22.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the time of the existence. 12:22.500 --> 12:26.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (soft piano music) 12:26.700 --> 12:28.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Back at ICUA, these unique 12:28.866 --> 12:32.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and ancient finds undergo thorough documentation, 12:32.700 --> 12:36.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% including photography and detailed record-keeping 12:36.300 --> 12:39.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in an excavation diary. 12:39.366 --> 12:42.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They also must be kept submerged in seawater 12:42.300 --> 12:45.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% until they can be properly conserved. 12:45.100 --> 12:47.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Long-term exposure to open air 12:47.500 --> 12:51.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% would damage them irreparably. 12:51.166 --> 12:53.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So, each element, each artifact 12:53.333 --> 12:54.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that comes from the water has 12:54.700 --> 12:57.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to pass a long process of desalinization. 12:57.466 --> 13:00.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This process is where the elements or the artifacts 13:00.166 --> 13:01.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% are put in the tap water 13:01.800 --> 13:03.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in order to extract all the salts 13:03.700 --> 13:07.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that are inside of the structure of this artifact. 13:07.200 --> 13:09.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Otherwise, if you just take it out from the water 13:09.833 --> 13:11.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and leave it to dry, it'll break. 13:11.666 --> 13:20.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It'll completely be destroyed in a really short time. 13:20.366 --> 13:23.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Each of ICUA's conservators specializes 13:23.766 --> 13:27.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in processing specific artifact materials, 13:27.166 --> 13:31.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% including metal, glass, wood, and ceramics, 13:31.300 --> 13:36.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% such as this amphora from another underwater 13:36.800 --> 13:39.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% These vase-like jars were used for transport 13:39.633 --> 13:43.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and storage by the Greeks and Romans. 13:43.966 --> 13:46.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - During all the process of conservation, 13:46.600 --> 13:48.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we are really careful 13:48.000 --> 13:51.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because these pieces have really historic 13:51.233 --> 13:52.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and archeological value. 13:52.933 --> 13:57.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And we need to respect our history, our heritage. 13:57.400 --> 13:59.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know that somebody in the history made this 13:59.933 --> 14:03.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and you respect the work of this person. 14:03.100 --> 14:05.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Sometimes you find the prints, 14:05.633 --> 14:09.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% like the finger of the pottery maker. 14:09.266 --> 14:12.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% For me, it's really fantastic to see. 14:12.033 --> 14:16.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's like some kind of the personality of the person 14:16.766 --> 14:23.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who made it like thousand years before. 14:23.833 --> 14:26.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - From ceramics we also can tell different things, 14:26.966 --> 14:31.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so basically we can tell from which period the ceramics is. 14:31.533 --> 14:33.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It is even possible to tell 14:33.066 --> 14:38.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from which workshop in Roman time this pottery was done. 14:38.700 --> 14:41.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] After a year-long process of desalinization, 14:41.900 --> 14:45.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% these finds from the previous year's excavation 14:45.000 --> 14:49.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% are now able to be more closely examined. 14:49.600 --> 14:51.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] For the pottery shards, 14:51.133 --> 14:53.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we have them from different parts of the Mediterranean. 14:53.433 --> 14:55.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% For example, maybe most interesting 14:55.300 --> 14:57.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% are the ones from North Africa 14:57.066 --> 15:00.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that come from 4th and 5th century that was decorated 15:00.600 --> 15:02.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by different stamps on them. 15:02.966 --> 15:05.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We also have some pottery that was used 15:05.133 --> 15:06.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by the Romans in this area 15:06.766 --> 15:10.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% during their normal everyday life. 15:10.466 --> 15:12.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But we have some pottery also that comes from hinterland, 15:12.366 --> 15:14.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% from the inner parts. 15:14.233 --> 15:17.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so this pottery came not by the sea trade probably 15:17.166 --> 15:18.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and this gives us some clues 15:18.666 --> 15:21.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that the trade was not going only in one direction, 15:21.366 --> 15:23.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but it is possible that was the trade 15:23.233 --> 15:25.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that came from the different ships 15:25.666 --> 15:30.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% through this port to hinterlands and other way around also. 15:30.066 --> 15:32.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But maybe most interesting finds are the coins. 15:32.933 --> 15:35.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Many of them were found in one small area, 15:35.766 --> 15:38.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we can presume that some Roman 15:38.700 --> 15:42.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% lost his bag with coins that was left there underwater, 15:42.466 --> 15:47.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we found it, let's say, almost 2,000 years after. 15:47.500 --> 15:54.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (upbeat music) 15:54.966 --> 15:56.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] After removing all of the sediment 15:56.900 --> 15:59.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and artifacts, the team finally 15:59.666 --> 16:04.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% reaches the preserved hull of the Roman ship. 16:04.466 --> 16:06.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Mladen] The ship had no cargo 16:06.066 --> 16:10.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because it was docked in a bay, in a safe place, let's say. 16:10.000 --> 16:12.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we don't have a typical cargo, 16:12.200 --> 16:15.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% like big amphoras that were stuck inside of the ship. 16:15.166 --> 16:17.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It was probably carrying the olives 16:17.000 --> 16:19.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we know this because between the frames 16:19.500 --> 16:20.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on the lower part of the ship, 16:20.700 --> 16:22.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we found lots of small seeds 16:22.566 --> 16:27.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from the olives from the Roman times. 16:27.866 --> 16:29.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] As part of preparing the ship 16:29.466 --> 16:32.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for documentation, divers must meticulously 16:32.733 --> 16:36.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% clean the fragile wooden construction now laid bare 16:36.400 --> 16:38.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to the elements. 16:38.833 --> 16:41.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] This lower part is in really good condition. 16:41.900 --> 16:45.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The parts that are close to the surface were eaten 16:45.233 --> 16:46.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by the ship worms and they are destroyed. 16:46.966 --> 16:50.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So wood that is underwater often gets destroyed, 16:50.133 --> 16:53.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but the parts of the ship that are deeper, let's say, 16:53.633 --> 16:56.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 40-50 centimeters under the sand, 16:56.700 --> 16:58.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they are completely preserved. 16:58.100 --> 17:00.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And you can still see the cut marks of the tools 17:00.533 --> 17:08.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that Romans used for building the ship. 17:08.233 --> 17:09.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Precise cuts are made 17:09.500 --> 17:14.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in specific elements of the wooden hull. 17:14.066 --> 17:15.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Through carbon dating, 17:15.566 --> 17:19.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% these tiny samples will yield valuable information 17:19.000 --> 17:22.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% about wood types and ages. 17:22.766 --> 17:25.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Larger fragments that had broken off prior 17:25.300 --> 17:30.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to the excavation are also retrieved. 17:30.066 --> 17:31.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% They will play a vital role 17:31.766 --> 17:34.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in helping ship construction experts 17:34.233 --> 17:37.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% understand how the ship was built. 17:37.366 --> 17:39.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% As with other materials, 17:39.133 --> 17:42.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% this wood will require proper conservation 17:42.100 --> 17:46.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to prevent its destruction. 17:46.400 --> 17:48.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Wood naturally absorbs water, 17:48.900 --> 17:53.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so as long as the piece of wood is in the wet environment, 17:53.933 --> 17:55.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it will look very well preserved. 17:55.866 --> 18:00.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But actually, when you touch that piece of wood, 18:00.033 --> 18:02.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you can feel these cavities. 18:02.766 --> 18:06.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It is actually soft, and it can even get spongy. 18:06.066 --> 18:10.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So if you take that piece of wood out to dry, 18:10.133 --> 18:12.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% water will evaporate, leaving nothing 18:12.966 --> 18:15.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to hold the structure of the wood. 18:15.500 --> 18:20.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So, you have to preserve it in order to save it. 18:20.933 --> 18:22.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Basically, up to now, 18:22.300 --> 18:24.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we know five or six different species of wood 18:24.366 --> 18:26.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that was used for the building of the ship. 18:26.800 --> 18:28.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So we have oak. 18:28.533 --> 18:29.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We have pine tree. 18:29.533 --> 18:30.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We have olive tree. 18:30.666 --> 18:33.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we have different species of wood 18:33.300 --> 18:34.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that was used for different elements 18:34.900 --> 18:38.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the ship construction. 18:38.000 --> 18:41.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - We know that this ship was constructed in a way, 18:41.900 --> 18:43.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it's called shell first. 18:43.500 --> 18:47.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So they would first assemble the outer planking, 18:47.100 --> 18:50.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then they would insert frames inside. 18:50.700 --> 18:55.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So the most weight, and the structural element of this ship 18:55.666 --> 19:05.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is actually its hull. 19:05.700 --> 19:07.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Divers mark these planks 19:07.200 --> 19:11.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with black labels specifying their relative positions 19:11.133 --> 19:15.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and use blue wire to delineate the spaces between them. 19:15.200 --> 19:19.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% These interlocking joints, secured with wooden pegs, 19:19.100 --> 19:21.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% are a sturdy construction technique known as mortise 19:21.933 --> 19:23.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and tenon joinery. 19:23.966 --> 19:26.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Each wooden peg is marked with a white pin, 19:26.866 --> 19:30.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and red pins are used to indicate wider wooden nails 19:30.300 --> 19:33.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that secure the wooden frames. 19:33.300 --> 19:36.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Maja] Once the model is produced, 19:36.300 --> 19:40.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I cannot come back there and check if we missed something 19:40.800 --> 19:43.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because some things are visible only while you are diving. 19:43.900 --> 19:45.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% You can take a thousand photos, 19:45.500 --> 19:50.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but you cannot be in the same context of diving there 19:50.200 --> 19:52.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and thinking about the boat. 19:52.566 --> 19:55.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You really need to know what you are doing, 19:55.233 --> 20:03.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because it will be documented forever. 20:03.400 --> 20:04.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Mladen] During excavation, 20:04.800 --> 20:07.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we also have to measure each quadrant end, let's say, 20:07.833 --> 20:10.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% or each field that we are excavating 20:10.166 --> 20:12.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in order to reconstruct it afterwards 20:12.400 --> 20:14.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to put it in a proper position. 20:14.733 --> 20:17.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we are taking GPS positions of the different frames, 20:17.533 --> 20:19.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but also from the ship construction 20:19.466 --> 20:24.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in order to have exact lengths of the ship construction. 20:24.300 --> 20:25.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - When everything is finished, 20:25.800 --> 20:29.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% then there is a crown of the whole excavation actually, 20:29.066 --> 20:30.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and why are we marking everything? 20:30.966 --> 20:33.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Because of that moment that everything leads to, 20:33.966 --> 20:38.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and that's documentation. 20:38.266 --> 20:40.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Roko Suriis responsible 20:40.200 --> 20:43.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for collecting photogrammetry data at the site. 20:43.366 --> 20:46.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This technique allows him to capture hundreds 20:46.000 --> 20:49.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of two-dimensional images from multiple angles, 20:49.300 --> 20:50.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% which are then merged 20:50.800 --> 20:55.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to produce highly-accurate three-dimensional models. 20:55.300 --> 20:57.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So, the markings on the ship itself 20:57.400 --> 21:03.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% would not have any sense if we didn't document it properly. 21:03.300 --> 21:06.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% When I go inside of the water to make a photogrammetry, 21:06.000 --> 21:10.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I have to be really certain that the water is clear also. 21:10.166 --> 21:12.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So there should be no disturbance. 21:12.466 --> 21:15.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That means that even the smallest particles 21:15.100 --> 21:17.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% inside of the water between my camera 21:17.700 --> 21:24.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the site can interfere with the final result. 21:24.600 --> 21:27.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Most of the time, underwater visibility is bad. 21:27.400 --> 21:31.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So even if the visibility is, let's say, half of meter, 21:31.933 --> 21:36.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% if you are expert in photogrammetry, if 21:36.366 --> 21:38.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% then you can get the whole picture. 21:38.400 --> 21:42.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So, finally, when you are finished with the software, 21:42.200 --> 21:44.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when you're finished with the computer work, 21:44.500 --> 21:46.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you will get the whole picture of the site. 21:46.866 --> 21:49.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You will not be able to do that underwater. 21:49.000 --> 21:51.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's impossible. 21:51.733 --> 21:53.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - You can also make 3D models, 21:53.466 --> 21:55.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% which basically helps us to learn 21:55.766 --> 21:57.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% what are the curves of the ship. 21:57.700 --> 22:00.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And these ship lines help us to uncover 22:00.766 --> 22:03.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% what was the original size of the ship, 22:03.233 --> 22:04.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% what was the height of the ship, 22:04.733 --> 22:07.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and different elements that today are broken. 22:07.400 --> 22:09.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But according to this reconstruction, 22:09.300 --> 22:12.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we can basically see how the ship exactly looked 22:12.466 --> 22:15.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% like in the past. 22:15.800 --> 22:17.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] After thoroughly documenting 22:17.400 --> 22:19.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the ship's exposed section, 22:19.500 --> 22:22.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the delicate wooden hull must be re-covered 22:22.033 --> 22:24.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to safeguard it until archeologists 22:24.300 --> 22:29.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% can return for future excavations. 22:29.133 --> 22:30.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] We could not leave it like this 22:30.433 --> 22:32.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because this wood is really fragile. 22:32.566 --> 22:34.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Since it is in shallow waters, 22:34.133 --> 22:36.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the waves that come here can go up to two meters 22:36.733 --> 22:39.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and basically they can just, in one moment, 22:39.633 --> 22:42.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rip completely the ship out from this position. 22:42.333 --> 22:47.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So in this way it is protected and nobody can touch it. 22:47.100 --> 22:50.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - So we put the sand, sandbags, 22:50.200 --> 22:53.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then we covered everything with geotextile. 22:53.100 --> 22:56.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We put it in a few layers, just to be sure. 22:56.100 --> 22:59.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And afterwards, we are using dredges 22:59.000 --> 23:02.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to put all this material that was already excavated 23:02.833 --> 23:06.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% from the boat to return it back inside. 23:06.533 --> 23:08.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% If we left it uncovered, 23:08.166 --> 23:09.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% there would be a lot of people 23:09.633 --> 23:11.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% who are interested in this kind of things. 23:11.700 --> 23:16.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So if everyone take one small piece as a souvenir, 23:16.633 --> 23:19.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we don't have ship anymore. 23:19.800 --> 23:22.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Mladen] For now, it is protected in situ, 23:22.366 --> 23:24.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on the site where it is. 23:24.266 --> 23:27.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Of course, our wish would be after we finish the excavation, 23:27.500 --> 23:29.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% maybe to lift it up and to exhibit it. 23:29.900 --> 23:33.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But this is process that takes lots of time, lots of energy, 23:33.200 --> 23:34.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and lots of money. 23:34.566 --> 23:37.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So this is something that we have to plan properly 23:37.466 --> 23:41.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in order if we want to take it out. 23:41.200 --> 23:45.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - All of these finds underwater are treasures. 23:45.066 --> 23:48.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And we want to keep them 23:48.333 --> 23:51.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where they are until we have a means 23:51.333 --> 23:59.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to really reconstruct them and preserve them. 23:59.400 --> 24:07.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% All those objects can tell us a lot about the history. 24:07.100 --> 24:10.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - It is very important because if anything happens, 24:10.766 --> 24:15.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% these documentations are the only evidence that it existed. 24:15.633 --> 24:17.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% In my opinion, but I'm an archeologist, 24:17.900 --> 24:20.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it is very important to have this connection 24:20.500 --> 24:24.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with the past in order to have a bright future. 24:24.033 --> 24:26.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So we are also personally 24:26.300 --> 24:28.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and emotionally connected with this. 24:28.833 --> 24:32.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Documentation is just one part of the process. 24:32.366 --> 24:34.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Narrator] Four years after their discovery 24:34.500 --> 24:36.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the Roman ship at Barbir, 24:36.666 --> 24:39.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the team at ICUA remains committed 24:39.000 --> 24:41.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to preserving the history found in this rare 24:41.966 --> 24:46.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and unique cultural heritage site. 24:46.966 --> 24:49.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - What lies in front of us 24:49.200 --> 24:51.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is uncovering the whole ship. 24:51.300 --> 24:53.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So basically we will not stop. 24:53.033 --> 24:54.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% If it takes us 5 years more, 24:54.933 --> 24:58.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we will take 5 years to completely excavate it. 24:58.833 --> 24:59.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And then we will be sure 24:59.966 --> 25:02.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that we didn't miss any information 25:02.100 --> 25:04.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that is hidden underneath the layers. 25:04.900 --> 25:08.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Because the final product of this whole excavation 25:08.400 --> 25:12.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is the story of what happened, why did it happen there, 25:12.166 --> 25:17.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and all the different aspects of the story. 25:17.733 --> 25:20.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Archeology is just like any other science. 25:20.333 --> 25:22.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You get a lot of answers on your questions, 25:22.500 --> 25:27.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but you always raise some new questions. 25:27.400 --> 25:29.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We are not the first archeologists working here. 25:29.300 --> 25:33.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Our generation is one of the many, many generations 25:33.200 --> 25:36.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of archeologists who are working on the same problems. 25:36.533 --> 25:46.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And we are not the last archeologist here. 25:46.700 --> 26:16.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (soft music) 26:16.800 --> 26:18.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Announcer] Major funding for this program 26:18.733 --> 26:21.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was provided by The Batchelor Foundation 26:21.900 --> 26:23.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% encouraging people to preserve 26:23.966 --> 26:27.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and protect America's underwater resources. 26:27.900 --> 26:30.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Additional funding was provided by Trish 26:30.566 --> 26:34.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and Dan Bell and by The Parrot Family Endowment 26:34.633 --> 26:38.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for Environmental Education. 26:38.033 --> 26:40.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (upbeat music)