WEBVTT 00:00.533 --> 00:02.333 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (ominous music) 00:02.333 --> 00:06.066 align:start position:15% line:10% size:65% - [Jane] Imagine the power of still photographic images, 00:08.200 --> 00:10.266 align:start position:22.5% line:10% size:55% moments frozen in time 00:10.266 --> 00:13.966 align:start position:17.5% line:10% size:65% that can change the way we perceive our place in the world. 00:17.466 --> 00:20.100 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (somber music) 00:52.100 --> 00:54.766 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (dramatic music) 01:28.700 --> 01:31.800 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% "To The Ends of the Earth" isn't a new concept. 01:31.800 --> 01:34.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:50% It began when people first started looking 01:34.366 --> 01:37.233 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% beyond the next ridge, the next valley, 01:37.233 --> 01:39.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% to the lands beyond the mountains. 01:39.533 --> 01:42.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% They searched for the unknown, the unexpected, 01:42.533 --> 01:43.966 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% the surprising. 01:43.966 --> 01:47.600 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% To map, catalog, and show to others. 01:47.600 --> 01:52.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% Each explorer searched in their own way, to push boundaries, 01:52.166 --> 01:54.066 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% expanding and sharing knowledge 01:54.066 --> 01:56.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% of what existed in the great beyond. 01:59.000 --> 02:01.733 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Here you will see through a photographic vision, 02:01.733 --> 02:04.200 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% a story for the ends of the earth, 02:04.200 --> 02:09.166 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% photographs by Todd Gustafson, a lifelong personal search 02:09.166 --> 02:11.200 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% for the dramatic and the unexpected. 02:13.466 --> 02:15.400 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% Traveling the world for decades, 02:15.400 --> 02:18.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% capturing intimate, natural history moments, 02:18.633 --> 02:20.833 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% and dramatic wildlife action, 02:20.833 --> 02:24.833 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Todd has brought to the viewer images from East Africa, 02:24.833 --> 02:29.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Brazil, Namibia, Patagonia, Rwanda, 02:31.033 --> 02:34.800 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% the Galapagos Islands, India, Costa Rica, 02:34.800 --> 02:38.133 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% Madagascar, and the ocean realm, 02:38.133 --> 02:42.233 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:60% revealing common threads that exist between humanity 02:42.233 --> 02:46.600 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and the natural world that forever bind our fates together. 02:46.600 --> 02:50.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:57.5% Ancient mapmakers could only present what they knew. 02:50.366 --> 02:53.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Beyond the edge of the map was the unknown, 02:53.266 --> 02:56.266 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:30% inhabited by monsters and dragons. 02:56.266 --> 03:00.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Todd still pursues dragons in his personal search 03:00.066 --> 03:01.600 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% for the ends of the earth. 03:01.600 --> 03:04.400 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (dramatic music) 03:11.666 --> 03:15.900 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Through Todd's lens, we see a vanishing natural world. 03:15.900 --> 03:18.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% We can see a world we have the power to protect. 03:19.400 --> 03:21.000 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% We have a collective voice 03:21.000 --> 03:23.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% that can change the cause of destruction 03:23.666 --> 03:25.900 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% to one of stability and rebirth. 03:27.466 --> 03:29.000 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% "To The Ends of the Earth" 03:29.000 --> 03:33.233 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% is more than a magnificent collection of wildlife photos. 03:33.233 --> 03:37.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Todd's photographs allow us to experience vicariously 03:37.733 --> 03:41.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% the very behaviors people most wanna see. 03:41.466 --> 03:44.233 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (dramatic music) 03:52.700 --> 03:55.700 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 03:55.700 --> 03:58.066 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% - Birds are fascinating. 03:58.066 --> 03:59.500 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:47.5% They have feathers. 03:59.500 --> 04:01.733 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 04:01.733 --> 04:06.766 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:27.5% They preen. 04:07.366 --> 04:08.533 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:32.5% They display. 04:08.533 --> 04:11.233 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 04:31.500 --> 04:32.866 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% They have beaks. 04:35.500 --> 04:37.200 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% And they have bills. 04:52.266 --> 04:53.100 align:start position:37.5% line:84.67% size:22.5% They fly. 04:53.100 --> 04:55.966 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% (birds squawking) 04:59.900 --> 05:00.666 align:start position:37.5% line:84.67% size:22.5% They fly. 05:03.200 --> 05:05.900 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 05:11.000 --> 05:13.766 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds gobbling) 05:15.533 --> 05:20.566 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% They make nests, lay eggs, 05:22.600 --> 05:23.833 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% and have chicks. 05:27.233 --> 05:31.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:57.5% And they're a challenge and a joy to photograph. 05:31.566 --> 05:34.366 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 05:54.800 --> 05:56.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Each of these photos had a challenge 05:56.566 --> 05:58.400 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% of capturing the decisive moment 05:58.400 --> 06:00.433 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% to make it more impactful 06:00.433 --> 06:02.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% than simply a picture of a pretty bird. 06:19.933 --> 06:23.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:62.5% East Africa has a bevy of species that use their tails 06:23.700 --> 06:26.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% as the primary way to attract females. 06:26.966 --> 06:29.366 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% Displaying birds opt for a perch 06:29.366 --> 06:31.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% that can be easily seen. 06:31.566 --> 06:34.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Here, a red bishop displays to attract a female. 06:36.166 --> 06:39.800 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% She likes what she sees, and the mating ritual continues. 06:39.800 --> 06:42.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% Again, capturing those elusive moments 06:42.200 --> 06:44.700 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% is a photographer's challenge. 06:44.700 --> 06:47.400 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 06:57.533 --> 07:00.533 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% A related and even more challenging subject 07:00.533 --> 07:02.966 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% is the red-cowled widowbird. 07:02.966 --> 07:07.033 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% In mating season, males grow long black tail feathers. 07:15.166 --> 07:18.033 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% They fly from perch to perch looking for females. 07:20.566 --> 07:22.500 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% When they have their attention, 07:22.500 --> 07:25.500 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% they shake those feathers in an intricate display. 07:25.500 --> 07:28.233 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 07:40.666 --> 07:42.166 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% If the females are interested, 07:42.166 --> 07:45.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% the male flies near and adds his wings to the display. 08:14.366 --> 08:16.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% It is a feeling of joy and accomplishment 08:16.666 --> 08:18.700 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% to make a storytelling image 08:18.700 --> 08:21.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% from a single still photographic moment. 08:24.100 --> 08:26.866 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 08:37.633 --> 08:40.333 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 08:53.300 --> 08:56.166 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% Here's the fan-tailed widowbird. 08:56.166 --> 08:58.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% I think you can see where it got its name. 08:58.966 --> 09:01.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:65% The male's technique is to find the best vantage point 09:01.733 --> 09:03.133 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:52.5% from which to display 09:03.133 --> 09:05.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% and spread his tail feathers like a fan. 09:10.666 --> 09:13.366 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 09:28.666 --> 09:30.600 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% Interested females come close 09:32.300 --> 09:34.266 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% and wait for the male to make his move. 09:35.200 --> 09:37.900 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 09:51.433 --> 09:53.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% More elegant and certainly more dramatic 09:53.966 --> 09:55.700 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% is the pin-tailed whydah. 09:59.900 --> 10:01.966 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% Males grow four tail feathers, 10:01.966 --> 10:03.933 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% which they meticulously groom. 10:03.933 --> 10:06.633 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 10:10.733 --> 10:14.666 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% They call and wait for females to respond. 10:14.666 --> 10:17.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% When they do, the males fly through the air, 10:17.066 --> 10:18.466 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% foregoing perches, 10:18.466 --> 10:20.166 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% and hover in front of the female 10:20.166 --> 10:23.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% with an acrobatic series of bobbing, floating, 10:23.300 --> 10:24.466 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% and tail displaying. 10:25.500 --> 10:28.200 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 10:50.466 --> 10:53.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% There's a small track in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Crater 10:53.600 --> 10:56.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% that I've been down countless times. 10:56.333 --> 10:59.000 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% This time, I saw a quick movement 10:59.000 --> 11:00.500 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% out of the corner of my eye. 11:00.500 --> 11:02.666 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% It happened again and again. 11:02.666 --> 11:07.033 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Jackson's widowbirds, I'd seen a drawing in a book in 1986, 11:07.033 --> 11:11.133 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:62.5% and I thought, if I could ever see a bird like that, 11:11.133 --> 11:14.700 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% well, here they are, scores of them. 11:14.700 --> 11:17.266 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:45% There's a definite pattern to their display. 11:17.266 --> 11:19.966 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% The main part is simply jumping as high as possible 11:19.966 --> 11:22.233 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% while floating above the ground. 11:22.233 --> 11:26.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Use your wings to right yourself and land in the same spot. 11:26.266 --> 11:27.666 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:67.5% Do this over and over again 11:27.666 --> 11:30.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% till it's some unseen signal all the birds in the lek 11:30.666 --> 11:32.233 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% fly to perches, 11:32.233 --> 11:35.700 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% sing, and display the beautiful black tail feathers. 11:35.700 --> 11:38.500 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 11:41.366 --> 11:43.700 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% Then hope for a female to be attracted 11:43.700 --> 11:47.166 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% to the amazing jumping and singing skills, 11:47.166 --> 11:49.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% and start the whole process over again. 12:02.433 --> 12:04.966 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% The king of all tail-displaying birds 12:04.966 --> 12:07.433 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% might be India's peacock. 12:07.433 --> 12:11.266 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% The tail feathers can be as long as five feet. 12:11.266 --> 12:14.300 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% Not only is the display impressive, 12:14.300 --> 12:16.800 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% but their haunting calls echo through the forest 12:16.800 --> 12:18.400 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% and can be heard from miles. 12:19.566 --> 12:22.666 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Peacock search for small groups of pea hens, 12:22.666 --> 12:25.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% call, and fan their dramatic feathers. 12:25.866 --> 12:28.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% When serious, the male shakes those feathers, 12:28.366 --> 12:31.033 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% creating a penetrating rattling sound. 12:31.033 --> 12:34.400 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% (peacocks squawking) 12:34.400 --> 12:36.966 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% They spin and use the spread feathers 12:36.966 --> 12:38.800 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% to herd females into a tight group. 12:47.700 --> 12:50.700 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% (peacocks squawking) 12:59.766 --> 13:00.866 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% When the display is over, 13:00.866 --> 13:02.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% the feathers are carefully tucked away 13:02.633 --> 13:04.500 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% to be used again another day. 13:26.866 --> 13:30.266 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% Africa's kori bustard, weighing in at 42 pounds, 13:30.266 --> 13:32.933 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% is the heaviest bird that can fly. 13:32.933 --> 13:35.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% They pace the savanna searching for food. 13:38.933 --> 13:40.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:45% They're fastidious about their feathers, 13:40.900 --> 13:43.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and use their beaks to straighten the neck, breast, 13:43.733 --> 13:45.500 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:57.5% tail and wing feathers. 13:50.300 --> 13:51.700 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:52.5% The male kori bustard 13:51.700 --> 13:55.400 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% boasts one of the most dramatic neck displays on earth. 13:55.400 --> 13:56.766 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% In mating season, 13:56.766 --> 13:59.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% they choose a location from which to display 13:59.566 --> 14:01.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and puff up their white feathered neck. 14:04.333 --> 14:06.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% It can be seen from great distance, 14:06.900 --> 14:09.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% but it's not only about the visual. 14:09.500 --> 14:12.133 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:45% When they puff and release their neck pouch, 14:12.133 --> 14:16.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% the low frequency boom can attract females from miles away. 14:16.433 --> 14:19.000 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% After calling, the kori bustard looks around 14:19.000 --> 14:20.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% to see if any females are interested. 14:22.100 --> 14:24.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:47.5% We've seen the kori bustard in Tanzania, 14:24.433 --> 14:26.300 align:start position:10% line:10% size:77.5% the heaviest bird that can fly, 14:26.300 --> 14:29.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% expand his neck to huge proportions, 14:29.500 --> 14:32.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:47.5% and a thumping boom as he releases the air 14:32.366 --> 14:34.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:47.5% to attract females. 14:34.333 --> 14:36.433 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% You can see it, you can hear it. 14:37.600 --> 14:39.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% And we've come halfway around the planet 14:39.766 --> 14:42.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% to the western hemisphere, Northern Colorado, 14:42.466 --> 14:43.900 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% for the sage-grouse. 14:43.900 --> 14:45.666 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% Look at the sage all around. 14:45.666 --> 14:48.466 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% They come to the lek to dance 14:48.466 --> 14:50.733 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% and do their neck display. 14:50.733 --> 14:52.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% In this hemisphere, they're the king. 14:54.633 --> 14:57.066 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:37.5% In the American west, during the day, 14:57.066 --> 14:59.200 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% sage-grouse stay out of sight 14:59.200 --> 15:01.666 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and forage in the sage for food and water. 15:02.800 --> 15:04.700 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% When the first light of pre-dawn hits, 15:04.700 --> 15:08.300 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% male sage-grouse gather in open meadows called leks, 15:08.300 --> 15:11.433 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% to perform their intricate booming calls. 15:11.433 --> 15:14.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Lek is a Swedish word, meaning dance or play. 15:16.166 --> 15:18.533 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% The day begins with males strutting and displaying 15:18.533 --> 15:19.733 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% to other males. 15:26.200 --> 15:28.200 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:67.5% When females enter the lek, 15:28.200 --> 15:30.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% the activity levels multiply tenfold. 15:38.900 --> 15:41.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% Males display their intricate tail patterns, 15:41.633 --> 15:44.500 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:32.5% their massive feather-covered necks. 15:44.500 --> 15:46.600 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% But the most dramatic part of the dance 15:46.600 --> 15:49.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% is when they inflate two air sacks in their necks 15:49.500 --> 15:53.100 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% and execute a complex three-part call and neck display. 15:54.066 --> 15:56.666 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (birds gobble) 16:00.866 --> 16:02.133 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:55% They spin as they call 16:02.133 --> 16:04.200 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% to make sure all the females in the area 16:04.200 --> 16:07.100 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% can see their marvelous display. 16:07.100 --> 16:09.733 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (birds gobble) 16:49.066 --> 16:51.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The plains of mid- and western America 16:51.433 --> 16:53.866 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% are home to prairie chickens. 16:53.866 --> 16:55.600 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% Each spring, they gather on leks 16:55.600 --> 16:58.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% to perform their annual mating dances. 17:02.566 --> 17:05.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Such an intrinsic part of the American West 17:05.366 --> 17:09.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% that many Native American tribes have versions of dance 17:09.133 --> 17:10.766 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% that imitate these birds. 17:15.600 --> 17:18.600 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Males display by throwing their heads forward, 17:18.600 --> 17:20.066 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:55% making a haunting call 17:20.066 --> 17:23.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and filling out a dramatic orange throat sack. 17:23.366 --> 17:26.933 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% They bend to the ground, lift their rabbit-like ears, 17:26.933 --> 17:28.466 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% fan their tail, 17:28.466 --> 17:31.400 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:70% and rapidly stamp their feet to gain the female's attention. 17:32.200 --> 17:33.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% All the action takes place 17:33.533 --> 17:35.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% in the pre-dawn and first light of day. 17:37.200 --> 17:40.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% As two males approach each other in full display, 17:40.066 --> 17:43.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% I prepare myself for a possible aerial battle. 17:43.733 --> 17:45.433 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% I choose a little bit wider lens 17:45.433 --> 17:48.066 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% to give space as the birds leap, flap 17:48.066 --> 17:49.733 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% and kick at their opponents. 17:55.433 --> 17:58.433 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 17:58.433 --> 18:01.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Imagine trying to capture the peak of action 18:01.066 --> 18:02.566 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% in this situation. 18:21.800 --> 18:23.300 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% When females are on the lek, 18:23.300 --> 18:25.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% multiple males show off their plumage. 18:31.766 --> 18:34.466 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 19:18.500 --> 19:21.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% One of the earth's imperiled habitats 19:21.733 --> 19:23.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% is the pine oak barrens, 19:23.566 --> 19:26.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% a biome based on dunes and sandy soil. 19:26.133 --> 19:31.200 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% The barrens support jack pine, red oak, willow, and hazel, 19:32.266 --> 19:34.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% which in turn provide an ideal habitat 19:34.366 --> 19:36.466 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% for the sharp-tailed grouse. 19:40.666 --> 19:43.400 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% At first glance, you might think they seem like 19:43.400 --> 19:46.300 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:50% just another version of the prairie chicken. 19:46.300 --> 19:47.866 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% Well, you would be wrong. 19:47.866 --> 19:50.033 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% They are as different as can be. 19:50.033 --> 19:51.633 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% They don't inflate 19:51.633 --> 19:54.633 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% and hold the purple neck pouch like the prairie chickens do. 19:54.633 --> 19:57.833 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% They simply puff them out and contract. 19:57.833 --> 19:59.666 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% They don't have tall ears. 19:59.666 --> 20:04.100 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Instead, they have beautiful orange gold eyebrows. 20:04.100 --> 20:05.566 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% Most importantly, 20:05.566 --> 20:08.466 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% their calls are less plaintiff than prairie chickens, 20:08.466 --> 20:11.433 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% and their primary advertisement for mating 20:11.433 --> 20:14.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% is a mechanical rattling sounds that emanates 20:14.233 --> 20:17.966 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% from their tail feathers being shaken and rubbed together. 20:19.100 --> 20:21.733 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (birds cooing) 20:33.800 --> 20:37.700 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% (birds rattling and tweeting) 21:31.266 --> 21:32.800 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% It is easy to see 21:32.800 --> 21:36.700 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% how this behavior inspired Blackfeet, Chippewa, Shoshone, 21:36.700 --> 21:39.300 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and other Native American tribal dancing. 21:44.133 --> 21:47.900 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Let's change latitude and journey to Central America, 21:47.900 --> 21:51.266 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% 8,000 feet up in the cloud forests of Costa Rica. 21:52.200 --> 21:54.866 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 22:00.700 --> 22:02.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Here, we can observe the mating calls 22:02.900 --> 22:04.966 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% of the three-wattled bellbird. 22:10.733 --> 22:11.933 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:52.5% During mating season, 22:11.933 --> 22:13.733 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% they come to this area of Costa Rica 22:13.733 --> 22:16.166 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% from different countries and elevations. 22:17.533 --> 22:19.600 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:67.5% More often heard than seen, 22:19.600 --> 22:21.166 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% the male bellbirds' call 22:21.166 --> 22:23.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% echoes through the misty cloud forest. 22:23.866 --> 22:26.966 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% Two females are attracted by the insistent metallic call. 22:35.433 --> 22:37.466 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:52.5% Their calls are loud. 22:44.266 --> 22:47.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:62.5% His mustache-like wattles are another important part 22:47.633 --> 22:49.366 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% of the male's courting behavior. 22:58.633 --> 23:00.800 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% Returning to the western United States, 23:00.800 --> 23:04.000 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% we have Western and Clark's grebes. 23:04.000 --> 23:06.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Their lovely white necks and black crowns 23:06.200 --> 23:07.466 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:57.5% give them a jaunty feel 23:07.466 --> 23:09.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% as they glide across ponds and lakes. 23:13.266 --> 23:15.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% These two species share one of nature's 23:15.400 --> 23:17.700 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:32.5% most dramatic courtship behaviors. 23:19.066 --> 23:20.600 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:57.5% A single male will call 23:20.600 --> 23:23.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% as it glides into an area with other males. 23:23.533 --> 23:26.333 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 23:34.733 --> 23:36.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% He's searching for someone to challenge 23:36.666 --> 23:38.366 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% in a behavior called rushing. 23:40.700 --> 23:42.266 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% If the males know each other, 23:42.266 --> 23:44.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% they take a slow stroll across the water. 23:49.466 --> 23:51.833 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% But if the situation is right, 23:51.833 --> 23:53.933 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% they'll have a nervous face off 23:53.933 --> 23:56.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% where they stretch out their necks, call, 23:56.500 --> 23:58.733 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% and flick water left and right. 23:58.733 --> 24:01.366 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 24:12.400 --> 24:15.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% At some unknown signal, both birds rise up 24:15.566 --> 24:17.133 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% and begin rushing, 24:17.133 --> 24:20.100 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% an event where the birds use only their specialized feet 24:20.100 --> 24:22.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% to glide over the top of the water. 24:22.766 --> 24:24.533 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:67.5% They don't use their wings, 24:24.533 --> 24:26.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% and their heads are perfectly still. 24:28.900 --> 24:31.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% The feet are what make this behavior possible. 24:36.133 --> 24:39.366 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Here, we see how a western grebe carefully grooms 24:39.366 --> 24:41.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and stretches his specialized feet. 24:45.266 --> 24:47.233 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% A Clark's grebe does the same. 24:51.866 --> 24:55.033 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 24:55.033 --> 24:56.666 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Even a juvenile does it. 25:00.600 --> 25:02.066 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% Part of the mating ritual 25:02.066 --> 25:04.733 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% is the feeding of a fresh caught fish to a mate. 25:20.600 --> 25:23.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:50% The couple will then dive, come up with reeds, 25:23.766 --> 25:26.600 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% and perform an elegant nesting dance. 25:26.600 --> 25:29.300 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 25:37.766 --> 25:40.200 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% It is beautiful when they finally touch, 25:40.200 --> 25:41.966 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% bumping each other's chests. 25:47.566 --> 25:50.533 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:35% Next is mating and nest building. 25:58.533 --> 26:01.100 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:57.5% Followed by new chicks. 26:01.100 --> 26:02.733 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% Both parents care for the young 26:02.733 --> 26:04.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% by having them ride on their backs. 26:13.733 --> 26:16.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Parents catch and feed them fish. 26:16.366 --> 26:19.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% An interesting addition to the chick's diet 26:19.300 --> 26:21.366 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% is called feather feeding. 26:21.366 --> 26:24.666 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% The parents preen and feed the chick's feathers 26:24.666 --> 26:26.166 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:55% to coat their stomachs 26:26.166 --> 26:30.133 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:62.5% so they're protected from sharp fish scales and bones. 26:30.133 --> 26:33.033 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 26:33.033 --> 26:35.900 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% (chicks tweeting) 28:11.266 --> 28:13.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% The saying, "birds of a feather flock together" 28:13.633 --> 28:15.466 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% is never more true 28:15.466 --> 28:18.300 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% than in the phenomenon called murmuration. 28:19.400 --> 28:21.733 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% In the fall, thousands upon thousands 28:21.733 --> 28:23.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% of black birds and starlings gather 28:23.733 --> 28:26.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:60% until there are millions of birds in a single flock. 28:26.933 --> 28:29.633 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 28:55.166 --> 28:57.233 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% The birds fly in these tight groups 28:57.233 --> 28:59.966 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and create mesmerizing patterns in the sky. 29:01.333 --> 29:04.033 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 29:39.766 --> 29:41.833 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% And then at an unseen signal, 29:41.833 --> 29:45.166 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% return to earth and disappear in the long grass. 29:48.566 --> 29:51.266 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 29:55.900 --> 30:00.166 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% In England, massive murmurations are triggered by harriers 30:00.166 --> 30:01.966 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:55% who prey on starlings. 30:01.966 --> 30:04.666 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 30:35.266 --> 30:38.033 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% The other side of the coin is competition. 30:39.066 --> 30:40.500 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:52.5% These openbill storks 30:40.500 --> 30:42.966 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% are fighting for a roosting spot for the night. 30:48.000 --> 30:49.800 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Two flamingos fight over 30:49.800 --> 30:52.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:50% who has the right to mate with the female. 30:59.966 --> 31:03.166 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Two secretarybirds are fighting for territory 31:03.166 --> 31:05.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% so they can attract a mate and build a nest. 31:05.900 --> 31:08.500 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (upbeat music) 31:23.366 --> 31:25.633 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% Once the competition is decided, 31:25.633 --> 31:27.866 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% a more peaceful courtship follows. 31:33.666 --> 31:37.666 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% In Tanzania, two grey-breasted spurfowl have paired up. 31:37.666 --> 31:41.533 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:65% I wonder if the attraction was the lovely singing voice. 31:41.533 --> 31:44.433 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% (birds squawking) 31:52.833 --> 31:56.733 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% In the Serengeti, two Usambiro barbets have paired up. 32:03.933 --> 32:05.466 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:57.5% Their raucous courtship 32:05.466 --> 32:10.100 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% resulted in a comparatively quiet yet energetic mating. 32:10.766 --> 32:12.966 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% (birds squawking) 32:22.566 --> 32:25.733 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Arctic terns perform an elegant mating. 32:25.733 --> 32:27.533 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% From a photographic standpoint, 32:27.533 --> 32:30.266 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% I don't like the dark rocks in the background. 32:30.266 --> 32:32.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% I much prefer the blue ocean behind them. 32:46.433 --> 32:49.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% Halfway around the world in the Hawaiian Islands, 32:49.300 --> 32:53.333 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:45% the elegant Laysan albatross mate, nest, 32:53.333 --> 32:54.600 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% and rear chicks. 32:59.666 --> 33:02.300 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:45% We are here on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, 33:02.300 --> 33:05.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and we're with the Laysan albatross, 33:05.200 --> 33:09.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% mighty travelers who ride the ocean trade winds 33:09.433 --> 33:12.266 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% for three, four, five, six months of the year, 33:12.266 --> 33:15.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% returning here to these remote volcanic bluffs 33:15.566 --> 33:17.133 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% every November. 33:17.133 --> 33:19.933 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:37.5% Here, they have courtship behaviors. 33:19.933 --> 33:23.666 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% They build nests and lay eggs. 33:23.666 --> 33:26.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% This female, when she laid her egg, 33:26.566 --> 33:30.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% would've lost about 25% of her body weight, 33:30.533 --> 33:34.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:60% and those eggs can weigh as much as a can of soda. 33:34.433 --> 33:38.433 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% So when she is done laying the egg, she needs to eat. 33:38.433 --> 33:40.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% So she goes to the ocean currents, 33:40.333 --> 33:42.833 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and the male then will sit on the nest. 33:42.833 --> 33:44.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% So it's a cooperative nesting behavior 33:44.933 --> 33:46.800 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% that we have with the albatross. 33:49.100 --> 33:52.333 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:65% Greetings are an important part of albatross behavior. 33:54.700 --> 33:57.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% This male albatross has been riding the ocean winds 33:57.733 --> 34:00.133 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% for months before returning to Kauai. 34:00.133 --> 34:02.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% He wanders into a cliffside forest, 34:02.666 --> 34:04.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% where his lifelong mate awaits him. 34:08.900 --> 34:11.233 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% She welcomes him with a few beak clacks, 34:11.233 --> 34:12.800 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:55% high pitched whistles. 34:15.166 --> 34:18.266 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Then the greeting ceremony begins in earnest. 34:18.266 --> 34:22.200 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% (birds whistling and clacking) 34:41.866 --> 34:44.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% There are more than 40 elements to the greeting, 34:44.733 --> 34:48.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% that include wing stretching, whistling, whinnying, 34:48.533 --> 34:53.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% beak clacking, head bobbing, a cat-like whine, 34:53.033 --> 34:57.633 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:77.5% a donkey bray, and my favorite, comical high stepping. 35:04.933 --> 35:08.866 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% (birds whistling and clacking) 35:16.933 --> 35:18.700 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% From a photographer's perspective, 35:18.700 --> 35:21.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% I love the subtle gray eye shadings 35:21.500 --> 35:23.633 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% and the delicate peach-colored bills. 35:28.166 --> 35:32.133 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% (birds whistling and clacking) 35:38.333 --> 35:41.233 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% One of the most amazing things about these Laysan albatross 35:41.233 --> 35:43.300 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% are their communication skills. 35:44.433 --> 35:46.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% You can hear their insistent calling 35:46.933 --> 35:49.366 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% and their melodic whistling, 35:49.366 --> 35:51.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% as well as their dramatic beak clacking. 35:53.900 --> 35:56.600 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 36:02.800 --> 36:04.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% The nesting and courtship 36:04.533 --> 36:07.066 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% possess a simple, peaceful elegance. 36:13.233 --> 36:14.400 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% The nest is made, 36:23.266 --> 36:24.633 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% the egg is laid, 36:24.633 --> 36:27.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% and the parents take turns sitting till it hatches. 36:29.600 --> 36:31.766 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Adults then alternate who will fly out 36:31.766 --> 36:33.333 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:67.5% to fish and feed the chick. 36:41.933 --> 36:44.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% Chicks start out as little gray puffs. 37:06.566 --> 37:09.866 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% They grow into adolescence with a hair-like cowl. 37:11.133 --> 37:13.833 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 37:35.900 --> 37:38.633 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% Sub-adults lose that cowl. 37:38.633 --> 37:40.900 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:47.5% Here we can see the remnants of that cowl 37:40.900 --> 37:43.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% on the side of an albatross's head. 37:43.900 --> 37:45.400 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% Wings grow strong, 37:45.400 --> 37:48.366 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and soon the young albatross is ready to begin its life 37:48.366 --> 37:49.866 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:57.5% gliding over the ocean. 37:54.133 --> 37:58.266 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% Each avian species has a nesting style unique to themselves. 37:59.233 --> 38:01.133 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% Once the mating is sorted out, 38:01.133 --> 38:04.600 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% the next order of business is building a nest. 38:04.600 --> 38:07.800 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% Brazil's jabiru storks construct mammoth nests 38:07.800 --> 38:11.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% that require huge vines and large sticks. 38:11.433 --> 38:14.066 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (upbeat music) 38:25.066 --> 38:27.200 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% In Africa, if you see what looks like 38:27.200 --> 38:29.333 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:67.5% a giant haystack in a tree, 38:29.333 --> 38:32.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:65% you are seeing the largest community nests in the world. 38:32.600 --> 38:37.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% Sociable weavers build as many as 100 nests side by side, 38:37.533 --> 38:40.266 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% that can be home to up to 400 birds. 38:40.266 --> 38:42.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% The nests become so heavy 38:42.533 --> 38:45.000 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% that the whole tree can come crashing to the ground 38:45.000 --> 38:46.666 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% from its weight. 38:46.666 --> 38:50.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Cliff dwelling Brandt's cormorants nest in colonies 38:50.300 --> 38:52.466 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% on California's seaward coast. 38:55.233 --> 38:57.266 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% Females build nests from materials 38:57.266 --> 38:59.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% brought in from the ocean by the male. 38:59.533 --> 39:01.800 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% He flies in with seaweed and kelp, 39:01.800 --> 39:03.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and returns to the ocean 39:03.566 --> 39:05.933 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% as the female fashions the building materials 39:05.933 --> 39:07.466 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% into a comfortable nest. 39:08.400 --> 39:11.100 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 39:23.866 --> 39:25.700 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% The electric turquoise under the beak 39:25.700 --> 39:27.533 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:67.5% adds interest to the photo. 39:31.300 --> 39:33.300 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% Borneo's black and red broadbill 39:33.300 --> 39:35.600 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:32.5% constructs an amazingly messy nest 39:35.600 --> 39:38.900 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% made of twigs, grasses, decaying leaves, 39:38.900 --> 39:41.166 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and anything else that floats down the river. 39:42.433 --> 39:45.233 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 39:51.233 --> 39:54.200 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% At the other extreme is the northern masked weaver, 39:54.200 --> 39:57.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% who takes pride in the quality of his workmanship. 39:57.233 --> 39:58.500 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% Part of the reason may be 39:58.500 --> 40:00.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% that the female has to approve the nest, 40:00.866 --> 40:02.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% or he has to start all over again. 40:02.900 --> 40:04.900 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% He is signaling to the female 40:04.900 --> 40:07.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% that the nest is ready for inspection. 40:07.600 --> 40:09.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% The golden-backed weaver does the same. 40:12.700 --> 40:15.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% In Central America, resplendent quetzals 40:15.133 --> 40:18.133 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% make a completely different style of nest. 40:18.133 --> 40:21.300 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:67.5% They excavate their nest in the body of a decaying tree, 40:21.300 --> 40:25.300 align:start position:10% line:79.33% size:80% much like woodpeckers do, except they dig with their claws. 40:25.300 --> 40:26.633 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% The male flies to the tree 40:26.633 --> 40:28.166 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% and disappears into the cavity 40:29.333 --> 40:31.866 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:50% except for his long, colorful tail feathers. 40:31.866 --> 40:33.866 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% The excavation is obvious 40:33.866 --> 40:37.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% when the wood chips start falling like snow. 40:37.100 --> 40:39.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% Then the female comes to check the nest. 40:39.100 --> 40:41.466 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% (jazz music) 40:48.533 --> 40:51.566 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Secretarybirds build a more traditional nest 40:51.566 --> 40:53.233 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% of sticks and twigs, 40:53.233 --> 40:55.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% and have a gentle neck-bobbing behavior 40:55.400 --> 40:57.333 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:55% when they're courting. 40:57.333 --> 40:59.700 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% (jazz music) 41:10.133 --> 41:13.600 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Plovers are more minimalist in their nest building. 41:13.600 --> 41:16.733 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:65% This blacksmith plover has simply rearranged some stones 41:16.733 --> 41:18.533 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% to make its nest. 41:18.533 --> 41:21.000 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% (jazz music) 41:33.966 --> 41:37.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% When the quetzal nest is complete and they have chicks, 41:37.233 --> 41:40.366 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% the parents take turns bringing food to the nest. 41:40.366 --> 41:43.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% This time, the male has a ripe wild avocado. 41:44.466 --> 41:46.666 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% The next time, he has a lizard. 41:52.766 --> 41:54.833 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% While he's in the nest feeding the chicks, 41:54.833 --> 41:58.633 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:72.5% the female lands with an even larger rough-scaled lizard. 41:58.633 --> 42:00.900 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% (jazz music) 42:20.566 --> 42:23.466 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% Jabiru storks build huge nests 42:23.466 --> 42:25.533 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% to accommodate their massive chicks. 42:26.833 --> 42:29.333 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% Parents are constantly bringing large river fish 42:29.333 --> 42:31.366 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% to satisfy the voracious chicks. 42:34.233 --> 42:37.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:55% Temperatures can reach 100 degrees Fahrenheit. 42:37.733 --> 42:40.300 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% I've often wondered how the chicks can survive the heat 42:40.300 --> 42:41.833 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% and where do they get water? 42:42.966 --> 42:44.166 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% Well, the parents took the initiative 42:44.166 --> 42:45.866 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% and answered my question. 42:45.866 --> 42:47.633 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% They bring beak fulls of water 42:47.633 --> 42:50.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and pour it right down the chick's throats. 42:55.266 --> 42:57.700 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% A thousand times smaller 42:57.700 --> 43:00.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% are the Madagascar flycatcher chicks. 43:00.466 --> 43:02.733 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% Filming and photographing these three chicks 43:02.733 --> 43:06.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% as they grew over the period of five days was a joy. 43:13.233 --> 43:15.466 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:50% The female, with her cinnamon-hued feathers, 43:15.466 --> 43:17.933 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% and the male with his long white tail, 43:17.933 --> 43:19.633 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% alternated feeding duty. 43:23.033 --> 43:25.366 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% They brought in mayflies, moths, 43:25.366 --> 43:30.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% spiders, butterflies, beetles, and even a scorpion. 43:31.700 --> 43:34.500 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 43:43.466 --> 43:44.933 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% Over the four day period, 43:44.933 --> 43:47.400 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% it was intriguing to see the parents make sure 43:47.400 --> 43:49.600 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% that each chick was fed in its turn. 44:17.633 --> 44:22.066 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% On a small rock, in a Costa Rican forest stream, 44:22.066 --> 44:26.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:75% a vibrantly colored sunbittern preens before going hunting. 44:26.533 --> 44:28.233 align:start position:15% line:84.67% size:70% She searches in the shallows 44:28.233 --> 44:31.200 align:start position:25% line:74% size:50% for tiny crustaceans and tadpoles to feed her newly hatched. 44:41.500 --> 44:43.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% She arrives at the beautifully fashioned nest 44:43.933 --> 44:45.066 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% with a tadpole. 44:47.166 --> 44:49.866 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 45:14.133 --> 45:16.766 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (upbeat music) 45:33.166 --> 45:35.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% The next morning, she hunts again, 45:35.533 --> 45:37.833 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% and brings a tiny freshwater shrimp. 45:37.833 --> 45:40.533 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 46:08.100 --> 46:11.400 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% The only word I can think of here is nestling. 46:11.400 --> 46:14.100 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 46:44.500 --> 46:45.833 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (birds tweeting) 46:45.833 --> 46:47.200 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% Still in Costa Rica, 46:47.200 --> 46:50.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:60% we find a wattled jacana just as a storm blows in. 46:50.933 --> 46:52.600 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% He calls for his chicks, 46:52.600 --> 46:54.700 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% and they run to him and dive under his wings 46:54.700 --> 46:56.033 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% for shelter from the rain. 46:58.766 --> 47:01.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% The chicks are too big to fit completely, 47:01.366 --> 47:05.533 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% but they still feel safe and protected under the wings. 47:13.000 --> 47:17.366 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% As chicks grow, they become tiny copies of their parents. 47:17.366 --> 47:20.566 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:65% Kori bustard babies follow their mother through the grass. 47:27.300 --> 47:30.466 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:57.5% And tiny crowned cranes feed with their parents. 47:30.466 --> 47:33.066 align:start position:32.5% line:84.67% size:35% (birds cooing) 47:49.900 --> 47:53.633 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Here, a gaggle of cape teal feed close to their mother 47:53.633 --> 47:54.666 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% for protection. 48:01.666 --> 48:05.533 align:start position:12.5% line:79.33% size:70% Atlantic beaches are home to massive colonies of seabirds. 48:06.900 --> 48:09.666 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% This colony of royal terns has gone through hatching, 48:09.666 --> 48:11.500 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% and now has hundreds of chicks. 48:13.333 --> 48:17.200 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Parents fly out to see and catch fish for the young chicks. 48:17.200 --> 48:19.100 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% With all the activity in the colony, 48:19.100 --> 48:21.866 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:42.5% it's madness when the parents return. 48:21.866 --> 48:23.300 align:start position:25% line:84.67% size:50% The chicks see them, 48:23.300 --> 48:25.566 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% and start walking to make themselves known. 48:26.800 --> 48:28.300 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% The parent lands, 48:28.300 --> 48:32.066 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% and looks for its chick, calling the whole time. 48:32.066 --> 48:34.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% If the mom chooses the wrong chick, 48:34.533 --> 48:37.900 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:57.5% the young turn away and will not accept that fish. 48:37.900 --> 48:39.533 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% It's fascinating to watch. 48:39.533 --> 48:42.400 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:42.5% (birds squawking) 48:44.200 --> 48:45.600 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% When chicks start to walk, 48:45.600 --> 48:48.700 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:60% they're often surrounded and mobbed by other adults. 48:49.866 --> 48:52.333 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% It seems like a miracle when a mother comes in, 48:52.333 --> 48:55.866 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:65% finds her chick, and has a successful feeding handoff. 49:00.966 --> 49:04.966 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% Further south in the Caribbean, it's flamingos. 49:04.966 --> 49:08.000 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:57.5% Let's consider both the natural history aspects 49:08.000 --> 49:10.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:50% and the photographic approach to this scene. 49:11.566 --> 49:13.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:42.5% Photographically, when we saw the beach 49:13.333 --> 49:16.233 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% through an arch of trees, it was raining flamingos. 49:16.233 --> 49:18.600 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% I couldn't get out of the car fast enough. 49:18.600 --> 49:20.433 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:57.5% I just started filming. 49:20.433 --> 49:22.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Then I realized it didn't look as great 49:22.366 --> 49:23.633 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:55% as I thought it would. 49:23.633 --> 49:26.300 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% All the water around the flamingos was in focus, 49:26.300 --> 49:28.133 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:77.5% and it wasn't anything special. 49:30.933 --> 49:32.800 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% I sat right down in the sand, 49:32.800 --> 49:34.733 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:32.5% and it was an instant improvement. 49:43.966 --> 49:46.600 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:57.5% The flamingos stood out from the soft foreground 49:46.600 --> 49:47.933 align:start position:22.5% line:84.67% size:52.5% and background water. 49:51.233 --> 49:52.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% Here's some footage from East Africa, 49:52.966 --> 49:55.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% where I was able to lie completely flat 49:55.400 --> 49:56.866 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% next to a flamingo lake. 50:01.833 --> 50:04.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% The photographic difference is dramatic, 50:07.700 --> 50:11.333 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% but this scene in the Caribbean was sent from heaven. 50:11.333 --> 50:12.933 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% All flamingos' heads were up. 50:14.200 --> 50:16.933 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% There were colorful adults and cute young ones. 50:28.966 --> 50:31.166 align:start position:10% line:84.67% size:80% The watercolor was so Caribbean, 50:31.166 --> 50:33.866 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% and the flight school behavior was dramatic. 50:37.300 --> 50:39.333 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% Now, for the natural history. 50:39.333 --> 50:42.466 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Why were they in the ocean instead of on a pond? 50:42.466 --> 50:44.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% The adults were teaching the young ones to fly, 50:44.733 --> 50:46.833 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:40% and this shallow sand bank was perfect 50:46.833 --> 50:48.000 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% for takeoff and landing. 50:49.366 --> 50:52.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% Why did the flamingos keep returning to this spot? 50:52.133 --> 50:55.433 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% The open ocean gave them unobstructed flight space. 50:56.933 --> 50:59.666 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Why were they in such great position for photographs? 50:59.666 --> 51:01.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% Well, the flamingos weren't feeding, 51:01.700 --> 51:05.533 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:70% and they all had their heads up because of the waves. 51:05.533 --> 51:07.733 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:72.5% A natural history explanation 51:07.733 --> 51:10.233 align:start position:32.5% line:79.33% size:30% of a perfect photographic situation. 51:12.033 --> 51:13.566 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% Here's our chance to enjoy 51:13.566 --> 51:15.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% some of the heroes of the avian world. 51:15.500 --> 51:18.300 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (dramatic music) 54:02.166 --> 54:04.600 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% Some of the challenges facing wildlife 54:04.600 --> 54:08.533 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% include global climate change, loss of habitat, 54:08.533 --> 54:11.600 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% and simply a diminishing place in which to live. 54:13.133 --> 54:15.400 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% - [Jane] And think how these wild creatures 54:15.400 --> 54:19.233 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% have so much in common with each other and with us. 54:20.800 --> 54:25.000 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% Through Todd's lens, we see a vanishing natural world. 54:25.000 --> 54:27.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:52.5% We can see a world we have the power to protect. 54:29.200 --> 54:33.133 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:65% If we of all creatures can best understand consequences 54:33.133 --> 54:36.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:47.5% and plan far ahead, then let us do so. 54:38.000 --> 54:39.800 align:start position:25% line:79.33% size:50% - [Todd] I choose to use my photography 54:39.800 --> 54:43.133 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% to stand with nature, our delicate planet, 54:43.133 --> 54:45.466 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:62.5% and the wildlife that are shown in this documentary. 54:45.466 --> 54:47.333 align:start position:30% line:79.33% size:40% - [Jane] "To The Ends of the Earth" 54:47.333 --> 54:50.366 align:start position:12.5% line:84.67% size:75% is sharing the earth's beauty, 54:50.366 --> 54:53.466 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:52.5% to illustrate exactly what is at stake. 54:53.466 --> 54:57.066 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:60% - [Todd] Imagine a world without snow geese, pelicans, 54:57.066 --> 54:58.900 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:62.5% herons, and hummingbirds, 54:58.900 --> 55:01.800 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% and those are just the obvious birds at risk. 55:01.800 --> 55:04.066 align:start position:22.5% line:79.33% size:55% - [Jane] Collectively, these photographs 55:04.066 --> 55:07.766 align:start position:17.5% line:79.33% size:62.5% explore different aspects of the animal's behavior. 55:07.766 --> 55:12.133 align:start position:15% line:79.33% size:67.5% A visual commentary on what it means to be born free 55:12.133 --> 55:14.766 align:start position:17.5% line:84.67% size:65% into the last wild places. 55:14.766 --> 55:17.466 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:37.5% (calming music) 55:25.300 --> 55:28.066 align:start position:30% line:84.67% size:40% (dramatic music)