WEBVTT 00:03.833 --> 00:05.833 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 00:05.833 --> 00:10.333 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% >> ♪ And all the tears  wept a-through the years ♪ 00:10.333 --> 00:12.766 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% ♪ by the dyin'  Rebel lads ♪ 00:12.766 --> 00:14.700 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ couldn't quencher  the fire of hate ♪ 00:14.700 --> 00:19.500 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ in the heart of  that single Yankee man. ♪ 00:19.500 --> 00:22.200 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ Demons danced...  Satan pranced. ♪ 00:22.200 --> 00:28.766 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ They say Sherman  was his naaaa...ame. ♪ 00:28.766 --> 00:32.800 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% ♪ The night the devil fiddled  in South Carolina, ♪ 00:32.800 --> 00:35.333 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ 00:35.333 --> 00:41.900 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% ♪ while Columbia went up  in flaaames.... ♪♪ 00:41.900 --> 00:48.666 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ [acoustic guitar music continues] 00:48.666 --> 00:55.433 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 00:55.433 --> 01:00.400 align:left position:15% line:59% size:75% >> The march to the sea is an implementation of this idea... 01:00.400 --> 01:04.466 align:left position:30% line:59% size:60% carry out warfare not only on enemy armies 01:04.466 --> 01:07.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and logistical centers like Atlanta, 01:07.466 --> 01:09.700 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% but also widen it, 01:09.700 --> 01:13.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% a total war to embrace the civilian population. 01:13.500 --> 01:18.500 align:left position:22.5% line:59% size:67.5% >> That no one, nothing would be spared, um... 01:18.500 --> 01:20.800 align:left position:20% line:59% size:70% which included property, 01:20.800 --> 01:25.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% which included slaves, that kind of property, 01:25.833 --> 01:28.333 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% that he... would no longer, 01:28.333 --> 01:31.133 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% essentially, restrain his soldiers 01:31.133 --> 01:34.366 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% to the extent that he had done before 01:34.366 --> 01:38.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% from pillaging and destroying private property, 01:38.366 --> 01:41.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% because he didn't think that Southerners would, 01:41.366 --> 01:43.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% in any other way, 01:43.366 --> 01:46.566 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% be convinced to give up this war. 01:46.566 --> 01:51.233 align:left position:15% line:59% size:75% >> Troops could exist in the field for periods of time 01:51.233 --> 01:53.633 align:left position:32.5% line:59% size:57.5% after breaking their supply line. 01:53.633 --> 01:57.800 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% It was his idea that he could... 01:57.800 --> 02:00.533 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% gut Georgia, basically. 02:00.533 --> 02:02.533 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% And his idea-- 02:02.533 --> 02:05.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% as it had been through most of the north Georgia 02:05.700 --> 02:07.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and Atlanta campaign-- 02:07.066 --> 02:10.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% his idea was to avoid major battles 02:10.900 --> 02:13.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and to deprive... the South 02:13.800 --> 02:17.200 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% of its major remaining breadbasket. 02:17.200 --> 02:21.200 align:left position:20% line:59% size:70% >> Sherman's march, um... tied down troops 02:21.200 --> 02:24.600 align:left position:20% line:59% size:70% that could have been used in other theaters. 02:24.600 --> 02:28.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% I think that had Lee been able to reinforce himself 02:28.333 --> 02:30.766 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% from some of the western armies, 02:30.766 --> 02:34.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% he would have fared much better against Grant. 02:34.433 --> 02:36.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% By Sherman's creating that second front, 02:36.700 --> 02:38.700 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% actually coming down into Georgia, 02:38.700 --> 02:42.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% he tied up troops that Lee would've been able to use 02:42.800 --> 02:45.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and shortened the war quite a deal. 02:45.433 --> 02:48.433 align:left position:22.5% line:59% size:67.5% >> It brought war home to the civilian population 02:48.433 --> 02:51.066 align:left position:40% line:59% size:50% in a way they had not imagined. 02:51.066 --> 02:53.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% (female narrator)  In the summer of 1863, 02:53.700 --> 02:57.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Chattanooga, Tennessee,  fell into Union hands. 02:57.200 --> 02:59.200 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% In May 1864, 02:59.200 --> 03:02.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% 44-year-old Union General  William Tecumseh Sherman 03:02.500 --> 03:05.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% moved his army of 100,000 men  into north Georgia. 03:05.866 --> 03:08.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% His goal was to capture  the vital railroad, 03:08.966 --> 03:10.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% supply, and manufacturing city 03:10.366 --> 03:12.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% of the Confederacy...  Atlanta. 03:12.700 --> 03:14.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Although Sherman  faced an enemy 03:14.700 --> 03:17.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% with only half  the manpower he enjoyed, 03:17.333 --> 03:19.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% there was an urgency  to capture Atlanta 03:19.966 --> 03:22.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% before the November  presidential election. 03:22.000 --> 03:24.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Abraham Lincoln,  running for a second term, 03:24.600 --> 03:28.700 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% needed to show a tiring public  the war could be won. 03:28.700 --> 03:31.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Sherman knew that  if he did not capture 03:31.933 --> 03:33.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Atlanta by the election, 03:33.200 --> 03:35.200 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Lincoln would  probably lose it. 03:35.200 --> 03:36.433 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% Dennis> The North is in the process 03:36.433 --> 03:37.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% of winning the Civil War, 03:37.633 --> 03:39.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% but it seems more clear to us as historians 03:39.533 --> 03:45.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% than those who lived through those times. 03:45.466 --> 03:49.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The Mississippi head river had been opened up, 03:49.366 --> 03:52.000 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and the South is split in two, 03:52.000 --> 03:54.333 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% but still the Confederacy's field armies 03:54.333 --> 03:55.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% are strong and powerful-- 03:55.500 --> 03:57.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% with Lee's army in Virginia, 03:57.500 --> 04:00.300 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the army of Tennessee here in Georgia-- 04:00.300 --> 04:03.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and these had to be knocked off, eliminated, 04:03.500 --> 04:05.500 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% by the Federal forces. 04:05.500 --> 04:08.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% On both sides, there is great weariness with the war. 04:08.800 --> 04:12.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% There's been bread riots in Richmond, Virginia... 04:12.233 --> 04:14.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% lack of sustenance there. 04:14.466 --> 04:17.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% There's been draft riots in New York City, 04:17.700 --> 04:20.500 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% the immigrant riots up there. 04:20.500 --> 04:25.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% So the war is, uh... its popularity is long gone. 04:25.800 --> 04:28.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% narrator> At the north Georgia  town of Resaca, 04:28.800 --> 04:29.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the townspeople got  their first view 04:29.966 --> 04:32.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of what Sherman and his  soldiers were going to do. 04:32.333 --> 04:35.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% as they drove into the heart of the confederacy. 04:35.033 --> 04:36.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% David> The towns, which-- 04:36.466 --> 04:39.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% some of which had been right pleasant little towns, 04:39.833 --> 04:42.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% railway stations on the way into Tennessee-- 04:42.466 --> 04:45.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% after both the Confederate and Northern armies withdrew, 04:45.900 --> 04:47.900 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% there was little left 04:47.900 --> 04:51.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% both in the way of population, which had fled, 04:51.266 --> 04:54.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% or in the way of buildings and surviving improvements. 04:54.633 --> 04:56.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% They just basically stripped the places. 04:56.900 --> 04:58.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% narrator> Sherman enjoyed  a string of victories 04:58.866 --> 05:01.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% as he pressed  toward Atlanta. 05:01.000 --> 05:03.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Earlier in his  military career, 05:03.266 --> 05:05.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Sherman had been  stationed in Georgia. 05:05.700 --> 05:07.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% His knowledge  of the rugged terrain 05:07.666 --> 05:09.166 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% gave him  an additional advantage 05:09.166 --> 05:11.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% over his  Confederate foes. 05:11.266 --> 05:13.166 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% [acoustic guitar music] 05:13.166 --> 05:19.400 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 05:19.400 --> 05:29.200 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 05:29.200 --> 05:32.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Twenty miles northwest of    Atlanta lies Kennesaw Mountain. 05:32.200 --> 05:35.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Confederates were  entrenched on the peak 05:35.866 --> 05:39.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and along lines northeast  and southwest of the mountain. 05:39.233 --> 05:40.500 align:left position:40% line:65% size:50% Part of  Sherman's success 05:40.500 --> 05:43.600 align:left position:20% line:65% size:70% had been to use flanking  movements around the enemy 05:43.600 --> 05:45.266 align:left position:37.5% line:65% size:52.5% instead of  frontal assaults. 05:45.266 --> 05:49.000 align:left position:12.5% line:65% size:77.5% But after failing in his first  flanking movement at Kennesaw, 05:49.000 --> 05:52.000 align:left position:22.5% line:65% size:67.5% Sherman decided to go  for a direct attack. 05:52.000 --> 05:54.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The battle for Kennesaw  Mountain had begun. 05:54.633 --> 05:56.300 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% (man shouting)  Blast! 05:56.300 --> 05:58.300 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% [cannon booms] 05:58.300 --> 05:59.633 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Blast! 05:59.633 --> 06:01.700 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% [cannon booms] 06:01.700 --> 06:03.033 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Blast! 06:03.033 --> 06:05.033 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% [cannon booms] 06:05.033 --> 06:06.366 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Blast! 06:06.366 --> 06:08.366 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% [cannon booms] 06:08.366 --> 06:09.700 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Blast! 06:09.700 --> 06:11.700 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% [cannon booms] 06:11.700 --> 06:13.033 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Blast! 06:13.033 --> 06:15.366 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% [cannon booms] 06:15.366 --> 06:18.000 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% Dennis>  So on the 27th of June, 06:18.000 --> 06:20.566 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% following  an artillery bombardment, 06:20.566 --> 06:24.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% he...directly attacks the Confederate front. 06:24.066 --> 06:26.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Now, there were feints,  demonstrations, 06:26.400 --> 06:28.400 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% deceptions  on either flank, 06:28.400 --> 06:31.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% hoping that the Confederates  would weaken their center 06:31.400 --> 06:33.400 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% where he  would strike, 06:33.400 --> 06:34.966 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% but this  did not happen. 06:34.966 --> 06:36.766 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% He attacks  the Confederate strength. 06:36.766 --> 06:38.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The Confederates  are strongly dug in, 06:38.833 --> 06:42.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and Sherman winds up  taking a bloody nose 06:42.200 --> 06:45.000 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% here at  Kennesaw Mountain. 06:45.000 --> 06:47.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Now, Kennesaw Mountain  was the last time 06:47.333 --> 06:50.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% that Sherman directly attacked the enemy. 06:50.633 --> 06:53.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% In his maneuvers after Kennesaw Mountain, 06:53.533 --> 06:59.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% he preferred to indirectly  make his approach to Atlanta. 06:59.500 --> 07:02.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% narrator> Sherman continued  his march to Atlanta, 07:02.200 --> 07:04.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% but soon found his troops  in a stalemate 07:04.333 --> 07:07.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% with the rebels  outside the city. 07:07.200 --> 07:09.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Seeing the Confederates  with well-fortified positions 07:09.666 --> 07:11.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and not wanting  a frontal attack, 07:11.933 --> 07:14.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Sherman ordered  another flanking assault 07:14.100 --> 07:17.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% toward the town of Jonesboro,  southwest of Atlanta. 07:17.100 --> 07:19.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Sherman hoped to cut  the railroad there 07:19.733 --> 07:22.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% and disrupt the Confederates'  supply line to Atlanta. 07:22.933 --> 07:27.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% This maneuver was successful,    and with their supply line cut, 07:27.066 --> 07:29.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the Confederates  had to evacuate the city. 07:29.833 --> 07:32.666 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% On September 2, 1864, 07:32.666 --> 07:35.300 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Atlanta fell  into the hands of Sherman. 07:35.300 --> 07:37.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% President Lincoln had  his significant breakthrough. 07:37.833 --> 07:39.833 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% Once inside Atlanta, 07:39.833 --> 07:42.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Sherman corresponded  with General Ulysses S. Grant, 07:42.466 --> 07:44.466 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% himself  locked in battle 07:44.466 --> 07:47.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% with General Robert E. Lee  in Virginia. 07:47.100 --> 07:50.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Grant wanted Sherman  and his men to head north 07:50.466 --> 07:51.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to help him defeat Lee. 07:51.966 --> 07:54.000 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Sherman had  other plans. 07:54.000 --> 07:56.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% David> Whereas there would have been a benefit 07:56.233 --> 07:59.833 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% if Sherman had linked up with Grant, 07:59.833 --> 08:02.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Grant and Sherman both, as well as Lincoln, 08:02.900 --> 08:07.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% had the idea that you needed to keep the Confederate armies 08:07.000 --> 08:09.100 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% from massing, or concentrating. 08:09.100 --> 08:11.366 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% At the time, everyone still thought 08:11.366 --> 08:13.533 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% in terms of Napoleonic tactics, 08:13.533 --> 08:16.166 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% and you had to concentrate your forces 08:16.166 --> 08:19.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and prevent the concentration of the opponent's forces. 08:19.166 --> 08:22.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Kip> Well, originally, Grant wanted Sherman 08:22.133 --> 08:25.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% to start his march in that direction to join forces. 08:25.866 --> 08:28.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Sherman pushed real hard with the emphasis 08:28.500 --> 08:32.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of cutting into the South and actually making them pay, 08:32.366 --> 08:35.000 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% in particular South Carolina. 08:35.000 --> 08:37.000 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% He knew once he got to Savannah, 08:37.000 --> 08:40.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% he would be open to the heartland of South Carolina. 08:40.733 --> 08:43.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% He pushed real hard to continue that march to the sea. 08:43.366 --> 08:45.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% narrator> Following two  months in Atlanta, 08:45.633 --> 08:48.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Sherman began  his march to the sea. 08:48.266 --> 08:51.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% In Atlanta, Sherman  had planned his 270-mile march 08:51.266 --> 08:53.100 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% to the Georgia coast. 08:53.100 --> 08:55.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Dr. Edgar> He's making the conscious decision 08:55.066 --> 08:57.266 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% to live off the land, 08:57.266 --> 09:00.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to take whatever he wants in terms of food. 09:00.633 --> 09:04.800 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Now, looting and destroying, uh... 09:04.800 --> 09:08.700 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% unfortunately are age-old, uh... 09:08.700 --> 09:10.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% habits of a conquering army. 09:10.866 --> 09:13.433 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  On November 16, 1864, 09:13.433 --> 09:15.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Sherman's army  departed Atlanta, 09:15.533 --> 09:17.800 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% but not before  burning the city, 09:17.800 --> 09:20.166 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% destroying 80%  of its buildings. 09:20.166 --> 09:24.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Dennis> Now, according to the Army Regulations, 09:24.733 --> 09:27.833 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Field Orders 100, 09:27.833 --> 09:32.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% it's illegal to burn a city, enemy occupation. 09:32.333 --> 09:34.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% But when Sherman captured Atlanta, 09:34.800 --> 09:37.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% he banished all the civilian population 09:37.266 --> 09:39.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and the government from Atlanta. 09:39.433 --> 09:43.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Therefore, that turns Atlanta into a military post, 09:43.200 --> 09:45.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% property of the United States government. 09:45.666 --> 09:49.300 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% So...remember, Atlanta was burned twice, 09:49.300 --> 09:52.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% first when the Confederates evacuated the city. 09:52.266 --> 09:55.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Then when Sherman begins his march to the sea 09:55.633 --> 09:57.633 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% on the 16th of November, 09:57.633 --> 10:00.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% he doesn't really burn the city of Atlanta... 10:00.633 --> 10:04.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% he burns his own military base, which is perfectly legal. 10:04.366 --> 10:06.633 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  Setting out with 60,000 men, 10:06.633 --> 10:09.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Sherman split his soldiers  and sent them 10:09.233 --> 10:11.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% along different paths  to confuse the enemy. 10:11.966 --> 10:13.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The Confederates  were not sure 10:13.200 --> 10:16.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% if Union soldiers were  threatening Macon to the west 10:16.566 --> 10:18.566 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% or Augusta  to the east. 10:18.566 --> 10:21.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% What meager forces  the South had in the area 10:21.866 --> 10:24.133 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% never formed  into a concise unit. 10:24.133 --> 10:26.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Dr. Edgar> In terms of military historians, 10:26.266 --> 10:30.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Sherman's campaign is considered quite a major feat. 10:30.666 --> 10:33.133 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% He was operating... 10:33.133 --> 10:36.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% hundreds of miles behind enemy lines 10:36.366 --> 10:38.633 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and operating successfully. 10:38.633 --> 10:41.533 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Um.... 10:41.533 --> 10:43.533 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% He wasn't faced-- 10:43.533 --> 10:46.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% facing an army equivalent to his own, 10:46.233 --> 10:48.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% but he was operating in hostile territory. 10:48.866 --> 10:50.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Kip> Yes, there was a lot of burning. 10:50.766 --> 10:53.833 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% There was a lot of looting. 10:53.833 --> 10:57.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Both sides tended to have some degree of that, 10:57.200 --> 10:59.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% but it's evident that Sherman's men 10:59.466 --> 11:02.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% had no regard for the Southern countryside 11:02.166 --> 11:04.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% on their march out of Atlanta, 11:04.433 --> 11:07.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% as evident by the 60-wide-mile swath of destruction 11:07.800 --> 11:10.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% they left on their way to Savannah. 11:10.433 --> 11:12.233 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  During his push to the sea, 11:12.233 --> 11:14.466 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Sherman faced  a growing problem. 11:14.466 --> 11:16.333 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Slaves were  following the march, 11:16.333 --> 11:19.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% believing soldiers  were leading them to freedom. 11:19.300 --> 11:20.900 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Sherman saw the slaves 11:20.900 --> 11:23.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% as slowing down the  progress of his men. 11:23.266 --> 11:27.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Thavolvia> Sherman was not at all eager that these slaves, 11:27.266 --> 11:31.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% or emancipated slaves, continue to follow him, 11:31.933 --> 11:35.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% and neither were many officers under his command, 11:35.733 --> 11:40.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% so many slaves, as a result, were drowned in the swamps 11:40.033 --> 11:43.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% because as the pontoon bridges were cut 11:43.600 --> 11:47.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% when the rear of Sherman's army crossed them, 11:47.066 --> 11:51.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% slaves were unable to forge the swamps or the rivers. 11:51.666 --> 11:54.466 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% It's estimated that out of 25,000 11:54.466 --> 11:56.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that followed him across Georgia, 11:56.633 --> 11:59.266 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% by the time he got to Savannah, 11:59.266 --> 12:03.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% there were only about 7,000 remaining with his armies. 12:03.033 --> 12:07.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It was a problem that many Union generals and armies 12:07.033 --> 12:09.033 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% faced in the South. 12:09.033 --> 12:11.300 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  Slavery was not what fed 12:11.300 --> 12:13.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Sherman's hatred  of the Confederacy. 12:13.400 --> 12:16.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% It was the secession  from the Union. 12:16.400 --> 12:20.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Dr. Edgar> Sherman, like many, ...White Americans of his day, 12:20.900 --> 12:24.200 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% was not opposed to the institution of slavery. 12:24.200 --> 12:27.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Many Northern Whites were not opposed to slavery. 12:27.200 --> 12:29.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Sherman, of course, during his military career, 12:29.833 --> 12:32.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% had been stationed in the South. 12:32.166 --> 12:37.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% He had been president of what eventually would become LSU. 12:37.400 --> 12:43.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% So he had a lot of knowledge and experience in the South. 12:43.733 --> 12:46.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% What angered him, as an American, 12:46.966 --> 12:50.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was the dissolution of the Union, was secession. 12:50.200 --> 12:51.866 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  Sherman's march was having 12:51.866 --> 12:53.533 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% far-reaching implications. 12:53.533 --> 12:57.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Wives of soldiers stationed with  General Lee's army in Virginia 12:57.366 --> 13:00.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% were writing their husbands  about the punishment 13:00.000 --> 13:03.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the Union soldiers were  inflicting upon the land. 13:03.166 --> 13:05.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Dennis> All of these Southern wives down here 13:05.800 --> 13:09.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% are writing to their husbands up there in Lee's army 13:09.533 --> 13:11.700 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% that they need protection. 13:11.700 --> 13:14.166 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% And there was great desertion 13:14.166 --> 13:17.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% on the part of the Georgia soldiers in Lee's army 13:17.900 --> 13:19.900 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% by this influence... 13:19.900 --> 13:23.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% wives telling husbands, sons, and so forth, 13:23.533 --> 13:24.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% to come home and defend them. 13:24.733 --> 13:27.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% narrator> It was now clear  to Confederates 13:27.366 --> 13:29.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that Sherman's objective  was Savannah, 13:29.366 --> 13:33.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but they did not know how badly  Sherman needed to reach 13:33.466 --> 13:35.466 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Union ships  off the coast. 13:35.466 --> 13:38.133 align:left position:20% line:65% size:70% >> Since they didn't have a supply line 13:38.133 --> 13:39.700 align:left position:25% line:65% size:65% coming from Atlanta, 13:39.700 --> 13:41.100 align:left position:30% line:65% size:60% they were living off the land, 13:41.100 --> 13:43.366 align:left position:32.5% line:65% size:57.5% and 60,000 men eat a lot. 13:43.366 --> 13:45.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% As long as they were moving 13:45.366 --> 13:46.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% through the interior of the state 13:46.733 --> 13:48.733 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% that food kept coming in. 13:48.733 --> 13:52.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Once they arrived at Savannah, the troops stopped moving, 13:52.100 --> 13:55.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and there was no fresh territory to move into. 13:55.466 --> 13:58.100 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% As a result, food stopped coming in. 13:58.100 --> 14:02.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% narrator> Savannah in 1864 was  a picturesque Southern port. 14:02.066 --> 14:04.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The city's population  had survived 14:04.466 --> 14:06.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% the war-long  Union naval blockade. 14:06.900 --> 14:09.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% There were only  10,000 Confederate troops 14:09.400 --> 14:11.400 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% to defend Savannah, 14:11.400 --> 14:13.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% but despite being  greatly outnumbered, 14:13.566 --> 14:16.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% they had entrenched  themselves around the city. 14:16.566 --> 14:19.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Not wanting to attack  the Rebel fortifications, 14:19.200 --> 14:22.300 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Sherman probed for weaknesses  in the Southern defenses. 14:22.300 --> 14:24.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The Ogeechee River  just south of Savannah 14:24.933 --> 14:29.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% is where Sherman hoped to  link up with the Union ships. 14:29.033 --> 14:31.033 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% However,  his objective was blocked 14:31.033 --> 14:33.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% by the Confederate  Fort McAllister, 14:33.200 --> 14:36.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% located on the south side  of the river. 14:36.200 --> 14:39.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The Confederate battery,  built in the summer of 1861, 14:39.566 --> 14:42.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% weathered several naval  attacks during the war 14:42.200 --> 14:44.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and was never  successfully neutralized. 14:44.500 --> 14:47.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Now the fort blocked Sherman  from reaching his navy 14:47.866 --> 14:49.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and reestablishing  communications 14:49.866 --> 14:51.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% with Washington  and General Grant. 14:51.866 --> 14:54.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Sherman knew a land assault  would be necessary 14:54.866 --> 14:56.866 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% to capture  the fort. 14:56.866 --> 15:00.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% At this location, Sherman  and some of his soldiers 15:00.233 --> 15:02.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% had come to see  how heavily armed 15:02.933 --> 15:05.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% a battery stationed  down the railroad tracks was. 15:05.933 --> 15:07.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Looking at the  Confederate parapet, 15:07.933 --> 15:12.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Sherman saw its cannon fire and  the ball come straight at him. 15:12.433 --> 15:14.700 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Sherman got  out of its way. 15:14.700 --> 15:16.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The incoming ball  struck the ground 15:16.966 --> 15:19.600 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% in front of  an unsuspecting man, bounced, 15:19.600 --> 15:23.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and hit the man in the jaw,  instantly killing him. 15:23.266 --> 15:25.366 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Sherman beat  a hasty retreat. 15:25.366 --> 15:27.366 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Surveying  the area further, 15:27.366 --> 15:30.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Sherman's troops found  a series of creeks, 15:30.000 --> 15:33.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% flooded rice fields,  and acres of swamps. 15:33.133 --> 15:36.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Confederate batteries  dotted the watery terrain. 15:36.300 --> 15:38.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% A frontal assault  seemed impossible. 15:38.966 --> 15:41.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% With food for his men  now running low, 15:41.966 --> 15:45.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Sherman had to knock out  Fort McAllister. 15:45.133 --> 15:47.633 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% On December 13, 1864, 15:47.633 --> 15:51.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% about 4,000 of Sherman's men  stormed the fort. 15:51.133 --> 15:54.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The first wave of men  were blown away 15:54.133 --> 15:57.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% when they hit land mines  buried outside the structure. 15:57.500 --> 16:00.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Soon the superior numbers  of Sherman's troops, 16:00.133 --> 16:02.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% against the fort's  250 soldiers, 16:02.600 --> 16:04.600 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% overwhelmed  the resistance. 16:04.600 --> 16:06.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% With Fort McAllister  in Union hands, 16:06.866 --> 16:10.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Sherman was able to make  contact with the Navy, 16:10.233 --> 16:13.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% opening up a supply  and communication line. 16:13.133 --> 16:15.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Roger> The primary significance of it 16:15.133 --> 16:18.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was that it removed the last obstacle 16:18.066 --> 16:20.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% of Sherman reaching the outside world 16:20.700 --> 16:24.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and reestablishing a line of supplies to feed his troops. 16:24.533 --> 16:28.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% narrator> The Confederates knew  they had to evacuate the city, 16:28.266 --> 16:30.566 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% and on  December 20, 1864, 16:30.566 --> 16:32.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% rebel troops crossed  the Savannah River 16:32.833 --> 16:34.933 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% into South Carolina. 16:34.933 --> 16:37.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The following day,  Sherman's troops marched in. 16:37.700 --> 16:40.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The Union general  had reached the sea, 16:40.333 --> 16:42.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and on December 22  presented Savannah 16:42.966 --> 16:45.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% as a Christmas gift  to President Lincoln. 16:45.600 --> 16:47.600 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% While in  the port city, 16:47.600 --> 16:49.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Sherman decided  to solve the problem 16:49.866 --> 16:51.866 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% of slaves  following his troops 16:51.866 --> 16:54.166 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% by issuing  a special field order. 16:54.166 --> 16:56.366 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Thavolvia> That field order set aside 16:56.366 --> 16:58.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the territory 30 miles inland 16:58.666 --> 17:02.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% from the South Carolina Sea Islands downward, 17:02.033 --> 17:04.833 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% southward to Georgia, 17:04.833 --> 17:08.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% for the settlement of slaves. 17:08.133 --> 17:10.633 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% And... with this territory, 17:10.633 --> 17:15.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% slaves were to be given no more per family 17:15.266 --> 17:17.700 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% than 40 acres of land. 17:17.700 --> 17:21.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Sherman hoped, in this way, to accomplish two things... 17:21.333 --> 17:26.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% to address concerns expressed by Blacks in the Sea Islands 17:26.066 --> 17:31.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and, secondly, to remove this encumbrance from his army. 17:31.900 --> 17:34.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% But as he later found out, 17:34.333 --> 17:36.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% slaves would continue to follow him, 17:36.800 --> 17:40.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% especially as he moves into South Carolina. 17:40.566 --> 17:43.066 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  In mid-January 1865, 17:43.066 --> 17:45.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Sherman's army  departed Savannah 17:45.333 --> 17:47.466 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and entered  South Carolina. 17:47.466 --> 17:49.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Roger> Savannah was spared... 17:49.466 --> 17:53.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% primarily because there was no real need to destroy it. 17:53.200 --> 17:56.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Confederate defenses were far enough outside of the city 17:56.566 --> 17:58.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that Sherman's artillery couldn't reach it, 17:58.966 --> 18:01.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and the city was evacuated 18:01.033 --> 18:03.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% before heavy artillery could be brought in. 18:03.666 --> 18:05.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Savannah was also the oldest city 18:05.933 --> 18:08.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% many of Sherman's men had seen, 18:08.200 --> 18:11.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and a lot of them were very taken with it. 18:11.933 --> 18:13.933 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  As in Georgia, 18:13.933 --> 18:15.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Sherman moved  in different directions 18:15.933 --> 18:18.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% in the lower part  of South Carolina. 18:18.566 --> 18:21.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The Confederates did not know  what his destination was. 18:21.933 --> 18:24.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They thought it could be  Charleston, Augusta, 18:24.566 --> 18:26.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% or, as a long shot,  Columbia. 18:26.833 --> 18:29.100 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% One thing  the Rebels did know... 18:29.100 --> 18:32.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Sherman was in the heart  of the state's swamplands. 18:32.466 --> 18:35.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Many a Confederate soldier  thought to himself 18:35.100 --> 18:37.366 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% that there  would be no way 18:37.366 --> 18:40.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Sherman could march  an army through that. 18:40.000 --> 18:42.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% But Yankee troops  made progress, 18:42.000 --> 18:45.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and in early February, they    entered the Salkehatchie Swamp. 18:45.366 --> 18:48.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The area today looks  much as it did 18:48.033 --> 18:49.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% when Sherman came through. 18:49.866 --> 18:51.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% In addition to  unfavorable terrain, 18:51.866 --> 18:53.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the Northern troops  also faced 18:53.866 --> 18:57.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% one of the worst winters  in the state's history. 18:57.233 --> 18:59.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% David> It was a period of tremendous rainfall. 18:59.866 --> 19:01.933 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% It was cold. 19:01.933 --> 19:04.133 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% It was rainy and wet. 19:04.133 --> 19:08.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% There are accounts of staff officers looking for generals 19:08.466 --> 19:11.700 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% while they were in the Salkehatchie Swamp 19:11.700 --> 19:14.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and finding the generals  and their staffs 19:14.333 --> 19:17.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% perched in trees,  like roosting turkeys, 19:17.233 --> 19:19.866 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% to get up  out of the water. 19:19.866 --> 19:24.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% There were people that had  to sleep in standing water. 19:24.033 --> 19:27.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% It was a real...  a real difficult campaign. 19:27.533 --> 19:29.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Roads had to be  corduroyed... 19:29.866 --> 19:31.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% in other words,  felling trees 19:31.866 --> 19:34.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and laying them  side to side 19:34.133 --> 19:36.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% so that you ride  over the logs 19:36.766 --> 19:40.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% in order to get what wagons  Sherman had along the road. 19:40.866 --> 19:43.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They had entire brigades  of pioneers 19:43.333 --> 19:45.600 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% out in front  of the soldiers 19:45.600 --> 19:47.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% felling thousands  of trees per day 19:47.866 --> 19:52.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and corduroying as much as    10 and 12 miles per day of road 19:52.733 --> 19:55.366 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% in order that  the armies could move. 19:55.366 --> 19:59.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It was a hard campaign, in the sense of creature comfort. 19:59.633 --> 20:03.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It was not a hard campaign from the Northern standpoint, 20:03.900 --> 20:06.666 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% in view of the lack of... 20:06.666 --> 20:08.666 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% military engagements. 20:08.666 --> 20:10.766 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  That would soon change. 20:10.766 --> 20:12.766 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Crossing the  Salkehatchie River, 20:12.766 --> 20:16.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the Union soldiers entered    an area known as Rivers Bridge. 20:16.500 --> 20:20.066 align:left position:15% line:59% size:75% Two thousand Rebel soldiers  awaited their arrival. 20:20.066 --> 20:23.633 align:left position:22.5% line:59% size:67.5% Kip> Rivers Bridge was one of three crossings, uh... 20:23.633 --> 20:26.800 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% that led across the Salkehatchie Swamp. 20:26.800 --> 20:29.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% There was a series  of bridges and causeways 20:29.800 --> 20:33.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% that led up to the actual  Rivers Bridge breastworks 20:33.166 --> 20:35.166 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% that are  still there today. 20:35.166 --> 20:38.166 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The Confederate forces  manned those breastworks 20:38.166 --> 20:42.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in an attempt to stop Sherman's  march into South Carolina. 20:42.166 --> 20:44.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% He originally went  south of these works 20:44.800 --> 20:47.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% to another area  called Broxton's Bridge 20:47.066 --> 20:49.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% where the Confederates  had also fortified. 20:49.333 --> 20:52.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% In reading reports  from some of his officers, 20:52.333 --> 20:54.333 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% they felt  it was suicide 20:54.333 --> 20:56.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% to try to go against  these breastworks, 20:56.966 --> 20:59.133 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% they were  so well maintained. 20:59.133 --> 21:01.366 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% They came  to Rivers Bridge. 21:01.366 --> 21:03.800 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% They attempted  a crossing there. 21:03.800 --> 21:06.533 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% A battle  of several days ensued, 21:06.533 --> 21:10.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% after which the  Confederate forces realized 21:10.900 --> 21:12.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that, one, they were  not only outnumbered, 21:12.733 --> 21:14.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% but they were being  outflanked on both flanks. 21:14.800 --> 21:19.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% They fired massive volleys  of cannon and rifle fire 21:19.600 --> 21:22.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% to put out dense  amounts of smoke, 21:22.300 --> 21:24.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and in that noise  and confusion and smoke, 21:24.766 --> 21:26.200 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% they withdrew  their forces 21:26.200 --> 21:28.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and left the  Rivers Bridge area. 21:28.033 --> 21:32.600 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Um...in terms of battle casualties, 21:32.600 --> 21:34.266 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% it was a very small engagement. 21:34.266 --> 21:37.000 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% In terms of the morale booster for South Carolina, 21:37.000 --> 21:39.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% it was probably one of the best. 21:39.266 --> 21:43.433 align:left position:22.5% line:65% size:67.5% [rifle and cannon fire  crackling and booming] 21:43.433 --> 21:53.433 align:left position:22.5% line:65% size:67.5% [rifle and cannon fire  crackling and booming] 21:53.433 --> 21:57.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% [bugle tooting,  sounds of battle] 21:57.433 --> 22:07.500 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% [shouting,  sounds of battle] 22:07.500 --> 22:17.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% [rifle and cannon fire  crackling and booming] 22:17.500 --> 22:27.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% [sounds of battle continue] 22:27.500 --> 22:37.500 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% [gunfire] 22:37.500 --> 22:47.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% [sounds of battle continue] 22:47.500 --> 22:57.500 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% [gunfire] 22:57.500 --> 23:07.566 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% [sounds of battle continue] 23:07.566 --> 23:17.566 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% [gunfire] 23:17.566 --> 23:27.566 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% [sounds of battle continue] 23:27.566 --> 23:37.566 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% [gunfire] 23:37.566 --> 23:47.566 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% [sounds of battle continue] 23:47.566 --> 23:57.566 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% [gunfire] 23:57.566 --> 24:07.633 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% [sounds of battle continue] 24:07.633 --> 24:15.633 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% [gunfire] 24:15.633 --> 24:17.900 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% [sounds of battle continue] 24:17.900 --> 24:19.133 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  Though the Confederates 24:19.133 --> 24:20.333 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% lost the Battle  of Rivers Bridge, 24:20.333 --> 24:23.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% they took solace in the fact  they did delay Sherman, 24:23.733 --> 24:26.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% even if only  for a couple of days. 24:26.733 --> 24:30.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Kip> It was the only organized...defense, 24:30.633 --> 24:32.800 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% or the first  organized defense, 24:32.800 --> 24:35.066 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% of the state of South Carolina 24:35.066 --> 24:37.700 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% once Sherman came out of Savannah 24:37.700 --> 24:41.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% to show that a small force of some 1500 Confederates 24:41.433 --> 24:44.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% could hold Sherman's entire army at bay 24:44.066 --> 24:46.333 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% for a period of several days 24:46.333 --> 24:50.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% showed there was still a will amongst the average soldier 24:50.066 --> 24:52.700 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% to get out and defend his homeland. 24:52.700 --> 24:54.700 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  Following Rivers Bridge, 24:54.700 --> 24:56.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Sherman emerged  from the swamps. 24:56.700 --> 24:59.700 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Dennis> I think Sherman said it in his autobiography, 24:59.700 --> 25:02.600 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% that his... his greatest achievement 25:02.600 --> 25:05.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was not the capture of the city of Atlanta 25:05.966 --> 25:08.600 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% or even the march to the sea. 25:08.600 --> 25:11.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% It was the movement across South Carolina, 25:11.233 --> 25:16.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% how he had moved his entire army through the frozen swamps 25:16.166 --> 25:19.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% in the winter of the January of 1865, 25:19.833 --> 25:23.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% marching northward across South Carolina. 25:23.000 --> 25:26.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% By and large, people said it couldn't be done. 25:26.366 --> 25:28.633 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Sherman did it, and he believed 25:28.633 --> 25:31.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that was his greatest achievement as a soldier. 25:31.633 --> 25:34.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% narrator> Georgia had suffered  over $100 million dollars 25:34.533 --> 25:36.066 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% in property damage 25:36.066 --> 25:37.633 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% at the hands  of Sherman's soldiers, 25:37.633 --> 25:40.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the general's troops  showed even more fury 25:40.633 --> 25:43.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% in their destructive march  through the Palmetto State. 25:43.633 --> 25:47.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% David> There were other commanders within his army 25:47.033 --> 25:49.800 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% that were more plainspoken about 25:49.800 --> 25:52.766 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% their opinions on what ought to be done... 25:52.766 --> 25:55.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% one of them being Judson Kilpatrick. 25:55.600 --> 26:00.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He jokingly wrote Sherman after having left Barnwell 26:00.000 --> 26:02.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% that the residents were going to have to "rename it Burnwell." 26:02.833 --> 26:07.833 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ [acoustic guitar music] 26:07.833 --> 26:17.833 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 26:17.833 --> 26:21.366 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% (male singer)  ♪ We waited by the river, ♪ 26:21.366 --> 26:23.766 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% ♪ with rifles in our hands. ♪ 26:23.766 --> 26:27.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% ♪ A handful of  the South's best and last, ♪ 26:27.600 --> 26:30.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% ♪ ready to make  a stand. ♪ 26:30.766 --> 26:33.566 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% ♪ I turned  to Billy Bratton, ♪ 26:33.566 --> 26:36.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% ♪ said, "Jesus,  look at 'em come!" ♪ 26:36.733 --> 26:40.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% ♪ The long blue lines  with sabers drawn, ♪ 26:40.266 --> 26:43.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% ♪ a-glitterin'  in the sun. ♪ 26:43.066 --> 26:46.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% ♪ Billy chewed  and spat and smiled, ♪ 26:46.066 --> 26:49.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% ♪ said, "Johnny,  I tell you true, ♪ 26:49.066 --> 26:53.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% ♪ "afore this day's gone,  there'll be hell to pay ♪ 26:53.166 --> 26:57.133 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% ♪ at the hands  of them boys in blue." ♪ 26:57.133 --> 27:00.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% ♪ And all the tears  wept a-through the years ♪ 27:00.933 --> 27:03.566 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% ♪ by the dyin'  Rebel lads ♪ 27:03.566 --> 27:06.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% ♪ couldn't quencher  the fire of hate ♪ 27:06.566 --> 27:10.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% ♪ in the heart of  that single Yankee man. ♪♪ 27:10.300 --> 27:12.133 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  By 1865, 27:12.133 --> 27:15.133 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% both sides in  the War Between the States 27:15.133 --> 27:18.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% had been fighting each other  for almost 4 years. 27:18.500 --> 27:21.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% For Confederates, a complete  uniform was a rarity. 27:21.500 --> 27:24.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Kip> Confederate soldiers of that time were, uh... 27:24.900 --> 27:26.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% although they were fairly ragged, 27:26.900 --> 27:29.166 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% we don't want to dress them 27:29.166 --> 27:32.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% or have them dressed in the completely ragged uniforms. 27:32.533 --> 27:35.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% They were wearing  a lot of homespun articles, 27:35.533 --> 27:37.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% a lot of things    they were able to get from home. 27:37.800 --> 27:40.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% A lot of the troops  that were at Rivers Bridge 27:40.500 --> 27:44.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% were South Carolina Militia/  home guard units... 27:44.533 --> 27:48.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% more or less civilians armed  to defend South Carolina. 27:48.400 --> 27:50.400 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% They wore  civilian attire, 27:50.400 --> 27:53.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% pretty much anything they could get their hands on. 27:53.766 --> 27:56.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% There were Confederate-issue uniforms amongst the ranks. 27:56.766 --> 27:59.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% A lot of officers were also in uniform. 27:59.766 --> 28:02.100 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>    For soldiers of Sherman's army, 28:02.100 --> 28:04.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the clothing situation  was surprisingly similar 28:04.500 --> 28:06.500 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% to that  of the Southerners. 28:06.500 --> 28:08.500 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% The Federals... 28:08.500 --> 28:11.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% you would think would be much better dressed, 28:11.500 --> 28:13.766 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% because they had the Northern Army, 28:13.766 --> 28:16.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the whole North, supplying them with their wares. 28:16.766 --> 28:20.566 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% However, in their march to Savannah, 28:20.566 --> 28:23.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% they far outdistanced their supply wagons, 28:23.466 --> 28:26.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and the Northern troops were fairly ragged 28:26.366 --> 28:28.866 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% when they got to Savannah. 28:28.866 --> 28:32.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Once they arrived there, they were re-supplied by sea. 28:32.733 --> 28:36.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% They did have much better  uniforms and equipment on 28:36.100 --> 28:38.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% than their counterparts  in the Confederate Army. 28:38.733 --> 28:41.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Of course, they were fairly well equipped, 28:41.366 --> 28:44.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% even though they had come through the Salkehatchie Swamp. 28:44.733 --> 28:47.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% narrator> Although the clothing  of both armies 28:47.033 --> 28:48.833 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% was in similar, sad condition, 28:48.833 --> 28:50.533 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% the same  could not be said 28:50.533 --> 28:53.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for the thoughts of the    Confederate and Union soldiers. 28:53.766 --> 28:55.966 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% In the winter  of 1865, 28:55.966 --> 28:59.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Sherman's army was    deep inside Southern territory, 28:59.100 --> 29:01.166 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% while the Confederates  felt themselves 29:01.166 --> 29:03.433 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% running out  of land and time. 29:03.433 --> 29:05.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Kip> I would have to say that the Federal troops 29:05.700 --> 29:09.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% were probably feeling a little high at that point. 29:09.066 --> 29:12.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% They knew the war  was getting close to over. 29:12.433 --> 29:15.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% They were proceeding into  the state of South Carolina, 29:15.800 --> 29:19.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% one of the last states  that needed to be gone into 29:19.900 --> 29:22.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and cleaned out  of the Rebel scum. 29:22.466 --> 29:25.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% They could smell  the end of the war. 29:25.533 --> 29:28.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% On the other hand, the Confederates 29:28.133 --> 29:30.900 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% also knew that the end was near, 29:30.900 --> 29:33.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% but it was a different kind of meaning for them. 29:33.833 --> 29:36.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% They would be the conquered... they would be the vanquished. 29:36.766 --> 29:41.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% As a result, they knew they were going to suffer harshly 29:41.966 --> 29:45.100 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% at the hands of their captors. 29:45.100 --> 29:50.333 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ [acoustic guitar music] 29:50.333 --> 29:55.566 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 29:55.566 --> 30:00.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% ♪ We hid there  in them tall pine trees, ♪ 30:00.066 --> 30:02.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% ♪ breathin'  soft and still. ♪ 30:02.900 --> 30:05.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% ♪ Columbia town  stood tall and proud ♪ 30:05.900 --> 30:08.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% ♪ just over  behind the hill. ♪ 30:08.900 --> 30:11.533 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% ♪ I looked  across at Billy ♪ 30:11.533 --> 30:15.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% ♪ through the green leaves  streaked with light. ♪♪ 30:15.100 --> 30:18.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% narrator> As Sherman continued  his push into South Carolina, 30:18.466 --> 30:20.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% it became clear  to his enemy 30:20.733 --> 30:23.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% what his next major  destination was... 30:23.100 --> 30:26.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Columbia, a city ill-prepared  for an invading army. 30:26.800 --> 30:29.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% David> This city was pretty well doomed. 30:29.066 --> 30:31.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Again, they should have had a plan 30:31.000 --> 30:33.166 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% for the defense of Columbia, 30:33.166 --> 30:35.166 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% but that's the big downfalling. 30:35.166 --> 30:38.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% There was no central plan 30:38.366 --> 30:40.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% made for the defense of South Carolina, 30:40.266 --> 30:43.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and there were no adequate troops to execute such a plan. 30:43.366 --> 30:46.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% narrator> Officials in South    Carolina called on General Lee, 30:46.733 --> 30:50.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% still tied down by General  Grant's army in Virginia, 30:50.100 --> 30:53.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% to provide soldiers  for the defense of Columbia. 30:53.100 --> 30:54.933 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% (Edgar)  Lee's response is, 30:54.933 --> 30:57.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Does the governor of South Carolina 30:57.200 --> 30:59.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% wish to have Generals Sherman and Grant 30:59.833 --> 31:02.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% in South Carolina  at the same time? 31:02.533 --> 31:04.800 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Lee's army was the only one 31:04.800 --> 31:08.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that might have been able to do something with Sherman, 31:08.533 --> 31:11.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and I'm not sure that even Lee's veterans 31:11.533 --> 31:13.533 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% could have hurried south 31:13.533 --> 31:16.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and then defended South Carolina or Georgia 31:16.600 --> 31:21.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% against Sherman's, by this time, veteran army of 60,000. 31:21.500 --> 31:26.666 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% [poignant bluegrass music] ♪ 31:26.666 --> 31:31.900 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 31:31.900 --> 31:33.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% >> From the Confederate standpoint, 31:33.900 --> 31:36.700 align:left position:22.5% line:59% size:67.5% Confederate troops were terribly demoralized. 31:36.700 --> 31:38.766 align:left position:35% line:59% size:55% This is true not only 31:38.766 --> 31:42.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% of the common, rank-and-file private or corporal, 31:42.333 --> 31:45.233 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% but also of the command. 31:45.233 --> 31:48.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The command, in many regards, had frankly given up. 31:48.600 --> 31:51.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Beauregard thought that South Carolina was indefensible. 31:51.600 --> 31:54.600 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% He was more interested in, uh... 31:54.600 --> 31:57.600 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% the West, the Trans-Mississippi. 31:57.600 --> 32:00.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% He was detailed to come back to South Carolina. 32:00.966 --> 32:04.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% He had been briefly absent from South Carolina 32:04.033 --> 32:07.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and was ordered to come back in early February. 32:07.400 --> 32:10.033 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% He pretty well threw up his hands 32:10.033 --> 32:13.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and didn't have any idea which way Sherman was heading. 32:13.766 --> 32:17.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% As late as the 9th, 10th, 11th of February, 32:17.133 --> 32:21.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% he had no idea whether Columbia was the target or not. 32:21.233 --> 32:23.666 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% And that idea of, uh... 32:23.666 --> 32:27.000 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% confusion, lack of purpose, 32:27.000 --> 32:29.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% demoralization, futility 32:29.333 --> 32:31.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% just permeated not only the command, 32:31.600 --> 32:34.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but everybody right down to the lowest private, 32:34.600 --> 32:36.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and the civilians felt it too. 32:36.866 --> 32:39.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% They felt that they were not being defended. 32:39.866 --> 32:41.966 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% The troops were inadequate. 32:41.966 --> 32:45.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The supplies, although here, couldn't even be defended. 32:45.200 --> 32:48.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Many supplies had to be dumped into the river 32:48.566 --> 32:50.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% here in Columbia and elsewhere. 32:50.700 --> 32:52.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% So it was confusion and demoralization 32:52.966 --> 32:54.966 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% on the South's side 32:54.966 --> 33:00.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and almost celebration and joviality on the Northern side 33:00.733 --> 33:02.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% because they could see light at the end of the tunnel. 33:02.800 --> 33:05.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% narrator> Sherman's troops were  just west of Columbia, 33:05.500 --> 33:07.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% with some soldiers  stationed 33:07.500 --> 33:10.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% along the southern shore  of the Saluda River. 33:10.133 --> 33:12.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% As the soldiers  entered this section, 33:12.400 --> 33:15.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% they had come upon  the Saluda River Factory 33:15.400 --> 33:16.633 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and promptly  burned it. 33:16.633 --> 33:20.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The ruins of the building  are still evident. 33:20.033 --> 33:26.100 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% [contemporary instrumental music] ♪ 33:26.100 --> 33:35.300 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 33:35.300 --> 33:44.500 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 33:44.500 --> 33:53.700 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 33:53.700 --> 34:02.966 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 34:02.966 --> 34:12.166 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 34:12.166 --> 34:21.366 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 34:21.366 --> 34:30.500 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 34:30.500 --> 34:39.700 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 34:39.700 --> 34:48.900 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 34:48.900 --> 34:51.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Heading downstream,    the soldiers came upon a bridge 34:51.900 --> 34:54.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% that retreating Confederates  had burned. 34:54.000 --> 34:57.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% A pontoon bridge  was constructed at the site, 34:57.000 --> 34:59.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and Sherman's men  crossed the Saluda River 34:59.633 --> 35:02.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% at the present-day location  of Riverbanks Zoo. 35:02.700 --> 35:05.000 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% From there,  they crossed the Broad River 35:05.000 --> 35:08.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% near the area  of the I-126 bridge. 35:08.333 --> 35:10.333 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Sherman was  at Columbia's doorstep, 35:10.333 --> 35:13.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and it was a place for which  he had a great hatred. 35:13.700 --> 35:17.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% In Sherman's eyes, Columbia  was not an innocent city. 35:17.200 --> 35:19.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Dr. Edgar> Columbia, in terms of the Confederacy, 35:19.533 --> 35:23.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% was a very important, um...town. 35:23.433 --> 35:27.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Not only was it  a railroad center-- 35:27.700 --> 35:30.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% railroads from the coast  and from the south and west 35:30.900 --> 35:32.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% came through Columbia-- 35:32.233 --> 35:35.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% but Columbia was a production center for the Confederacy. 35:35.266 --> 35:37.400 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Munitions  were produced here. 35:37.400 --> 35:39.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The Saluda Factory  produced 35:39.500 --> 35:42.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% blankets and cloth  for the Confederacy. 35:42.866 --> 35:44.866 align:left position:32.5% line:59% size:57.5% The Confederate printing plant, 35:44.866 --> 35:48.233 align:left position:27.5% line:59% size:62.5% down on the corner of Gervais and Huger Streets, 35:48.233 --> 35:51.233 align:left position:20% line:59% size:70% was producing Confederate currency--bills and bonds-- 35:51.233 --> 35:53.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% for the Confederacy after 1863. 35:53.500 --> 35:55.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Although the bills might say Richmond, 35:55.766 --> 35:58.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% they were printed here in Columbia. 35:58.666 --> 36:03.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% If you look at pre-1865 maps of Main Street, 36:03.100 --> 36:06.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% it seems like scarcely a block of Main Street 36:06.466 --> 36:09.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% between the capitol and 6 or 8 blocks down 36:09.833 --> 36:12.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% didn't have some kind of Confederate office 36:12.200 --> 36:13.766 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% located in it. 36:13.766 --> 36:16.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% So Columbia was a major production center, 36:16.933 --> 36:20.566 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% support center for the Confederate war effort. 36:20.566 --> 36:24.500 align:left position:20% line:59% size:70% >> What Sherman would say over and over again, 36:24.500 --> 36:28.233 align:left position:35% line:59% size:55% particularly after, um... 36:28.233 --> 36:31.033 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% he came to Columbia, um... 36:31.033 --> 36:35.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and as various citizens of the city came to him 36:35.466 --> 36:37.466 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% and, um... 36:37.466 --> 36:40.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% addressed questions or issues relating to loss of property, 36:40.933 --> 36:43.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% he would say over and over again, 36:43.733 --> 36:46.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% "You brought this on yourself," 36:46.066 --> 36:50.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% because by 1865, he was certainly convinced that 36:50.566 --> 36:55.566 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% the... entire Southern population 36:55.566 --> 36:59.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% had to take responsibility for the war. 36:59.566 --> 37:01.633 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  South Carolina had been 37:01.633 --> 37:03.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the first state  to break from the Union, 37:03.733 --> 37:05.566 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and the first  secession convention 37:05.566 --> 37:08.733 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% met here  at First Baptist Church. 37:08.733 --> 37:13.366 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% [poignant bluegrass music] ♪ 37:13.366 --> 37:23.300 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 37:23.300 --> 37:33.300 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 37:33.300 --> 37:43.300 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 37:43.300 --> 37:46.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% This is the west side  of the Statehouse. 37:46.300 --> 37:49.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Stars mark where Union artillery  hit the unfinished building. 37:49.833 --> 37:52.300 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% [indistinct shout  followed by cannon boom] 37:52.300 --> 37:54.766 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% [shout and  cannon boom repeats] 37:54.766 --> 37:57.233 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% [third shout  and cannon boom] 37:57.233 --> 37:59.700 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% [fourth shout  and cannon boom] 37:59.700 --> 38:02.233 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% [fifth shout  and cannon boom] 38:02.233 --> 38:04.700 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% [sixth shout  and cannon boom] 38:04.700 --> 38:07.166 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% [seventh shout  and cannon boom] 38:07.166 --> 38:09.633 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% [eighth shout  and cannon boom] 38:09.633 --> 38:12.100 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% [ninth shout  and cannon boom] 38:12.100 --> 38:14.566 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% [tenth shout  and cannon boom] 38:14.566 --> 38:16.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% narrator> As shells fell  upon the capital, 38:16.933 --> 38:19.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Sherman could see  a city in chaos. 38:19.566 --> 38:23.700 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Dr. Edgar> Law and order broke down 24 hours earlier. 38:23.700 --> 38:26.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Looters broke into stores on Main Street, 38:26.333 --> 38:28.966 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% including unfortunately members of Wheeler's cavalry 38:28.966 --> 38:30.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% before they left. 38:30.133 --> 38:31.666 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% That was Confederate cavalry 38:31.666 --> 38:34.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% who broke into stores on Main Street. 38:34.666 --> 38:37.666 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Looters down in the railroad depots 38:37.666 --> 38:39.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% are breaking into warehouses 38:39.833 --> 38:43.566 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% and set off munitions and blow themselves to kingdom come. 38:43.566 --> 38:46.466 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Anybody who can get aboard a train 38:46.466 --> 38:49.700 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% is getting aboard a train, um... 38:49.700 --> 38:52.700 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and it's one of those crazy things. 38:52.700 --> 38:55.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% State records are being put on board... 38:55.833 --> 38:59.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% but wounded Confederate soldiers are not. 38:59.066 --> 39:01.133 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% People who have money 39:01.133 --> 39:04.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% are trying to bribe their way on board. 39:04.133 --> 39:07.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% All of the veneer of civilization 39:07.466 --> 39:09.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% has almost totally disappeared from Columbia. 39:09.866 --> 39:12.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's every man and woman for himself, just about. 39:12.033 --> 39:14.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% David> There were fires that had been burning 39:14.100 --> 39:15.400 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in Columbia at the time. 39:15.400 --> 39:17.400 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Cotton had been set afire. 39:17.400 --> 39:20.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Certain warehouses were just stocked full of cotton, 39:20.400 --> 39:23.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and those bales had been pulled out in the street. 39:23.466 --> 39:27.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This was the South's most important, expensive commodity. 39:27.066 --> 39:29.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% They were destroying it so it couldn't fall 39:29.266 --> 39:30.633 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% into Northern hands. 39:30.633 --> 39:34.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% He probably saw a lot of smoke, panicked civilians, 39:34.666 --> 39:37.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the effect of, uh... artillery fire. 39:37.700 --> 39:40.533 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  On February 17, 1865, 39:40.533 --> 39:44.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% at the intersection  of present-day Beaufort Street 39:44.100 --> 39:45.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and River Drive, 39:45.366 --> 39:48.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% city officials  surrendered Columbia. 39:48.066 --> 39:49.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% As Union soldiers  entered the city, 39:49.733 --> 39:52.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they saw burning cotton  bales in the streets 39:52.733 --> 39:54.733 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% that had been  set afire 39:54.733 --> 39:57.366 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the night before  by the departing Rebels. 39:57.366 --> 39:59.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Sherman's men rushed  the Statehouse 39:59.366 --> 40:02.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% to plant the United States  flag on top of the building. 40:02.366 --> 40:03.700 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% All along  the grounds, 40:03.700 --> 40:06.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the soldiers destroyed  construction supplies, 40:06.433 --> 40:09.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and they gutted  the interior of the structure. 40:09.433 --> 40:12.300 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% This monument, located today  on the west grounds, 40:12.300 --> 40:13.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% of the statehouse 40:13.700 --> 40:17.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% had some of its leaves  knocked off by the soldiers. 40:17.133 --> 40:18.300 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Other damage  still evident 40:18.300 --> 40:21.166 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% is the cane of  the George Washington statue 40:21.166 --> 40:23.100 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% in front  of the Statehouse. 40:23.100 --> 40:25.366 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Sherman's men  broke it in half. 40:25.366 --> 40:26.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Dr. Edgar> When Sherman entered the city, 40:26.633 --> 40:29.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% there was a fierce wind blowing. 40:29.466 --> 40:31.466 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Um.... 40:31.466 --> 40:34.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% It was a very gusty February day, 40:34.100 --> 40:36.233 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and there are reports-- 40:36.233 --> 40:39.233 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% in fact, there is an old engraving 40:39.233 --> 40:43.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% from one of the newsmagazines of the day showing the trees. 40:43.900 --> 40:46.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The trees look like, it looks like a snowstorm. 40:46.200 --> 40:48.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% This is supposed to represent 40:48.633 --> 40:51.800 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% the cotton that was floating around. 40:51.800 --> 40:55.466 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The wind continued to blow very fiercely. 40:55.466 --> 40:58.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% In fact, it picked up about dusk, 40:58.266 --> 41:01.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and until about 3:00 in the morning 41:01.333 --> 41:04.633 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% on February 18, 1865, 41:04.633 --> 41:07.533 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% the wind was rather ferocious. 41:07.533 --> 41:10.333 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Once the city did catch fire, 41:10.333 --> 41:12.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the fire was spread very rapidly 41:12.600 --> 41:17.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% by burning debris that was just blown all over town. 41:17.033 --> 41:20.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Thavolvia> Then the situation got completely out of hand. 41:20.800 --> 41:26.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Sherman gave orders at various points to commanders 41:26.033 --> 41:28.666 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% to assist in putting out the fires, 41:28.666 --> 41:30.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% but then there were soldiers everywhere 41:30.933 --> 41:33.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% who were helping to start more fire. 41:33.566 --> 41:43.566 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% [fire crackling  and wind whistling] 41:43.566 --> 41:53.566 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% [fire crackling  and wind whistling] 41:53.566 --> 42:03.633 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% [fire crackling  and wind whistling] 42:03.633 --> 42:13.633 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% [fire crackling  and wind whistling] 42:13.633 --> 42:23.566 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% [fire crackling  and wind whistling] 42:23.566 --> 42:33.566 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% [fire crackling  and wind whistling] 42:33.566 --> 42:36.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% narrator> By the time  the fire was put out, 42:36.933 --> 42:39.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% one third of Columbia  lay in ruins. 42:39.400 --> 42:42.400 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Every building  on both sides of Main Street 42:42.400 --> 42:44.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% from Elmwood Avenue  to Gervais Street 42:44.666 --> 42:47.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% was severely damaged  or totally destroyed. 42:47.133 --> 42:50.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% David> So if it was a factory or a mill, 42:50.500 --> 42:53.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% a train station, anything of that sort, 42:53.500 --> 42:56.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% a government building, a courthouse... 42:56.600 --> 42:58.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% if it was a government building 42:58.866 --> 43:02.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% or if it was a civilian or privately-owned building 43:02.666 --> 43:04.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% which could render something of use 43:04.933 --> 43:07.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to the Confederate war effort, 43:07.433 --> 43:11.400 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% it was regarded as, um... 43:11.400 --> 43:14.400 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% dispensable and should be destroyed. 43:14.400 --> 43:16.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% narrator> As the population  came to Sherman 43:16.833 --> 43:18.500 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% to ask for assistance, 43:18.500 --> 43:21.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% he was not sympathetic  to their needs. 43:21.133 --> 43:22.900 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Dr. Edgar> Some Columbians, thinking 43:22.900 --> 43:25.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% to pacify their conquerors, 43:25.333 --> 43:27.833 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% broke into the Confederate warehouses 43:27.833 --> 43:30.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and brought out the supplies of medicinal whiskey. 43:30.833 --> 43:33.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Now, we're not talking about 80-proof stuff. 43:33.833 --> 43:36.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We're talking about good, old-fashioned corn liquor 43:36.833 --> 43:40.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that would take the paint off the side of a house. 43:40.933 --> 43:44.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And they ladled this out to incoming Union soldiers, 43:44.300 --> 43:47.666 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% many of whom had not slept for 48 hours, 43:47.666 --> 43:51.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% most of whom had not eaten for 48 hours. 43:51.033 --> 43:54.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% So you've got young soldiers on empty stomachs 43:54.033 --> 43:56.966 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% being given 100-proof-plus whiskey, 43:56.966 --> 44:00.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and it's no wonder that within a few hours 44:00.333 --> 44:02.933 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% they were a drunken...mob. 44:02.933 --> 44:05.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% narrator> Sherman and his troops  departed Columbia 44:05.566 --> 44:08.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% less than 48 hours  after their arrival. 44:08.400 --> 44:10.400 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Photos taken  after the fire 44:10.400 --> 44:12.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% show the magnitude  of the destruction. 44:12.666 --> 44:15.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Comparing the pictures  with scenes of today, 44:15.300 --> 44:20.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% one can truly say that Columbia  grew up and out of the ashes. 44:20.166 --> 44:24.933 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% [acoustic guitar music] ♪ 44:24.933 --> 44:28.300 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% ♪ Rifle balls  came buzzin' hot ♪ 44:28.300 --> 44:31.666 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ through the bushes  and tall pine trees, ♪ 44:31.666 --> 44:35.400 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ like the skeeters  on a hot summer night ♪ 44:35.400 --> 44:39.133 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ when there ain't  no trace of a breeze. ♪ 44:39.133 --> 44:42.133 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ Back and forth,  brave Hampton rode, ♪ 44:42.133 --> 44:45.866 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ sayin', "Boys, you  got to hold them lines." ♪ 44:45.866 --> 44:49.233 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% ♪ "You mean ours or theirs?"  Billy grinned, ♪ 44:49.233 --> 44:52.966 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ as we fell back  through the pines. ♪ 44:52.966 --> 44:59.800 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% ♪ I heard a rebel yell become  a brave lad's dyin' screams. ♪ 44:59.800 --> 45:03.566 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% ♪ Billy clutched his chest,  grabbed my arm, ♪ 45:03.566 --> 45:08.933 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% ♪ and fell down  on his kneeeeeesss.... ♪ 45:08.933 --> 45:15.100 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 45:15.100 --> 45:21.266 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 45:21.266 --> 45:24.933 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% ♪ The faces lit  by a bright orange glow ♪ 45:24.933 --> 45:28.100 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% ♪ that filled  the empty sky. ♪ 45:28.100 --> 45:31.533 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ That night I held  poor Billy close. ♪ 45:31.533 --> 45:34.833 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% ♪ He whispered  as he died, ♪ 45:34.833 --> 45:38.200 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% ♪ "We was with Longstreet  at Antietam Creek, ♪ 45:38.200 --> 45:41.566 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% ♪ "rode to hell and back  with Hood. ♪ 45:41.566 --> 45:44.566 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% ♪ "Never dreamed  I'd see the Congaree ♪ 45:44.566 --> 45:47.733 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% ♪ "run red  with Bratton blood. ♪ 45:47.733 --> 45:51.233 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ "Thirty miles away  in Camden town, ♪ 45:51.233 --> 45:53.733 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% ♪ my Lucy  waits alone." ♪ 45:53.733 --> 45:57.833 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% ♪ As he died, he chewed  and spat and smiled ♪ 45:57.833 --> 46:00.100 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% ♪ and said... ♪ 46:00.100 --> 46:04.766 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% [without guitar music]  "Lord...I was almost...home." 46:04.766 --> 46:06.766 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% [no audio] 46:06.766 --> 46:10.500 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ And all the tears  wept a-through the years ♪ 46:10.500 --> 46:13.133 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% ♪ by the dyin'  Rebel lads ♪ 46:13.133 --> 46:16.133 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% ♪ couldn't quencher  the fire of hate ♪ 46:16.133 --> 46:20.366 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% ♪ in the heart  of that single Yankee man. ♪ 46:20.366 --> 46:23.233 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ Demons danced...  Satan pranced. ♪ 46:23.233 --> 46:30.466 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ♪ They say Sherman  was his naaaa...ame. ♪ 46:30.466 --> 46:37.233 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% ♪ The night the devil fiddled  in South Carolina, ♪ 46:37.233 --> 46:44.366 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% ♪ while Columbia  went up in flaaames.... ♪♪ 46:44.366 --> 46:46.933 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 46:46.933 --> 46:50.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Dr. Edgar> In fact, I think one of the most gripping stories 46:50.500 --> 46:53.566 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% is that of Dr. Robert Wilson Gibbes, 46:53.566 --> 46:57.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% whose house was  up on Taylor Street. 46:57.433 --> 47:00.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% About midnight, somebody broke into his house, 47:00.066 --> 47:02.133 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% a drunken Union soldier, 47:02.133 --> 47:05.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and said, "A blue belly and a sulfur match 47:05.500 --> 47:08.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% are unwelcome guests on a dark and windy night," 47:08.866 --> 47:13.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% proceeded to rough him up and set fire to his house. 47:13.366 --> 47:15.866 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% This happened on other occasions. 47:15.866 --> 47:18.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% There are firsthand accounts of it. 47:18.366 --> 47:20.366 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% There are also firsthand accounts 47:20.366 --> 47:23.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% of Union soldiers protecting civilian property, 47:23.300 --> 47:27.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and, for example, the University of South Carolina survived 47:27.666 --> 47:29.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% because Union soldiers got up on the roofs 47:29.666 --> 47:32.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and, along with the university faculty, 47:32.266 --> 47:35.066 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% helped keep the roofs from going up. 47:35.066 --> 47:37.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% narrator> A question which  still evokes 47:37.466 --> 47:39.533 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% a wide range of debate is, 47:39.533 --> 47:42.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Who was responsible  for the burning of Columbia? 47:42.000 --> 47:46.566 align:left position:22.5% line:65% size:67.5% >> If you read accounts from Southerners, 47:46.566 --> 47:49.733 align:left position:25% line:65% size:65% they point the finger at the Federal Army. 47:49.733 --> 47:53.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% If you read accounts from Sherman's officers, 47:53.133 --> 47:55.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% they say that the majority of the fires 47:55.066 --> 47:56.533 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% were started by the Confederates 47:56.533 --> 47:59.200 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% in their haste to get out of the city. 47:59.200 --> 48:02.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% I would say regardless of who was responsible 48:02.033 --> 48:03.766 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% for starting the fires, 48:03.766 --> 48:05.766 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Sherman did absolutely nothing 48:05.766 --> 48:08.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% to stop the fires once they began. 48:08.400 --> 48:11.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% As a result, large portions of the city were burned down 48:11.566 --> 48:12.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% before the fires went out. 48:12.866 --> 48:15.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Dr. Edgar> I'm not sure we will ever know 48:15.133 --> 48:17.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% who really and truly burned Columbia. 48:17.966 --> 48:20.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% We know who burned some specific buildings. 48:20.933 --> 48:23.566 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% The one thing that everybody agrees on, 48:23.566 --> 48:26.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% whether it's a Confederate account or Union account, 48:26.566 --> 48:29.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and that is the fierce wind that was blowing. 48:31.166 --> 48:33.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% There was no way to stop the fire 48:33.100 --> 48:35.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% as long as the wind was blowing. 48:37.733 --> 48:39.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Columbia's primitive fire department 48:39.666 --> 48:41.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% was hindered by the drunken soldiers. 48:41.933 --> 48:43.500 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Fire hoses were cut. 48:43.500 --> 48:45.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Even if they hadn't, they couldn't have made much headway. 48:45.733 --> 48:49.066 align:left position:20% line:59% size:70% >> Sherman never intended to burn Columbia, 48:49.066 --> 48:53.366 align:left position:12.5% line:59% size:77.5% but when things got out of hand and the city caught fire, 48:55.400 --> 48:57.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% he didn't lift one finger to stop it. 48:57.333 --> 48:59.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% narrator> April 9, 1865, 48:59.600 --> 49:02.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Lee surrendered  to Grant in Virginia, 49:02.100 --> 49:05.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% for all practical purposes  ending the Civil War. 49:05.266 --> 49:07.900 align:left position:30% line:71% size:60% A few days later  in North Carolina, 49:07.900 --> 49:11.266 align:left position:20% line:71% size:70% Sherman's march through  the South came to a close. 49:11.266 --> 49:14.266 align:left position:20% line:71% size:70%   Thavolvia> The destruction in Georgia was immense, 49:14.266 --> 49:16.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% but it did not compare in intensity 49:16.933 --> 49:19.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to the destruction in South Carolina. 49:19.900 --> 49:22.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% When Sherman moved out of South Carolina 49:22.833 --> 49:25.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% into North Carolina, the plundering stopped. 49:25.933 --> 49:28.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% narrator> As far as the North  was concerned, 49:28.433 --> 49:31.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Sherman's march  was a major success. 49:31.200 --> 49:33.366 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Success was not  a word used to describe 49:33.366 --> 49:35.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Sherman in the years  prior to the war. 49:35.800 --> 49:38.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Dennis> Like many others, he left the army 49:38.433 --> 49:41.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and pursued other occupations in civilian life. 49:41.066 --> 49:43.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Tried to become a banker and failed at that. 49:43.900 --> 49:47.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Tried to become a lawyer and failed there also. 49:47.800 --> 49:53.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% So when the war broke out, Sherman was a... 49:53.666 --> 49:57.300 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% the head of a railcar company in Saint Louis. 49:57.300 --> 50:01.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% He participated in the battle of Bull Run 50:01.666 --> 50:04.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and did as miserably as the rest of the Federal Army. 50:04.400 --> 50:07.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% His brigade was driven from the battlefield. 50:07.033 --> 50:10.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% There was a part of Sherman  that was a workaholic. 50:10.766 --> 50:14.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% He was very much of a type A personality. 50:14.133 --> 50:18.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In his preparations when he was assigned to a, uh... 50:18.700 --> 50:20.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% duty in Kentucky, 50:20.700 --> 50:22.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% he literally worked himself 50:22.733 --> 50:25.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% into a frenzy, a nervous breakdown. 50:25.866 --> 50:29.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% narrator> Later Sherman joined  Grant's campaign. 50:29.466 --> 50:32.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% It was during the long battle  for Vicksburg, 50:32.066 --> 50:33.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that Sherman learned  from Grant 50:33.700 --> 50:35.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a maneuver he would use  during his march. 50:35.700 --> 50:38.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Thavolvia> Grant's success in orchestrating 50:38.666 --> 50:40.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% the Union victory at Vicksburg, 50:40.266 --> 50:45.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% which entailed breaking loose from his supply lines-- 50:45.266 --> 50:50.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% those two things would remain fixed in his mind 50:50.100 --> 50:55.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% when he gets to Atlanta and in his decision 50:55.000 --> 50:58.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% to cut loose from his supply lines from Atlanta, 50:58.033 --> 50:59.800 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% moving to Savannah. 50:59.800 --> 51:02.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% narrator> The conflict which  exists today 51:02.233 --> 51:03.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% between the public's  need to know 51:03.600 --> 51:07.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% versus the armed forces need  for military secrecy 51:07.400 --> 51:09.666 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% dates back  to the Civil War. 51:09.666 --> 51:11.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% All during the march,  the press was kept 51:11.433 --> 51:13.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% at arm's length from Sherman. 51:13.433 --> 51:16.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Dennis> Sherman did not enjoy good press. 51:16.500 --> 51:17.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% When he suffered a nervous breakdown, 51:17.966 --> 51:20.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the reporters reported that he was a crazy man, 51:20.966 --> 51:24.300 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% or, if he wasn't, he should be  locked away in an asylum, 51:24.300 --> 51:26.766 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% while he had suffered this nervous breakdown. 51:26.766 --> 51:31.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Sherman had all the journalists thrown out of his camp. 51:31.766 --> 51:34.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% He said that they were publishing information 51:34.400 --> 51:37.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that would be of use to the enemy. 51:37.400 --> 51:39.566 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% So as much as possible, 51:39.566 --> 51:43.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Sherman controlled information that journalists wrote. 51:43.733 --> 51:46.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Frankly, he preferred that there would not be 51:46.400 --> 51:47.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% any information whatever. 51:47.833 --> 51:50.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He considered the, uh... the journalists 51:50.666 --> 51:53.666 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% to be almost in league with the enemy 51:53.666 --> 51:56.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% because, inadvertently, they supplied them 51:56.200 --> 51:58.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% with valuable military intelligence. 51:58.833 --> 52:01.566 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% So he hated and despised them. 52:01.566 --> 52:04.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% narrator> Perhaps key to the  success of Sherman's march, 52:04.233 --> 52:05.633 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% despite his early failures, 52:05.633 --> 52:07.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% was the fact he had lived  in the South 52:07.833 --> 52:10.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% during the years  leading up to war. 52:10.266 --> 52:12.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Dennis> Sherman was one of the few who realized 52:12.133 --> 52:17.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% that this would be a long,  costly, and bloody war. 52:17.400 --> 52:19.300 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% He knew the Southerners best, 52:19.300 --> 52:23.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% having, uh...served in the South prior to the war. 52:23.800 --> 52:25.800 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% He knew the Southern people. 52:25.800 --> 52:27.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Dr. Edgar> He had been president of what eventually 52:27.666 --> 52:30.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% would become LSU. 52:30.700 --> 52:35.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% So he had a lot of knowledge and experience in the South. 52:35.600 --> 52:38.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Thavolvia> He was convinced that Southerners had-- 52:38.366 --> 52:42.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% or at least they were deluded in their belief 52:42.200 --> 52:48.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that the Northern public was, um... 52:48.466 --> 52:52.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% determined to, to... destroy slavery 52:52.200 --> 52:55.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and that they were also deluded in their belief 52:55.566 --> 52:59.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that the North would let the South go without a fight. 52:59.666 --> 53:02.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% narrator> Following the war,  Sherman was given command 53:02.500 --> 53:05.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the Army's activities  on the western frontier. 53:05.266 --> 53:08.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% In 1869, he became  general of the Army 53:08.266 --> 53:10.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% upon Grant's election  as President. 53:10.266 --> 53:12.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% Despite  strong support, 53:12.266 --> 53:15.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Sherman declined to run  for President in 1884. 53:15.933 --> 53:18.433 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% He died  in February 1891. 53:18.433 --> 53:23.200 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% [lively bluegrass music] ♪ 53:23.200 --> 53:32.266 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 53:32.266 --> 53:41.333 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 53:41.333 --> 53:50.400 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 53:50.400 --> 53:59.466 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 53:59.466 --> 54:08.600 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 54:08.600 --> 54:19.333 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 54:19.333 --> 54:20.500 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% narrator>  Total monetary damage 54:20.500 --> 54:22.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% done by Sherman's troops  during the march 54:22.233 --> 54:25.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% is estimated in the hundreds  of millions of dollars... 54:25.600 --> 54:28.766 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% billions by  today's values. 54:28.766 --> 54:30.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% But perhaps  the greatest destruction 54:30.733 --> 54:32.966 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% to the people  in the path of the march 54:32.966 --> 54:35.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was not physical,  but emotional. 54:35.700 --> 54:37.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Dr. Edgar> Sherman and Grant, but particularly Sherman, 54:37.566 --> 54:41.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% were practicing what today we would call a "total war." 54:41.500 --> 54:45.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And his march to the sea and through the Carolinas 54:45.233 --> 54:49.900 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% is a very good example of how... 54:49.900 --> 54:55.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% modern military planners look at the total picture. 54:55.066 --> 54:57.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% They don't just deal with the army. 54:57.000 --> 54:59.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% They deal with the support, with the home front. 54:59.266 --> 55:02.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The object is to bring the war to a conclusion 55:02.766 --> 55:04.166 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% as quickly as possible. 55:04.166 --> 55:08.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% If it means attacking the home front, the civilian population, 55:08.466 --> 55:11.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% depriving them of food, transportation, housing, 55:11.733 --> 55:15.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% what have you... you do it. 55:15.000 --> 55:17.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The idea is to reduce your casualties. 55:17.366 --> 55:20.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% If the enemy suffers, that's too bad...he's the enemy. 55:20.433 --> 55:28.500 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ [poignant bluegrass music] 55:28.500 --> 55:34.500 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ ♪ 55:34.500 --> 55:43.633 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 55:43.633 --> 55:52.766 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 55:52.766 --> 56:01.966 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 56:01.966 --> 56:11.100 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 56:11.100 --> 56:20.233 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 56:20.233 --> 56:29.300 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 56:29.300 --> 56:38.433 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 56:38.433 --> 56:47.566 align:left position:50% line:5% size:40% ♪ 56:47.566 --> 56:51.566 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% (music fades)