1 00:00:02,566 --> 00:00:07,066 (man chanting, drumming) 2 00:00:07,066 --> 00:00:09,733 NARRATOR: Native America is alive. 3 00:00:09,733 --> 00:00:11,733 ♪ ♪ 4 00:00:11,733 --> 00:00:14,766 Its roots stretch back more than 13,000 years... 5 00:00:14,766 --> 00:00:16,366 (conch horn trumpets) 6 00:00:16,366 --> 00:00:18,733 ...to America's original explorers. 7 00:00:18,733 --> 00:00:21,033 (flute music playing) 8 00:00:21,033 --> 00:00:24,266 New people who create a new world. 9 00:00:24,266 --> 00:00:27,866 (flute music continues, birds chirping) 10 00:00:27,866 --> 00:00:31,300 From North to South America, 11 00:00:31,300 --> 00:00:36,500 distant peoples share one common belief-- 12 00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:42,733 a deep connection to Earth, sky, water, and all living things. 13 00:00:44,466 --> 00:00:45,666 TERESA RYAN: We are a part of this forest 14 00:00:45,666 --> 00:00:47,433 as much as the forest is a part of us. 15 00:00:47,433 --> 00:00:50,833 (hammering) 16 00:00:50,833 --> 00:00:54,500 BEAU DICK: All of our ceremonies illustrate that one notion 17 00:00:54,500 --> 00:00:57,766 of connectedness, not only with our fellow beings, 18 00:00:57,766 --> 00:00:58,900 the animals and other creatures, 19 00:00:58,900 --> 00:01:01,300 but with all of creation. 20 00:01:01,300 --> 00:01:05,100 NARRATOR: From this deep respect for nature, 21 00:01:05,100 --> 00:01:08,300 people create great nations. 22 00:01:08,300 --> 00:01:09,933 ALAN HUNT: There is a certain pressure 23 00:01:09,933 --> 00:01:12,333 in knowing that you're going to become chief. 24 00:01:12,333 --> 00:01:13,633 (fires crackling) 25 00:01:13,633 --> 00:01:16,400 NARRATOR: They grapple with war and peace... 26 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:18,333 (creature howling) 27 00:01:18,333 --> 00:01:19,833 KEN MARACLE: We were covered in darkness, 28 00:01:19,833 --> 00:01:24,166 so the Peacemaker was sent by the Creator to stop this. 29 00:01:24,166 --> 00:01:25,300 (birds chirping) 30 00:01:25,300 --> 00:01:27,300 NARRATOR: ...and develop governments 31 00:01:27,300 --> 00:01:30,533 from dictatorships to a democracy 32 00:01:30,533 --> 00:01:35,133 that will inspire the United States Constitution. 33 00:01:36,500 --> 00:01:38,000 This is the birthplace of democracy. 34 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:39,533 ♪ ♪ 35 00:01:39,533 --> 00:01:43,933 NARRATOR: How do Native Americans go from ancient explorers 36 00:01:43,933 --> 00:01:47,966 to the founders of America's first democracy? 37 00:01:47,966 --> 00:01:52,066 ♪ ♪ 38 00:01:52,066 --> 00:01:53,166 (birds chirping) 39 00:01:53,166 --> 00:01:55,466 (flute playing) 40 00:01:55,466 --> 00:02:00,066 At the intersection of modern scholarship and Native knowledge 41 00:02:00,066 --> 00:02:06,200 is a new vision of America and the people who built it. 42 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:11,033 This is "Native America." 43 00:02:11,033 --> 00:02:13,400 44 00:02:15,866 --> 00:02:18,166 (birds chirping) 45 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:24,433 NARRATOR: This is the birthplace of American democracy. 46 00:02:24,433 --> 00:02:26,433 (man speaking Native language) 47 00:02:26,433 --> 00:02:30,700 Not Boston, Philadelphia, or Washington, DC, 48 00:02:30,700 --> 00:02:34,466 but here, at Onondaga Lake in Syracuse, New York. 49 00:02:34,466 --> 00:02:36,566 (man continues speaking) 50 00:02:36,566 --> 00:02:40,500 ♪ ♪ 51 00:02:40,500 --> 00:02:42,100 On these shores, 52 00:02:42,100 --> 00:02:44,833 Native Americans build villages of longhouses. 53 00:02:44,833 --> 00:02:49,800 ♪ ♪ 54 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:53,233 In one great longhouse, five tribes come together 55 00:02:53,233 --> 00:02:55,800 to put an end to war. 56 00:02:58,100 --> 00:03:00,733 ♪ ♪ 57 00:03:00,733 --> 00:03:02,633 Around the year 1150, 58 00:03:02,633 --> 00:03:06,433 600 years before the Declaration of Independence, 59 00:03:06,433 --> 00:03:10,566 they form America's first democracy. 60 00:03:10,566 --> 00:03:12,433 Their government will inspire 61 00:03:12,433 --> 00:03:16,600 the revolutionaries who create the United States. 62 00:03:16,600 --> 00:03:18,800 Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin 63 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:21,433 had no idea of what democracy is 64 00:03:21,433 --> 00:03:23,666 till they came here. 65 00:03:23,666 --> 00:03:27,700 NARRATOR: In the 1740s, Benjamin Franklin prints speeches 66 00:03:27,700 --> 00:03:30,133 from one of their leaders, Canassatego, 67 00:03:30,133 --> 00:03:35,966 who encourages democracy for the colonists. 68 00:03:35,966 --> 00:03:38,433 Their chiefs advise the founding fathers 69 00:03:38,433 --> 00:03:41,833 at one of their first meetings. 70 00:03:41,833 --> 00:03:44,666 And the newly independent United States 71 00:03:44,666 --> 00:03:48,966 adopts a 13-arrow bundle into its official seal, 72 00:03:48,966 --> 00:03:52,000 echoing the Native Americans' five arrows 73 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:56,833 that symbolize strength through unity. 74 00:03:56,833 --> 00:03:58,533 (men chanting) 75 00:03:58,533 --> 00:04:01,066 Their descendants still live in upstate New York 76 00:04:01,066 --> 00:04:03,366 as a sovereign nation, 77 00:04:03,366 --> 00:04:06,233 with their own passports and government. 78 00:04:06,233 --> 00:04:09,100 ♪ ♪ 79 00:04:09,100 --> 00:04:13,400 They are the world's oldest continuous democracy. 80 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:16,066 SID HILL: So we try to educate people who we are. 81 00:04:16,066 --> 00:04:18,233 NARRATOR: Sid Hill is their chief of chiefs. 82 00:04:18,233 --> 00:04:22,466 His people are commonly known as the Iroquois, 83 00:04:22,466 --> 00:04:23,933 but that's a French name. 84 00:04:23,933 --> 00:04:27,966 HILL: The name that we call ourselves is the Haudenosaunee, 85 00:04:27,966 --> 00:04:30,466 people of the longhouse. 86 00:04:31,666 --> 00:04:33,633 NARRATOR: The Haudenosaunee story 87 00:04:33,633 --> 00:04:36,066 of creating the first American democracy 88 00:04:36,066 --> 00:04:38,633 is encoded in this, 89 00:04:38,633 --> 00:04:42,666 a tapestry of sacred shell beads called a wampum belt. 90 00:04:42,666 --> 00:04:45,333 HILL: If you look at the structure of it, it's very basic, 91 00:04:45,333 --> 00:04:47,533 it's very plain. 92 00:04:47,533 --> 00:04:51,233 It represents our way of keeping records. 93 00:04:51,233 --> 00:04:52,866 It's our history book. 94 00:04:54,100 --> 00:04:57,166 NARRATOR: This one is known as the Hiawatha Belt. 95 00:04:57,166 --> 00:05:02,400 Since 1900, it has been in the hands of the State of New York. 96 00:05:02,400 --> 00:05:04,066 The tribe fought to get it back, 97 00:05:04,066 --> 00:05:08,733 and today, for the first time in over a hundred years, 98 00:05:08,733 --> 00:05:11,100 it returns to Onondaga Lake. 99 00:05:11,100 --> 00:05:15,666 ♪ ♪ 100 00:05:19,333 --> 00:05:21,166 PORTER: If you hold it like this, you see how heavy. 101 00:05:21,166 --> 00:05:23,766 See? Oh, heavy. 102 00:05:23,766 --> 00:05:26,866 ♪ ♪ 103 00:05:29,233 --> 00:05:30,933 Whenever you touch this belt, 104 00:05:30,933 --> 00:05:33,166 you're greeting your ancestors. 105 00:05:33,166 --> 00:05:36,800 NARRATOR: Tom Porter is a Mohawk spiritual leader. 106 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:40,300 Our great-great-grandfather and great-great-grandmother 107 00:05:40,300 --> 00:05:42,066 made this belt, 108 00:05:42,066 --> 00:05:45,200 and they made it so that we won't never forget 109 00:05:45,200 --> 00:05:50,033 what they did, the law they made. 110 00:05:50,033 --> 00:05:54,066 (woman singing in Native language) 111 00:05:54,066 --> 00:05:58,066 NARRATOR: The Hiawatha Belt tells the story of a prophet of peace 112 00:05:58,066 --> 00:06:01,600 who arrives in a white stone canoe: 113 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:04,700 a grieving warrior named Hiawatha, 114 00:06:04,700 --> 00:06:07,500 who has to choose between bloody vengeance 115 00:06:07,500 --> 00:06:09,733 or a message of peace... 116 00:06:09,733 --> 00:06:14,800 (woman singing in Native language) 117 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:16,533 And a powerful clan mother 118 00:06:16,533 --> 00:06:19,733 who must overcome an evil warlord. 119 00:06:19,733 --> 00:06:22,233 (fire crackling) 120 00:06:24,900 --> 00:06:29,633 Together, they establish America's first democracy. 121 00:06:29,633 --> 00:06:35,400 ♪ ♪ 122 00:06:35,400 --> 00:06:38,866 Haudenosaunee democracy grows out of a long history 123 00:06:38,866 --> 00:06:41,133 of people living on this land. 124 00:06:41,133 --> 00:06:45,000 ♪ ♪ 125 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:49,733 More than 13,000 years ago, small groups of hunter-gatherers 126 00:06:49,733 --> 00:06:54,233 spread out quickly across the virgin continent. 127 00:06:54,233 --> 00:06:56,100 (wind whipping) 128 00:06:56,100 --> 00:06:59,333 They develop both a scientific understanding 129 00:06:59,333 --> 00:07:03,766 of the cycles of the Earth, sun, and stars 130 00:07:03,766 --> 00:07:06,966 and a spiritual connection to nature-- 131 00:07:06,966 --> 00:07:11,300 Earth, sky, water, and all living things. 132 00:07:11,300 --> 00:07:13,800 (birds chirping) 133 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:18,100 ♪ ♪ 134 00:07:18,100 --> 00:07:21,600 By the time Europeans arrive in 1492, 135 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:26,333 Native Americans number a hundred million people. 136 00:07:26,333 --> 00:07:29,900 They live in diverse societies... 137 00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:31,500 (chanting) 138 00:07:31,500 --> 00:07:36,233 ...from nomadic tribes to monumental kingdoms, 139 00:07:36,233 --> 00:07:42,266 from dictatorships to democracies. 140 00:07:42,266 --> 00:07:44,600 ♪ ♪ 141 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:45,900 How do Native Americans 142 00:07:45,900 --> 00:07:49,033 draw inspiration from the natural world 143 00:07:49,033 --> 00:07:52,533 to create great nations? 144 00:07:52,533 --> 00:07:55,733 ♪ ♪ 145 00:08:02,733 --> 00:08:05,900 A continent away from Onondaga Lake, 146 00:08:05,900 --> 00:08:10,033 in the Andes Mountains of northern Peru, 147 00:08:10,033 --> 00:08:13,100 thousands of people take part 148 00:08:13,100 --> 00:08:15,633 in a revolutionary social experiment. 149 00:08:15,633 --> 00:08:18,566 ♪ ♪ 150 00:08:18,566 --> 00:08:21,633 This is Chavin de Huantar, 151 00:08:21,633 --> 00:08:25,033 one of Native America's very first nations. 152 00:08:26,133 --> 00:08:28,200 JOHN RICK: The temple constructions of Chavin 153 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,366 is what I would call 154 00:08:31,366 --> 00:08:33,866 the building of a whole new world. 155 00:08:36,900 --> 00:08:40,366 NARRATOR: Chavin has one of America's first monumental structures 156 00:08:40,366 --> 00:08:41,933 built of stone, 157 00:08:41,933 --> 00:08:46,066 dating back to 1300 BCE. 158 00:08:46,066 --> 00:08:49,866 Chavin is only about the size of two football fields, 159 00:08:49,866 --> 00:08:55,700 but projects influence over an area the size of California. 160 00:08:55,700 --> 00:08:56,766 RICK: Okay. 161 00:08:56,766 --> 00:08:58,900 NARRATOR: Archaeologist John Rick 162 00:08:58,900 --> 00:09:03,166 sees this community as a tipping point in America's history. 163 00:09:03,166 --> 00:09:05,166 RICK: They're using new technologies. 164 00:09:05,166 --> 00:09:09,266 Cut stone is particularly prominent at Chavin. 165 00:09:09,266 --> 00:09:12,066 People are working granite 166 00:09:12,066 --> 00:09:15,500 in ways that people haven't before this time period. 167 00:09:15,500 --> 00:09:18,466 ♪ ♪ 168 00:09:20,466 --> 00:09:24,933 NARRATOR: At the center of Chavin is a flat-topped pyramid temple. 169 00:09:27,233 --> 00:09:31,000 The rituals performed here would draw in 170 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:33,766 tens of thousands of people from across the Andes. 171 00:09:36,300 --> 00:09:38,966 How can this temple lay the foundation 172 00:09:38,966 --> 00:09:43,566 of one of America's first nations? 173 00:09:43,566 --> 00:09:45,633 La vista es magnifico. 174 00:09:45,633 --> 00:09:49,266 NARRATOR: Part of the answer lies beneath the temple 175 00:09:49,266 --> 00:09:52,066 in a mysterious maze of tunnels. 176 00:09:52,066 --> 00:09:54,833 ♪ ♪ 177 00:10:01,333 --> 00:10:04,266 Down here, priests would conduct rituals 178 00:10:04,266 --> 00:10:06,666 evoking the supernatural. 179 00:10:08,533 --> 00:10:13,100 RICK: Chavin has this emphasis on underground space. 180 00:10:13,100 --> 00:10:17,400 The tunnels have multiple-level staircases leading between them 181 00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:20,266 and channels that lead from the interior space 182 00:10:20,266 --> 00:10:21,866 to the outside world. 183 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:27,533 NARRATOR: Along the walls are channels leading to the surface. 184 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:30,533 They bring air in, 185 00:10:30,533 --> 00:10:33,966 but they also carry something out. 186 00:10:33,966 --> 00:10:37,600 (flute begins playing) 187 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:40,733 Music. 188 00:10:40,733 --> 00:10:45,666 (flute continues) 189 00:10:45,666 --> 00:10:49,500 Tito La Rossa is an indigenous Andean musician 190 00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:52,800 and master of ancient instruments. 191 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:56,666 He's working with John to test the acoustics in the tunnels. 192 00:10:58,866 --> 00:11:00,866 Tito has brought instruments similar 193 00:11:00,866 --> 00:11:04,966 to those excavated at Chavin-- 194 00:11:04,966 --> 00:11:06,800 flutes carved from bone. 195 00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:09,266 (plays notes) 196 00:11:11,933 --> 00:11:14,233 Whistles carved from stone. 197 00:11:14,233 --> 00:11:19,266 (plays notes) 198 00:11:19,266 --> 00:11:21,200 And a conch shell trumpet. 199 00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:23,900 (trumpets loudly) 200 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:34,766 (conversing in Spanish) 201 00:11:35,433 --> 00:11:36,800 (trumpeting) 202 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,233 LA ROSSA: 203 00:11:55,633 --> 00:11:58,066 NARRATOR: The sound of the conch shell is central 204 00:11:58,066 --> 00:12:01,433 to one of Chavin's most important rituals. 205 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:07,466 At the heart of the underground maze stands a carved statue 206 00:12:07,466 --> 00:12:10,433 called the Lanzon. 207 00:12:10,433 --> 00:12:15,066 It is a representation of Chavin's supreme deity, 208 00:12:15,066 --> 00:12:17,200 part human, part jaguar. 209 00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:18,966 (trumpet plays loudly) 210 00:12:18,966 --> 00:12:23,800 The sound of the conch shell mimics its call. 211 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:27,933 RICK: The Lanzon figure is a transformed human being 212 00:12:27,933 --> 00:12:29,800 or a deity. 213 00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:33,766 It's human with power animals. 214 00:12:33,766 --> 00:12:35,566 They're saying, "We're built of this. 215 00:12:35,566 --> 00:12:37,266 "We're descended from it. 216 00:12:37,266 --> 00:12:39,000 "We're intrinsically related to it, 217 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:42,000 and we're going to remind you of it all the time." 218 00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:46,633 NARRATOR: Only a few privileged people can fit 219 00:12:46,633 --> 00:12:51,300 in the underground Lanzon chamber to see the deity. 220 00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:53,233 But above ground, 221 00:12:53,233 --> 00:12:56,500 thousands of worshippers may have been able to hear it 222 00:12:56,500 --> 00:12:59,233 in a large circular plaza. 223 00:12:59,233 --> 00:13:02,233 RICK: Okay, so we probably want to come up to this step. 224 00:13:02,233 --> 00:13:06,266 Yeah, then get it aimed right... 225 00:13:06,266 --> 00:13:10,233 RICK: The Lanzon is directly in line with the circular plaza. 226 00:13:10,233 --> 00:13:11,866 That's not arbitrary. 227 00:13:11,866 --> 00:13:14,566 NARRATOR: John wants to see if the channels can carry 228 00:13:14,566 --> 00:13:16,300 the sound of the conch shell 229 00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:19,233 from deep below, in the Lanzon chamber, 230 00:13:19,233 --> 00:13:22,100 to the temple's exterior plaza. 231 00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:23,833 Okay, Tito, let it blast. 232 00:13:24,733 --> 00:13:30,333 (trumpets loudly) 233 00:13:34,633 --> 00:13:36,333 RICK: Wow. 234 00:13:36,333 --> 00:13:37,700 That's coming through, coming through. 235 00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:41,233 Yeah, it's really... it's real clear. 236 00:13:41,233 --> 00:13:45,566 (trumpet continues) 237 00:13:45,566 --> 00:13:50,266 WOMAN: The way it spreads all around the plaza 238 00:13:50,266 --> 00:13:51,400 is incredible. 239 00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:52,566 It's very strong. 240 00:13:54,166 --> 00:13:57,766 NARRATOR: The conch shell can be heard clearly in the courtyard. 241 00:13:57,766 --> 00:13:59,133 (trumpeting begins again) 242 00:13:59,133 --> 00:14:03,233 And it comes through twice as loud as any other sounds. 243 00:14:03,233 --> 00:14:04,633 RICK: We don't hear any of the voices. 244 00:14:04,633 --> 00:14:08,300 All we hear is the sound of the trumpet. 245 00:14:10,533 --> 00:14:14,900 NARRATOR: This temple is a 3,000-year-old noise-cancelling, 246 00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:18,300 surround-sound amplifier. 247 00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:23,966 It allows masses of people to share in Chavin's rituals. 248 00:14:23,966 --> 00:14:25,966 RICK: It wasn't all or nothing-- 249 00:14:25,966 --> 00:14:29,266 you either got into the Lanzon chamber or you didn't-- 250 00:14:29,266 --> 00:14:33,533 but rather there are these different levels of distance 251 00:14:33,533 --> 00:14:36,266 that people might have been at from the Lanzon. 252 00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:42,866 NARRATOR: Distance from the Lanzon creates a hierarchy of power. 253 00:14:42,866 --> 00:14:45,966 The elite priests are in the chamber. 254 00:14:45,966 --> 00:14:48,600 Everyone else is outside. 255 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:52,633 ♪ ♪ 256 00:14:52,633 --> 00:14:57,866 But through sound, they all participate in shared rituals. 257 00:15:00,066 --> 00:15:03,966 RICK: Chavin is part of something that's going on 258 00:15:03,966 --> 00:15:07,066 throughout many areas of the New World, 259 00:15:07,066 --> 00:15:10,966 this development of sociocultural complexity, 260 00:15:10,966 --> 00:15:13,000 of leadership and authority. 261 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:17,133 People saying, "We are not all created equal." 262 00:15:17,133 --> 00:15:19,866 They are establishing common ideas 263 00:15:19,866 --> 00:15:23,033 about what differentiates humans beings 264 00:15:23,033 --> 00:15:26,866 and why some are more in a position to command than others. 265 00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:33,200 NARRATOR: The priests of Chavin create a shared experience centered 266 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,666 on powerful sounds and symbols from the natural world. 267 00:15:36,666 --> 00:15:39,966 ♪ ♪ 268 00:15:39,966 --> 00:15:43,566 It transforms priests into leaders 269 00:15:43,566 --> 00:15:46,900 and people into citizens. 270 00:15:48,266 --> 00:15:51,900 Chavin isn't just the architecture of a temple, 271 00:15:51,900 --> 00:15:56,033 it's the foundation of a government. 272 00:15:56,033 --> 00:15:59,433 ♪ ♪ 273 00:16:07,900 --> 00:16:10,766 (grunting) 274 00:16:10,766 --> 00:16:13,266 (chanting) 275 00:16:13,266 --> 00:16:15,066 (exhales sharply) 276 00:16:15,066 --> 00:16:17,233 Across the Americas, 277 00:16:17,233 --> 00:16:21,533 rituals based on symbols from the natural world 278 00:16:21,533 --> 00:16:23,000 bind communities 279 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:26,500 and have the power to unite people into nations. 280 00:16:26,500 --> 00:16:29,600 (drumming and chanting) 281 00:16:32,066 --> 00:16:35,133 For the Haudenosaunee in northeast America, 282 00:16:35,133 --> 00:16:40,033 that symbol is the shell of the wampum belt. 283 00:16:40,033 --> 00:16:42,266 MARACLE: What you're going to do is add three, 284 00:16:42,266 --> 00:16:43,866 put on the other purple. 285 00:16:45,266 --> 00:16:49,700 NARRATOR: Ken Maracle, a Haudenosaunee wampum belt maker, 286 00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:51,800 is passing on the tradition. 287 00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:53,133 Here you go. 288 00:16:53,133 --> 00:16:54,233 (clears throat) 289 00:16:58,000 --> 00:16:59,733 MARACLE: We all have gifts. 290 00:16:59,733 --> 00:17:01,900 We're not put here for nothing. 291 00:17:01,900 --> 00:17:03,666 Some day you'll find that. 292 00:17:03,666 --> 00:17:06,566 When you start growing, you'll find things. 293 00:17:06,566 --> 00:17:07,933 It's like the light turns on. 294 00:17:07,933 --> 00:17:11,533 NARRATOR: Ken and his protégés are making a replica 295 00:17:11,533 --> 00:17:13,133 of an ancient belt. 296 00:17:13,133 --> 00:17:15,833 MARACLE: Just keep on pulling it right through. 297 00:17:15,833 --> 00:17:16,766 Yeah, like that. 298 00:17:16,766 --> 00:17:19,000 Wampum beads are very delicate. 299 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:20,233 They'll break easy. 300 00:17:20,233 --> 00:17:22,000 And you may get frustrated. 301 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:25,166 ♪ ♪ 302 00:17:25,166 --> 00:17:28,000 But when you put them together, they're strong. 303 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:30,666 They all support one and other. 304 00:17:30,666 --> 00:17:32,300 Just like when we put all our people 305 00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:35,666 and all our nations together, they're strong. 306 00:17:38,566 --> 00:17:40,733 NARRATOR: They're using glass beads, 307 00:17:40,733 --> 00:17:43,600 but the original is made from shells. 308 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:49,233 The word "wampum" means "white shell beads." 309 00:17:50,633 --> 00:17:54,433 They weave together rows of the strung beads on a loom. 310 00:17:55,666 --> 00:17:59,466 The patterns create meaning. 311 00:17:59,466 --> 00:18:02,133 MARACLE: Wampum is a way 312 00:18:02,133 --> 00:18:06,633 of portraying words that we put into the wampum. 313 00:18:06,633 --> 00:18:09,566 There is a story behind that. 314 00:18:09,566 --> 00:18:12,200 It's part of our history is right in there. 315 00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:15,400 NARRATOR: The Hiawatha Belt tells the story 316 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,400 of the Haudenosaunee's legendary founding 317 00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:21,566 and wampum's power to heal. 318 00:18:21,566 --> 00:18:23,566 ♪ ♪ 319 00:18:23,566 --> 00:18:26,933 Before the Haudenosaunee create their democracy, 320 00:18:26,933 --> 00:18:29,266 they were five warring tribes 321 00:18:29,266 --> 00:18:33,166 living in an area of what is now upstate New York-- 322 00:18:33,166 --> 00:18:40,033 the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk. 323 00:18:40,033 --> 00:18:41,300 MARACLE: We were in turmoil. 324 00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:43,400 We were covered in darkness, 325 00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:47,700 so the Peacemaker was sent by the Creator to stop this. 326 00:18:47,700 --> 00:18:50,333 ♪ ♪ 327 00:18:50,333 --> 00:18:54,066 NARRATOR: The color of the wampum beads in the Hiawatha Belt 328 00:18:54,066 --> 00:18:57,666 represents this period of war. 329 00:18:57,666 --> 00:19:00,366 G. PETER JEMISON: The purple represents the time period 330 00:19:00,366 --> 00:19:01,566 of loss and of grief 331 00:19:01,566 --> 00:19:05,100 when this warfare was taking place constantly 332 00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:07,933 within our confederacy. 333 00:19:07,933 --> 00:19:11,533 NARRATOR: The story recorded in this belt begins in the midst 334 00:19:11,533 --> 00:19:13,400 of these wars. 335 00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:19,200 (woman singing in Native language) 336 00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:23,033 It tells of a warrior named Hiawatha 337 00:19:23,033 --> 00:19:27,566 who meets a prophet known as the Peacemaker. 338 00:19:27,566 --> 00:19:30,133 (wind blows, woman singing) 339 00:19:33,666 --> 00:19:38,466 MAN (speaking Native language): 340 00:19:51,766 --> 00:19:53,800 (fires crackling) 341 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,200 (distant echoing) 342 00:20:03,266 --> 00:20:05,433 (waves crashing, birds calling) 343 00:20:05,433 --> 00:20:10,033 ♪ ♪ 344 00:20:15,366 --> 00:20:18,366 JEMISON: The story goes that he came up with a way 345 00:20:18,366 --> 00:20:20,500 of helping a person who is in grief 346 00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:24,566 by using this wampum to clear their eyes, 347 00:20:24,566 --> 00:20:27,033 open their ears, clear their throat 348 00:20:27,033 --> 00:20:28,366 so they could speak clearly. 349 00:20:28,366 --> 00:20:31,100 ♪ ♪ 350 00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:32,966 NARRATOR: Using the purity of shells 351 00:20:32,966 --> 00:20:35,900 to bring a person to a clear state of mind 352 00:20:35,900 --> 00:20:39,000 is called the condolence ceremony. 353 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:41,133 ♪ ♪ 354 00:20:41,133 --> 00:20:43,633 It was invented by Hiawatha, 355 00:20:43,633 --> 00:20:48,066 and the Haudenosaunee still practice it today. 356 00:20:49,666 --> 00:20:53,100 HILL: Those wampum beads are very sacred, very spiritual. 357 00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:56,166 They're alive, and you treat them as such. 358 00:20:56,166 --> 00:20:59,233 And that's what gives them that power of importance 359 00:20:59,233 --> 00:21:00,333 to our people. 360 00:21:00,333 --> 00:21:04,300 ♪ ♪ 361 00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:08,300 NARRATOR: That power also comes from the origin of the beads, 362 00:21:08,300 --> 00:21:12,666 how they are collected and shaped by human hands. 363 00:21:12,666 --> 00:21:15,500 ♪ ♪ 364 00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:18,166 Marcus Hendricks makes wampum beads. 365 00:21:18,166 --> 00:21:22,166 He is a member of the Mashpee Wampanoag. 366 00:21:22,166 --> 00:21:25,500 ♪ ♪ 367 00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:29,100 The Haudenosaunee acquired wampum beads from his people 368 00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:32,766 and other Atlantic coastal communities. 369 00:21:32,766 --> 00:21:34,800 Wampanoag means "people of the first light" 370 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:36,800 or "people of the dawn." 371 00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:42,400 They witness the first horizon of the sun coming up. 372 00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:46,466 ♪ ♪ 373 00:21:49,933 --> 00:21:53,900 NARRATOR: The first step to making wampum is gathering shellfish 374 00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:57,300 in his ancestral waters off Cape Cod. 375 00:21:58,966 --> 00:22:00,733 HENDRICKS: When I come out onto the water, 376 00:22:00,733 --> 00:22:03,666 there's a connection to my ancestors... 377 00:22:05,033 --> 00:22:09,766 A relationship that goes through my blood and my veins. 378 00:22:13,133 --> 00:22:17,900 NARRATOR: The shells of quahog are the raw material for wampum. 379 00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:22,700 ♪ ♪ 380 00:22:25,033 --> 00:22:28,100 HENDRICKS: You want to look for a good thickness in a quahog. 381 00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:31,366 ♪ ♪ 382 00:22:39,966 --> 00:22:44,200 NARRATOR: The fire is both the first step in a gratitude offering 383 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:47,166 and prepares the quahog to be opened. 384 00:22:48,666 --> 00:22:52,200 HENDRICKS: I was taught really young to take the time to give thanks 385 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:54,900 and say a few prayers to the Creator. 386 00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:57,666 We do that any time we're harvesting anything 387 00:22:57,666 --> 00:22:58,900 from Mother Earth. 388 00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:02,000 NARRATOR: Marcus uses traditional methods 389 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:06,000 to transform the shell into wampum beads, 390 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,666 refining raw shell until it can be strung together 391 00:23:09,666 --> 00:23:11,800 into a wampum belt. 392 00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:13,833 (tapping) 393 00:23:13,833 --> 00:23:17,933 HENDRICKS: Each bead took a lot of hours and a lot of manpower. 394 00:23:19,433 --> 00:23:23,966 Each strand probably would have taken a year to make. 395 00:23:27,233 --> 00:23:33,000 NARRATOR: When strung into a belt, wampum empowers the person holding it 396 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:36,066 as a representative of their people. 397 00:23:37,333 --> 00:23:40,833 (woman singing in Native language) 398 00:23:43,266 --> 00:23:46,366 HENDRICKS: They were made for ceremonies to depict stories 399 00:23:46,366 --> 00:23:48,500 and treaties between tribes. 400 00:23:48,500 --> 00:23:51,066 (woman singing in Native language) 401 00:23:51,066 --> 00:23:55,066 So if I was to go visit another nation, I would bring the belt 402 00:23:55,066 --> 00:23:58,900 to show that there's a close bond between... 403 00:23:58,900 --> 00:24:00,233 between the nations. 404 00:24:00,233 --> 00:24:05,266 ♪ ♪ 405 00:24:05,266 --> 00:24:09,366 NARRATOR: The wampum belt acts as a treaty. 406 00:24:10,566 --> 00:24:13,200 The Wampanoag, Haudenosaunee, 407 00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:16,233 and other Native peoples of the Northeast 408 00:24:16,233 --> 00:24:18,333 use wampum to hold memories 409 00:24:18,333 --> 00:24:20,900 and create bonds between nations. 410 00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:24,033 ♪ ♪ 411 00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:31,666 In the Pacific Northwest, 412 00:24:31,666 --> 00:24:34,466 memories and ties that bind are embodied 413 00:24:34,466 --> 00:24:37,966 in one of Native America's most iconic structures: 414 00:24:37,966 --> 00:24:40,933 totem poles. 415 00:24:40,933 --> 00:24:44,833 (distant humming) 416 00:24:44,833 --> 00:24:49,133 Like wampum belts, totem poles record the history 417 00:24:49,133 --> 00:24:52,033 of war, kinship, and leaders. 418 00:24:52,033 --> 00:24:54,000 (man singing in Native language) 419 00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:56,866 But totem poles are often misunderstood. 420 00:24:56,866 --> 00:24:59,033 ALAN HUNT: You know, the saying "low man on the totem pole" 421 00:24:59,033 --> 00:25:01,000 doesn't really equate at all. 422 00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:03,133 They're just about all as equally as important 423 00:25:03,133 --> 00:25:04,600 as the next guy, and, you know, 424 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:06,000 the guy on the bottom is supporting 425 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:07,133 everything else above him, 426 00:25:07,133 --> 00:25:10,266 so it actually seems a little backwards. 427 00:25:10,266 --> 00:25:13,033 ♪ ♪ 428 00:25:13,033 --> 00:25:18,766 NARRATOR: The power of the pole comes from the cedar tree. 429 00:25:18,766 --> 00:25:22,233 Cedar is central to the lives of the Native peoples 430 00:25:22,233 --> 00:25:25,100 of the Northwest. 431 00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:30,566 It is used to make clothing, storage chests, 432 00:25:30,566 --> 00:25:33,366 and ceremonial masks. 433 00:25:33,366 --> 00:25:36,366 ♪ ♪ 434 00:25:36,366 --> 00:25:40,166 For Kwakwaka'wakw carvers Alan Hunt and Beau Dick, 435 00:25:40,166 --> 00:25:44,233 cedar is a portal to the past. 436 00:25:44,233 --> 00:25:45,800 DICK: There is a certain relationship 437 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:48,500 that our people have with the cedar tree. 438 00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:51,000 (hammering) 439 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:55,433 It reconnects us with our ancestors, with our story, 440 00:25:55,433 --> 00:25:56,466 with our identity, 441 00:25:56,466 --> 00:25:59,866 and it's just really sacred to us. 442 00:25:59,866 --> 00:26:02,433 (scraping wood) 443 00:26:08,333 --> 00:26:09,866 Each grain is a year, 444 00:26:09,866 --> 00:26:13,700 and you become sensitized to it the more you work it. 445 00:26:13,700 --> 00:26:18,500 You feel it cutting through each year in time. 446 00:26:20,633 --> 00:26:23,600 My grandfather did that. 447 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,466 My great-grandfather did that. 448 00:26:26,466 --> 00:26:29,966 My great-great-great-grandfather did that. 449 00:26:29,966 --> 00:26:32,266 They all did it. 450 00:26:32,266 --> 00:26:35,766 I'm following their footsteps. 451 00:26:35,766 --> 00:26:39,233 And that's really personal. 452 00:26:39,233 --> 00:26:41,100 And we share that. 453 00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:44,033 We're following what was provided by our ancestors 454 00:26:44,033 --> 00:26:48,266 and the relationship that they had with the Creator. 455 00:26:48,266 --> 00:26:51,266 (sanding) 456 00:26:51,266 --> 00:26:54,266 NARRATOR: Alan and Beau are carving a moon mask. 457 00:26:54,266 --> 00:26:57,000 It's one of the many important figures 458 00:26:57,000 --> 00:27:01,933 in the Kwakwaka'wakw origin story. 459 00:27:01,933 --> 00:27:04,300 DICK: Our history goes back 460 00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:05,433 to the beginning of time 461 00:27:05,433 --> 00:27:07,433 when Raven first brought light to the world. 462 00:27:07,433 --> 00:27:09,400 (scraping wood) 463 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:13,933 NARRATOR: Cedar also immortalizes the legacy of leaders. 464 00:27:13,933 --> 00:27:19,466 And, one day, artists may carve images that represent Alan Hunt, 465 00:27:19,466 --> 00:27:21,900 for he is about to become a chief. 466 00:27:21,900 --> 00:27:26,433 (drumming) 467 00:27:28,333 --> 00:27:30,366 Final preparations are being made 468 00:27:30,366 --> 00:27:34,366 in the Fort Rupert Big House on Vancouver Island. 469 00:27:34,366 --> 00:27:36,300 Kwakwaka'wakw chiefs are named 470 00:27:36,300 --> 00:27:40,233 through either the mother or the father's line. 471 00:27:40,233 --> 00:27:43,166 Alan will replace his grandfather as chief 472 00:27:43,166 --> 00:27:46,466 in a ceremony called a potlatch. 473 00:27:46,466 --> 00:27:49,533 (men singing in Native language) 474 00:27:52,766 --> 00:27:56,333 ALAN HUNT: All of my mentor chiefs kept telling me, 475 00:27:56,333 --> 00:27:58,833 you know, "Take a deep breath, we've all been through it. 476 00:27:58,833 --> 00:28:00,500 It's going to come together." 477 00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:02,600 And now here it is, it's coming together, 478 00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,366 and it's going to be all right and I'm breathing deeply here. 479 00:28:06,366 --> 00:28:10,433 (drumming, singing) 480 00:28:10,433 --> 00:28:14,400 NARRATOR: Terena Hunt is Alan's mother. 481 00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:17,333 It's just a wonderful moment for us as a family to witness. 482 00:28:17,333 --> 00:28:18,766 (drumming, singing) 483 00:28:18,766 --> 00:28:22,633 NARRATOR: For centuries, potlatches have honored births, 484 00:28:22,633 --> 00:28:27,166 deaths, weddings, and new chiefs. 485 00:28:27,166 --> 00:28:29,466 ♪ ♪ 486 00:28:29,466 --> 00:28:31,900 ALAN HUNT: This is the way that we kept history, you know, 487 00:28:31,900 --> 00:28:34,966 is the passing of names and dances and all the stories 488 00:28:34,966 --> 00:28:37,500 from the beginning of time. 489 00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:41,800 NARRATOR: The potlatch ceremony is like a living totem pole, 490 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,333 illustrating the nation's heritage. 491 00:28:44,333 --> 00:28:45,500 (drumming, singing) 492 00:28:45,500 --> 00:28:49,266 It starts with a series of sacred dances 493 00:28:49,266 --> 00:28:51,566 depicting ancestral stories. 494 00:28:51,566 --> 00:28:55,300 (drumming, singing) 495 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:06,500 (drumming, singing) 496 00:29:14,866 --> 00:29:18,000 ♪ ♪ 497 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:21,233 Everyone in the room receives a cedar crown. 498 00:29:21,233 --> 00:29:23,333 (people talking quietly) 499 00:29:30,166 --> 00:29:31,766 RYAN: The reason that we wear them 500 00:29:31,766 --> 00:29:32,933 at the feast 501 00:29:32,933 --> 00:29:36,633 is to protect us as guests and also the host 502 00:29:36,633 --> 00:29:38,566 from evil spirits 503 00:29:38,566 --> 00:29:40,600 so that everything goes well. 504 00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,333 (people talking quietly) 505 00:29:43,333 --> 00:29:46,033 (fire crackling) 506 00:29:46,033 --> 00:29:49,366 ♪ ♪ 507 00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:04,566 ♪ ♪ 508 00:30:10,533 --> 00:30:15,766 (man speaking Native language) 509 00:30:15,766 --> 00:30:19,966 NARRATOR: Alan's uncle places a cedar headpiece on him, 510 00:30:19,966 --> 00:30:22,866 anointing Alan a new chief. 511 00:30:22,866 --> 00:30:27,200 (man speaking Native language) 512 00:30:28,933 --> 00:30:30,666 ALAN HUNT: There's a certain pressure in knowing 513 00:30:30,666 --> 00:30:33,500 that you're going to become chief. 514 00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:35,766 I am taking on the responsibility 515 00:30:35,766 --> 00:30:39,833 of holding up my tribe and to provide for them, 516 00:30:39,833 --> 00:30:42,800 and make sure that our culture doesn't die. 517 00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,300 ♪ ♪ 518 00:30:46,300 --> 00:30:48,000 TERENA HUNT: I'm honored-- 519 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,533 (crying): sorry-- 520 00:30:50,533 --> 00:30:52,033 to be his mom. 521 00:30:52,033 --> 00:30:53,800 And I'm proud. 522 00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:58,733 (man speaking in Native language) 523 00:31:01,033 --> 00:31:04,533 (drumming and chanting) 524 00:31:04,533 --> 00:31:10,300 ♪ ♪ 525 00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:12,133 DICK: There's something really magical 526 00:31:12,133 --> 00:31:18,766 that comes into play when the host is humble 527 00:31:18,766 --> 00:31:24,700 and not pinned to this idea of chieftainship as being prestige. 528 00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:27,666 And it's not an easy thing. 529 00:31:27,666 --> 00:31:29,766 It's a heavy load. 530 00:31:29,766 --> 00:31:33,533 (drumming and chanting) 531 00:31:33,533 --> 00:31:36,500 ALAN HUNT: From the moment that they put the cedar ring on me, 532 00:31:36,500 --> 00:31:38,933 it was an electric moment, 533 00:31:38,933 --> 00:31:44,866 to feel so connected with such an old history. 534 00:31:44,866 --> 00:31:47,566 You know, the baton's been passed to me 535 00:31:47,566 --> 00:31:49,466 and now it's my job to carry it well 536 00:31:49,466 --> 00:31:52,066 and pass it on to my children. 537 00:31:52,066 --> 00:31:55,300 (drumming and chanting) 538 00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:59,466 ♪ ♪ 539 00:31:59,466 --> 00:32:01,800 NARRATOR: Cedar-- in ceremonies and carvings-- 540 00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:06,000 documents the past, celebrates leadership, 541 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,000 and provides a path to the future by passing on 542 00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:12,866 ancient traditions to a new generation. 543 00:32:12,866 --> 00:32:14,833 ♪ ♪ 544 00:32:14,833 --> 00:32:18,366 DICK: Without the ability to create masks, 545 00:32:18,366 --> 00:32:23,266 to perform in our ceremonies... 546 00:32:23,266 --> 00:32:27,533 Without that, our people can't survive. 547 00:32:27,533 --> 00:32:30,833 So much of our survival came from this tree 548 00:32:30,833 --> 00:32:33,566 and our connection to the forest. 549 00:32:33,566 --> 00:32:34,533 (birds calling) 550 00:32:34,533 --> 00:32:37,333 Through that one tree. 551 00:32:37,333 --> 00:32:39,033 ♪ ♪ 552 00:32:39,033 --> 00:32:44,000 NARRATOR: Kwakwaka'wakw history is rooted in the majestic cedar. 553 00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:46,833 (corn stalks rustling) 554 00:32:46,833 --> 00:32:50,133 For the Haudenosaunee, ideals of government 555 00:32:50,133 --> 00:32:53,500 are embodied in a tiny plant: 556 00:32:53,500 --> 00:32:55,466 corn. 557 00:32:55,466 --> 00:32:57,800 (husk cracking) 558 00:32:59,166 --> 00:33:03,300 Today, the Haudenosaunee are beginning their harvest. 559 00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:07,866 The crew is led by Angie Ferguson. 560 00:33:07,866 --> 00:33:11,400 She's on a mission to keep the food of her ancestors alive 561 00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:15,066 and the health of her nation strong. 562 00:33:15,066 --> 00:33:18,400 FERGUSON: Through colonization, we grew away from eating 563 00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:20,233 what our bodies were accustomed to, 564 00:33:20,233 --> 00:33:23,966 and not only are those foods 565 00:33:23,966 --> 00:33:25,966 part of our health and nutrition, 566 00:33:25,966 --> 00:33:29,900 but those are part of our spiritual entities 567 00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:31,200 that keep us who we are. 568 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:33,133 NARRATOR: Angie is returning 569 00:33:33,133 --> 00:33:35,500 to traditional seeds and farming methods 570 00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:38,700 developed over thousands of years. 571 00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:42,033 FERGUSON: In a lot of our teachings, food is at the basis 572 00:33:42,033 --> 00:33:44,500 of the entire Haudenosaunee community. 573 00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:47,766 ♪ ♪ 574 00:33:50,633 --> 00:33:54,366 NARRATOR: For the Haudenosaunee, corn is more than a crop. 575 00:33:54,366 --> 00:33:57,733 It's a teacher. 576 00:33:57,733 --> 00:34:00,900 Roger Cook was taught one of its most important lessons 577 00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:03,133 by his grandfather: 578 00:34:03,133 --> 00:34:08,533 When making decisions, always look to the seventh generation. 579 00:34:08,533 --> 00:34:10,800 COOK: All the things that we do in the garden, 580 00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:14,100 we're always thinking about that seventh generation. 581 00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:19,133 It's a lot of hard work to put into the corn 582 00:34:19,133 --> 00:34:22,566 so that our children that we don't even know yet, 583 00:34:22,566 --> 00:34:24,866 our grandchildren, will have this. 584 00:34:24,866 --> 00:34:28,633 That's how far ahead we have to look. 585 00:34:28,633 --> 00:34:31,533 NARRATOR: Haudenosaunee ancestors didn't simply focus 586 00:34:31,533 --> 00:34:33,900 on feeding themselves and their children. 587 00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,200 They planned centuries ahead. 588 00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:39,700 ♪ ♪ 589 00:34:39,700 --> 00:34:44,600 It's a strategy that changed the world. 590 00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,500 10,000 years ago, there was no corn-- 591 00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:51,900 only a tiny weed called teosinte. 592 00:34:51,900 --> 00:34:53,733 Over hundreds of generations 593 00:34:53,733 --> 00:34:57,033 of careful observation and seed selection, 594 00:34:57,033 --> 00:35:00,233 it was developed into corn. 595 00:35:00,233 --> 00:35:04,433 And that's only the beginning. 596 00:35:04,433 --> 00:35:06,800 Native Americans feed a population 597 00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:08,666 of 100 million people 598 00:35:08,666 --> 00:35:12,300 by developing new foods from wild plants. 599 00:35:12,300 --> 00:35:13,833 (digging) 600 00:35:13,833 --> 00:35:17,433 The potato, the tomato, 601 00:35:17,433 --> 00:35:21,333 peanuts, chocolate, 602 00:35:21,333 --> 00:35:25,533 and dozens of varieties of beans and squash. 603 00:35:25,533 --> 00:35:28,666 Today, these crops provide 604 00:35:28,666 --> 00:35:32,033 60 percent of the world's grown food. 605 00:35:32,033 --> 00:35:36,600 But for Native America, corn is king. 606 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:40,633 ♪ ♪ 607 00:35:40,633 --> 00:35:43,300 It's the power behind one of the ancient world's 608 00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:47,033 most advanced societies: 609 00:35:47,033 --> 00:35:50,800 the Maya. 610 00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:55,333 From 250 to 900, Maya city-states thrive 611 00:35:55,333 --> 00:35:57,933 across what is now Southern Mexico, 612 00:35:57,933 --> 00:36:00,300 Guatemala, and Honduras. 613 00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:04,500 ♪ ♪ 614 00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:08,866 The Maya invent their own system of writing, 615 00:36:08,866 --> 00:36:12,966 which records the emergence of a new kind of leader: 616 00:36:12,966 --> 00:36:15,200 a divine king. 617 00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:20,200 One Maya king ranks among the longest-reigning monarchs 618 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:21,833 in the world: 619 00:36:21,833 --> 00:36:26,533 King Pakal, who ruled for 68 years. 620 00:36:26,533 --> 00:36:29,666 ♪ ♪ 621 00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:36,900 Art historian Mary Miller has come to his capital city 622 00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:39,933 in search of the key to his success. 623 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:52,066 This is Palenque, in what is now Chiapas, Mexico. 624 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:59,066 MILLER: Architects and artists came here and made things 625 00:36:59,066 --> 00:37:02,133 of extraordinary wonder and imagination, 626 00:37:02,133 --> 00:37:04,366 and we wonder at them today, as well. 627 00:37:04,366 --> 00:37:07,533 (crickets chirping) 628 00:37:07,533 --> 00:37:11,133 It was a kind of magical place. 629 00:37:11,133 --> 00:37:13,966 NARRATOR: Palenque is surrounded by some of the best soil 630 00:37:13,966 --> 00:37:15,900 in the region. 631 00:37:15,900 --> 00:37:19,766 The corn, or maize, that grows here 632 00:37:19,766 --> 00:37:23,000 brings prosperity to the city. 633 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:27,766 But to King Pakal, maize brings much more: 634 00:37:27,766 --> 00:37:30,433 immortality. 635 00:37:30,433 --> 00:37:33,900 Pakal uses his riches to construct 636 00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:38,800 the Temple of the Inscriptions, a monumental tomb. 637 00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:40,666 MILLER: Pakal created 638 00:37:40,666 --> 00:37:44,633 the most remarkable funerary monument to himself 639 00:37:44,633 --> 00:37:46,900 that any Maya king ever built. 640 00:37:46,900 --> 00:37:50,033 ♪ ♪ 641 00:37:50,033 --> 00:37:55,200 When he died, he was placed into a sarcophagus 642 00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:57,833 and royally dressed in jades. 643 00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:02,266 NARRATOR: Steps within the temple lead down 644 00:38:02,266 --> 00:38:05,600 to Pakal's final resting place. 645 00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:09,900 Perfectly intact for over a thousand years, 646 00:38:09,900 --> 00:38:14,033 inside is the largest Maya sarcophagus ever found. 647 00:38:16,533 --> 00:38:20,433 The lid is carved with images connecting King Pakal 648 00:38:20,433 --> 00:38:23,366 to the Maize God. 649 00:38:23,366 --> 00:38:29,200 MILLER: We see the great king depicted as the Maize God being reborn. 650 00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:33,900 In his death, maize will eternally return to Palenque. 651 00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:39,166 NARRATOR: Pakal associates his own birth and death 652 00:38:39,166 --> 00:38:43,300 to corn's cycles of planting and harvesting. 653 00:38:43,300 --> 00:38:46,666 He assures his people that as the Maize God, 654 00:38:46,666 --> 00:38:49,533 he will return in a never-ending cycle 655 00:38:49,533 --> 00:38:53,100 of birth, death, and resurrection, 656 00:38:53,100 --> 00:38:56,866 and with each cycle, provide sustenance for his nation. 657 00:39:00,333 --> 00:39:07,966 Pakal takes a simple crop and elevates it to a religion. 658 00:39:07,966 --> 00:39:09,733 MILLER: At the heart of Maya religion, 659 00:39:09,733 --> 00:39:14,066 the most fundamental notion is that man is maize, 660 00:39:14,066 --> 00:39:18,300 and as the maize plant flourishes each year, 661 00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:20,633 so too does humanity. 662 00:39:20,633 --> 00:39:23,633 (insects and birds chirping) 663 00:39:23,633 --> 00:39:28,800 NARRATOR: Corn has the power to build a kingdom for the Maya. 664 00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:35,433 For the Haudenosaunee, corn will build a democracy. 665 00:39:35,433 --> 00:39:39,833 ♪ ♪ 666 00:39:39,833 --> 00:39:45,533 The inspiration is an ancient farming method called Dioheka, 667 00:39:45,533 --> 00:39:48,433 or the Three Sisters. 668 00:39:48,433 --> 00:39:52,366 FERGUSON: Our Three Sisters, the corn, beans, and the squash, 669 00:39:52,366 --> 00:39:55,066 are all meant to grow together 670 00:39:55,066 --> 00:39:57,600 to help each other out. 671 00:39:57,600 --> 00:39:59,133 NARRATOR: Planted together, 672 00:39:59,133 --> 00:40:02,666 the Three Sisters are a farming miracle. 673 00:40:02,666 --> 00:40:05,833 Corn strips soil of nitrogen, 674 00:40:05,833 --> 00:40:10,700 but bean roots balance this by replenishing nitrogen. 675 00:40:10,700 --> 00:40:14,066 And the broad prickly leaves of the squash plant 676 00:40:14,066 --> 00:40:18,333 reduce weeds and deter pests. 677 00:40:18,333 --> 00:40:21,900 When consumed together, corn, beans, and squash 678 00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:26,966 provide all the essential nutrients for a healthy diet. 679 00:40:26,966 --> 00:40:29,100 ♪ ♪ 680 00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:33,033 The Three Sisters is a model for community organizing. 681 00:40:33,033 --> 00:40:35,500 (corn rustling) 682 00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:36,833 FERGUSON: In our communities, 683 00:40:36,833 --> 00:40:40,033 you need people that can stand tall like the corn, 684 00:40:40,033 --> 00:40:42,833 and they need people to assist 685 00:40:42,833 --> 00:40:45,766 and hold them up, like the beans. 686 00:40:45,766 --> 00:40:47,900 And you have your squash that's laying down 687 00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:49,700 to protect everything. 688 00:40:49,700 --> 00:40:52,300 ♪ ♪ 689 00:40:53,633 --> 00:40:55,166 It's something that's opening our eyes 690 00:40:55,166 --> 00:40:57,833 to see what our ancestor was trying to show us. 691 00:40:59,533 --> 00:41:01,433 NARRATOR: The Haudenosaunee adopt 692 00:41:01,433 --> 00:41:03,900 the Three Sisters' cooperative approach in nature 693 00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:07,900 to a cooperative approach in governance. 694 00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:11,566 (birds calling) 695 00:41:11,566 --> 00:41:14,033 This principle is expressed in the structure 696 00:41:14,033 --> 00:41:18,133 that defines their very identity: 697 00:41:18,133 --> 00:41:21,666 the longhouse. 698 00:41:25,866 --> 00:41:29,500 Pete Jemison is an elder from the Seneca People. 699 00:41:29,500 --> 00:41:32,633 JEMISON: The Haudenosaunee, what that translates to 700 00:41:32,633 --> 00:41:35,866 is that our people built an extended house, 701 00:41:35,866 --> 00:41:39,466 and when we're talking about this house that they built, 702 00:41:39,466 --> 00:41:42,233 it's not just the longhouse that we actually live in. 703 00:41:42,233 --> 00:41:46,966 It is the idea that each of the nations take up the issues 704 00:41:46,966 --> 00:41:49,066 that are confronting the community, 705 00:41:49,066 --> 00:41:51,166 and they try to come up with solutions. 706 00:41:51,166 --> 00:41:55,566 ♪ ♪ 707 00:41:55,566 --> 00:41:59,700 NARRATOR: Leaders from the warring tribes come together in a longhouse 708 00:41:59,700 --> 00:42:03,100 and form the Grand Council of Chiefs. 709 00:42:03,100 --> 00:42:05,833 ♪ ♪ 710 00:42:05,833 --> 00:42:09,200 It is America's first democratic legislature. 711 00:42:11,966 --> 00:42:16,200 Inspired by Hiawatha and the Peacemaker, 712 00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:20,266 the Council votes to end war among their nations. 713 00:42:21,033 --> 00:42:24,500 MAN (speaking Native language): 714 00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:29,000 (waterfall churning) 715 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,933 (men fighting and yelling) 716 00:42:32,933 --> 00:42:37,400 ♪ ♪ 717 00:42:48,533 --> 00:42:51,800 (fire crackling) 718 00:42:54,366 --> 00:42:58,033 (moaning and roaring) 719 00:42:58,033 --> 00:43:01,700 ♪ ♪ 720 00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:04,700 PORTER: He was a sorcerer. 721 00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:07,333 He had supernatural powers. 722 00:43:07,333 --> 00:43:11,066 He could communicate with the birds and rattlesnakes 723 00:43:11,066 --> 00:43:13,200 and wolves and the animal world, 724 00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,900 and they would help him. 725 00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:16,966 He was a mean, mean man. 726 00:43:16,966 --> 00:43:18,300 His name was Tadodaho. 727 00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:23,333 ♪ ♪ 728 00:43:25,933 --> 00:43:29,966 NARRATOR: To convince Tadodaho to join the new confederacy, 729 00:43:29,966 --> 00:43:34,000 Hiawatha and the Peacemaker seek a powerful ally. 730 00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:39,333 A woman named Jigonhsasee. 731 00:43:43,766 --> 00:43:47,600 VIRGINIA ABRAMS: Jigonhsasee was the first clan mother. 732 00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:53,600 She helped bring peace to the Iroquois, to the Haudenosaunee. 733 00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:56,233 NARRATOR: Virginia Abrams is a clan mother, 734 00:43:56,233 --> 00:43:59,066 a title first established by Jigonhsasee. 735 00:43:59,066 --> 00:44:01,900 (corn rustling) 736 00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:03,900 Like Palenque's King Pakal, 737 00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:07,966 Jigonhsasee's influence comes from corn. 738 00:44:07,966 --> 00:44:10,366 ABRAMS: When the nations were warring against each other, 739 00:44:10,366 --> 00:44:14,633 she would take them in and feed them. 740 00:44:14,633 --> 00:44:17,966 And she kind of kept the war going on, 741 00:44:17,966 --> 00:44:22,733 so the Peacemaker came to her and asked her 742 00:44:22,733 --> 00:44:26,100 to refrain from keeping this warring going on 743 00:44:26,100 --> 00:44:27,933 between our people. 744 00:44:29,533 --> 00:44:33,933 NARRATOR: Jigonhsasee's stockpile of corn perpetuates the bloodshed 745 00:44:33,933 --> 00:44:37,266 by feeding the warriors. 746 00:44:37,266 --> 00:44:40,100 The Peacemaker strikes a deal with her. 747 00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:42,766 (roaring) 748 00:44:42,766 --> 00:44:46,700 If she can stop the war, she can choose the chiefs. 749 00:44:46,700 --> 00:44:50,533 (fire crackling) 750 00:44:50,533 --> 00:44:55,166 MAN (speaking Native language): 751 00:44:55,166 --> 00:44:58,733 ♪ ♪ 752 00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:07,400 ♪ ♪ 753 00:45:09,866 --> 00:45:11,600 ♪ ♪ 754 00:45:18,333 --> 00:45:21,800 NARRATOR: Jigonhsasee transforms Tadodaho's mind 755 00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:24,766 and he abandons war. 756 00:45:24,766 --> 00:45:27,533 Because of Jigonhsasee, clan mothers hold the power 757 00:45:27,533 --> 00:45:31,900 to appoint or dismiss chiefs. 758 00:45:31,900 --> 00:45:33,400 JEMISON: She earned for our women 759 00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:36,033 the rights, the responsibilities, 760 00:45:36,033 --> 00:45:38,733 and the privileges that they have until this day. 761 00:45:38,733 --> 00:45:40,133 (fire crackling) 762 00:45:40,133 --> 00:45:44,266 NARRATOR: And Tadodaho, in exchange for accepting peace, 763 00:45:44,266 --> 00:45:47,700 is appointed the keeper of the central fire 764 00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:51,233 and chief of chiefs, the most powerful leader. 765 00:45:51,233 --> 00:45:54,633 ♪ ♪ 766 00:45:54,633 --> 00:46:00,533 His name becomes a title that is handed down to this day. 767 00:46:00,533 --> 00:46:03,733 When our longhouses come together, 768 00:46:03,733 --> 00:46:06,000 these are the fires he's talking about. 769 00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:09,200 NARRATOR: Sid Hill is now Tadodaho. 770 00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:12,600 He sees an important lesson in memorializing the name 771 00:46:12,600 --> 00:46:15,133 of this once-vicious warlord. 772 00:46:15,133 --> 00:46:16,433 HILL: People can change with help 773 00:46:16,433 --> 00:46:18,566 if they're going down the wrong path. 774 00:46:18,566 --> 00:46:21,033 There's always hope 775 00:46:21,033 --> 00:46:22,466 through people helping them and showing them 776 00:46:22,466 --> 00:46:25,133 there's better things you can do with your life 777 00:46:25,133 --> 00:46:28,600 than being destructive and evil and negative. 778 00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:32,566 NARRATOR: With the final obstacle overcome, 779 00:46:32,566 --> 00:46:37,300 the Peacemaker assembles representatives of each nation. 780 00:46:37,300 --> 00:46:40,633 MAN (speaking Native language): 781 00:46:40,633 --> 00:46:45,700 (fire crackling) 782 00:46:55,733 --> 00:46:59,266 NARRATOR: From the time of the Peacemaker to today, 783 00:46:59,266 --> 00:47:04,433 the tradition of making wampum belts lives on. 784 00:47:04,433 --> 00:47:06,700 A new generation is being entrusted 785 00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:12,000 with the story of democracy encoded in the Hiawatha Belt. 786 00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,700 MARACLE: Your thoughts and energy, 787 00:47:14,700 --> 00:47:19,066 that's the strength of that belt. 788 00:47:19,066 --> 00:47:21,000 PORTER: One day, you're going to get old 789 00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:23,866 and then you're the one that's going to have to transmit 790 00:47:23,866 --> 00:47:26,033 all of this knowledge, what it means, 791 00:47:26,033 --> 00:47:29,066 to your grandkids. 792 00:47:29,066 --> 00:47:31,266 MARACLE: At the beginning of the confederacy, 793 00:47:31,266 --> 00:47:33,266 the Peacemaker made the symbol. 794 00:47:33,266 --> 00:47:37,266 It's our connection to each other. 795 00:47:37,266 --> 00:47:39,966 When I hold this Hiawatha belt, 796 00:47:39,966 --> 00:47:44,600 what it means to me is that we're a united nation. 797 00:47:44,600 --> 00:47:46,333 ♪ ♪ 798 00:47:46,333 --> 00:47:49,166 NARRATOR: Under a total eclipse of the sun, 799 00:47:49,166 --> 00:47:52,933 the Peacemaker holds the newly woven Hiawatha belt, 800 00:47:52,933 --> 00:47:56,333 and with the nations gathered beneath the Tree of Peace, 801 00:47:56,333 --> 00:48:01,600 he speaks the Law of Peace for the first time. 802 00:48:01,600 --> 00:48:05,433 MAN (speaking native language): 803 00:48:05,433 --> 00:48:08,800 (roots pulling loose) 804 00:48:08,800 --> 00:48:13,800 ♪ ♪ 805 00:48:20,133 --> 00:48:25,333 ♪ ♪ 806 00:48:36,166 --> 00:48:40,300 ♪ ♪ 807 00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:46,000 NARRATOR: The reading of the Great Law 808 00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:48,466 and the weaving of the Hiawatha Belt 809 00:48:48,466 --> 00:48:53,933 establish the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. 810 00:48:53,933 --> 00:48:57,333 It's a form of government that doesn't rule people, 811 00:48:57,333 --> 00:49:02,066 but rather serves people. 812 00:49:02,066 --> 00:49:05,500 It's this principle that inspires Benjamin Franklin 813 00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:08,200 and other framers of the Constitution 814 00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:10,033 to create their own government 815 00:49:10,033 --> 00:49:15,300 of the people, by the people, and for the people. 816 00:49:15,300 --> 00:49:21,133 In 1988, the U.S. Senate passed a special resolution 817 00:49:21,133 --> 00:49:25,433 recognizing the influence of the Haudenosaunee democracy 818 00:49:25,433 --> 00:49:28,133 on the U.S. Constitution. 819 00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:32,933 The Council of Chiefs meeting in the longhouse 820 00:49:32,933 --> 00:49:35,666 is similar to Congress. 821 00:49:35,666 --> 00:49:39,333 Tadodaho parallels the presidency. 822 00:49:39,333 --> 00:49:44,200 And the clan mothers are like justices on the Supreme Court. 823 00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:48,633 They, too, serve for life, but have an additional power. 824 00:49:48,633 --> 00:49:53,433 Clan mothers can choose and impeach the chiefs. 825 00:49:53,433 --> 00:49:55,900 It is a three-branch system of government 826 00:49:55,900 --> 00:49:58,500 that looks strikingly familiar. 827 00:50:03,033 --> 00:50:06,400 600 years before the United States, 828 00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:09,500 the Haudenosaunee independently establish 829 00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:12,700 the first democracy in America. 830 00:50:12,700 --> 00:50:16,400 ♪ ♪ 831 00:50:20,566 --> 00:50:22,333 WOMAN: Hi! Good to see you. 832 00:50:22,333 --> 00:50:24,133 (people talking indistinctly) 833 00:50:24,133 --> 00:50:28,366 NARRATOR: Today, the Haudenosaunee gather on the shore of Lake Onondaga, 834 00:50:28,366 --> 00:50:32,833 the place where their journey from war to peace began. 835 00:50:32,833 --> 00:50:34,333 All the leaders would work together 836 00:50:34,333 --> 00:50:35,900 to come up with a solution. 837 00:50:35,900 --> 00:50:37,700 NARRATOR: They build their confederacy 838 00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:42,233 based on profound lessons and symbols from nature. 839 00:50:42,233 --> 00:50:44,100 Mother Earth never lacked nothing. 840 00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:45,733 They had a perfect world. 841 00:50:45,733 --> 00:50:47,966 NARRATOR: But like a treaty between nations, 842 00:50:47,966 --> 00:50:51,100 they believe they owe nature something in return, 843 00:50:51,100 --> 00:50:54,333 to take care of all living things. 844 00:50:54,333 --> 00:50:58,266 PORTER: Water and air and all the natural things 845 00:50:58,266 --> 00:51:01,200 that make the world that we live in 846 00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:05,200 is held sacred by all indigenous people, 847 00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:09,000 and every human being comes from an indigenous people. 848 00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:11,300 (man speaking Native language) 849 00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:13,066 NARRATOR: This ceremony is an appeal 850 00:51:13,066 --> 00:51:16,333 to honor that responsibility to nature. 851 00:51:16,333 --> 00:51:18,666 For Onondaga Lake, 852 00:51:18,666 --> 00:51:21,566 the birthplace of democracy in America, 853 00:51:21,566 --> 00:51:24,266 is among the world's most polluted. 854 00:51:24,266 --> 00:51:27,100 HILL: Everybody's concerned these days 855 00:51:27,100 --> 00:51:28,333 about the condition of the waters, 856 00:51:28,333 --> 00:51:32,266 the condition of Mother Earth. 857 00:51:32,266 --> 00:51:35,000 It's a concern throughout the world. 858 00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:37,200 That was put there for everybody to use 859 00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:40,866 and nobody has the right to take that away from anybody. 860 00:51:40,866 --> 00:51:43,833 PORTER: It's not just the water. 861 00:51:43,833 --> 00:51:47,666 It's not just made out of chemical elements. 862 00:51:47,666 --> 00:51:49,966 It's real. 863 00:51:49,966 --> 00:51:52,733 It's our lifeblood. 864 00:51:52,733 --> 00:51:56,900 NARRATOR: Over 200 years ago, the framers of the U.S. Constitution 865 00:51:56,900 --> 00:52:01,566 learn lessons of governance from the Haudenosaunee. 866 00:52:01,566 --> 00:52:04,900 But the founding fathers leave out a core principle: 867 00:52:04,900 --> 00:52:10,466 people have a responsibility to take care of the Earth. 868 00:52:10,466 --> 00:52:12,133 (quacking) 869 00:52:12,133 --> 00:52:15,566 Native America's profound respect for nature 870 00:52:15,566 --> 00:52:20,833 is relevant now as much as ever. 871 00:52:20,833 --> 00:52:22,000 PORTER: Creator, 872 00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:23,300 we who are your children 873 00:52:23,300 --> 00:52:26,533 says thank you for this miraculous gathering 874 00:52:26,533 --> 00:52:29,333 and this beautiful day that you gave us today. 875 00:52:29,333 --> 00:52:31,766 Creator, with love, we say thank you. 876 00:52:31,766 --> 00:52:33,800 And our mind is agreed. 877 00:52:33,800 --> 00:52:37,300 ♪ ♪ 878 00:52:37,300 --> 00:52:39,200 NARRATOR: The First Nations of the Americas 879 00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:43,700 have their foundation in sacred natural symbols. 880 00:52:43,700 --> 00:52:45,366 (conch horn trumpets) 881 00:52:45,366 --> 00:52:49,400 In Chavin, priests use the jaguar to gather people 882 00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:50,900 into a nation. 883 00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:53,533 ♪ ♪ 884 00:52:53,533 --> 00:52:57,366 In Central America, corn builds vast kingdoms. 885 00:52:57,366 --> 00:53:00,366 ♪ ♪ 886 00:53:00,366 --> 00:53:05,733 In the Atlantic Northeast, shell wampum unites nations. 887 00:53:05,733 --> 00:53:08,933 And in the Pacific Northwest, 888 00:53:08,933 --> 00:53:13,366 cedar establishes and maintains a national identity. 889 00:53:13,366 --> 00:53:15,233 (drums and chanting) 890 00:53:15,233 --> 00:53:18,166 Building on lessons from nature, 891 00:53:18,166 --> 00:53:22,866 Native Americans create some of the greatest nations on Earth. 892 00:53:22,866 --> 00:53:27,633 ♪ ♪ 893 00:53:27,633 --> 00:53:31,633