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♪♪

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HELLO, I'M JIM WELCH, 
AND THIS IS  NATURE SCENE

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WITH NATURALIST 
RUDY MANCKE.

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WE'RE AT THE SAGUARO 
NATIONAL MONUMENT

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PART OF THE SONORAN 
DESERT NEAR TUCSON.

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THIS IS GOING TO BE 
AN EXCITING SHOW 
FOR ME, RUDY

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BECAUSE OF THE BEAUTY 
OF THIS PLACE.

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AND REALLY, JIM, 
YOU KNOW

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THE THING THAT'S 
GOING TO EXCITE ME

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IS WE'RE GOING 
TO BE ABLE TO SEE

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HOW PLANTS AND ANIMALS MAKE 
SOME PRETTY MAJOR ADJUSTMENTS.

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THIS IS A VERY HARSH ENVIRONMENT 
TO YOU AND TO ME.

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I MEAN, I FEEL THE HEAT HERE

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BUT TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS 
THAT LIVE HERE, THIS IS HOME

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AND SO THEY HAVE MADE 
SOME RATHER MAJOR ADJUSTMENTS

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TO TWO MAJOR STRESSES

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AND THAT IS VERY LITTLE WATER, 
SMALL AMOUNTS OF WATER--

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DESERTS USUALLY HAVE LESS THAN 
TEN INCHES OF RAIN A YEAR--

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AND THEN ALSO TEMPERATURES-- 
VERY HOT

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AND THEN QUICKLY GOING 
TO VERY COLD.

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AND SO THERE ARE 
LOTS OF ADJUSTMENTS

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THAT PLANTS 
AND ANIMALS MAKE

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AND THAT'S REALLY 
WHAT I WANT TO DO TODAY--

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TRY TO LOOK AT INDIVIDUAL 
PLANTS AND ANIMALS

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AND IDENTIFY THEM

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AND THEN FIGURE OUT HOW 
THEY'RE DOING SO WELL HERE

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BECAUSE, OF COURSE, 
THEY'RE DOING VERY FINE

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IN THIS SITUATION.

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THE RINCON MOUNTAINS 
RIGHT ACROSS FROM US

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ARE A PART OF THE STORY 
OF THIS DESERT NOW.

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THEY'RE, OF COURSE, 
NOT REALLY DESERT THEMSELVES.

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THEY COLLECT A GOOD BIT 
OF WATER, WHICH RUNS DOWN

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AND, OF COURSE, WATERS 
THIS PLACE TO SOME DEGREE.

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WHY DON'T WE JUST TURN AROUND 
AND TAKE A LOOK

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AT THE DIVERSITY OF WHAT WOULD 
BEST BE CALLED, AS YOU'VE SAID

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SONORAN DESERT?

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THE SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAINS 
IN THE DISTANCE--

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GRANITIC MOUNTAINS 
FORCED UP, FOLDED ROCK

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AND THEN, OF COURSE, 
ROLLING HILLS, IT LOOKS LIKE.

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AND WHAT IS THE DOMINANT 
PLANT IN THIS DESERT?

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WELL, THE SAGUARO 
CACTUS...

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WHICH THE FIRST 
VISITOR MIGHT SAY

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"GOSH, THAT'S A TREE-- 
30, 40, 50 FEET."

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THAT'S A TREMENDOUS, 
TREMENDOUS STORY

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AND WE'LL TALK ABOUT THAT 
A LITTLE BIT MORE

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BUT THAT'S NOT 
THE ONLY CACTUS HERE, RIGHT?

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YOU CAN SEE THE BARREL CACTUS 
DOWN THERE.

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YOU CAN SEE 
PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS.

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YOU CAN SEE CHOLLA CACTUS 
DOWN THERE.

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OCOTILLO, WHICH YOU MIGHT 
SAY IS NOT A CACTUS.

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IT'S NOT A CACTUS

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AND WE WANT TO TALK 
ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES

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BETWEEN THAT PLANT, SAY, 
AND THE REAL CACTUS PLANT.

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AND THEN ALSO A LOT 
OF YELLOW FLOWERS.

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WE WANT TO GET 
A CLOSE LOOK AT THOSE.

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YELLOW SEEMS TO BE 
THE SPRING COLOR

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HERE IN THE SONORAN DESERT.

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AND YOU CAN ALSO SEE LOTS 
OF EXTRA GREEN DOWN THERE.

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IT SEEMS LIKE IT'S BUNCHED UP 
ALONG THE LOWEST AREAS

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AND THAT'S WHERE SOME 
OF THE WATER

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THAT COMES FROM THE RINCON 
MOUNTAINS FLOWS DOWN ALONG

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AND THAT, OF COURSE, REALLY 
CHANGES THE PLANT SPECIES

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IN THE DESERT.

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BUT WHAT A MARVELOUS VIEW 
WAY OFF IN THE DISTANCE

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TOWARDS THE CITY, AS YOU'VE 
ALREADY SAID, OF TUCSON.

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I THINK WE'RE GOING 
TO HAVE A LOT OF FUN

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BASICALLY IDENTIFYING 
WHAT'S HERE

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AND THEN TRYING 
TO FIGURE OUT

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HOW IT MAKES A LIVING, 
SO TO SPEAK.

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CHANCE OF SEEING 
A SNAKE OR TWO?

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WELL, THERE'S 
A GOOD POSSIBILITY.

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THEY DO FAIRLY WELL HERE

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AND WE'LL TALK 
ABOUT HOW THEY MAKE 
ADJUSTMENTS TO SURVIVAL.

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WHY DON'T WE JUST GET UP 
ON THIS LOOP TRAIL

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AND SEE WHAT WE CAN FIND?

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(♪♪)

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NICE TO GET DOWN 
FROM THAT OVERVIEW

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AND GET A LITTLE CLOSER 
TO SOME OF THESE PLANTS, JIM.

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ONLY WAY TO ENJOY 
THE SIGHTS AND SMELLS

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AND SOUNDS 
OF THE DESERT

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IS TO GET OUT 
OF THE CAR AND 
WALK THROUGH IT.

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THERE ARE LOTS THINGS 
SO MUCH DIVERSITY HERE.

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THIS TREE THAT'S COMING OUT 
WITH THE COMPOUND LEAVES NOW

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IS ONE OF THOSE

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THAT YOU WOULD COMMONLY SEE 
IN A SITUATION LIKE THIS--

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MESQUITE IS THE NAME, 
AND AGAIN, THAT'S ONE

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THAT HAS BEEN USED 
FOR A LONG, LONG TIME--

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FIREWOOD IF NOTHING ELSE.

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IT SHOULD HAVE FLOWERS 
ON IT NOW.

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I SEE SOME LEFTOVERS 
OF FLOWERS THERE

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WE MIGHT SEE A LITTLE 
LATER WITH YELLOW FLOWERS.

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THOUSANDS OF MESQUITE 
TREES THERE-- THOUSANDS.

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VERY, VERY COMMON.

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USUALLY WHEN YOU SEE THEM, 
YOU'RE IN A LITTLE LOWER AREA.

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THEY DO LIKE A LITTLE BIT 
OF EXTRA MOISTURE.

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I SEE A LITTLE LIZARD.

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LOOK-- SITTING RIGHT 
ON THE BRANCH OF THE MESQUITE

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RIGHT IN THE SHADE THERE 
A LITTLE BIT.

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WITH NO TAIL.

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YEAH, LOOKS LIKE ONE 
OF THE LIZARDS THAT 
DOES WELL IN TREES

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NOT SO MUCH ON THE GROUND.

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AND THAT TAIL WAS NOT 
BROKEN OFF TOO LONG AGO.

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THAT'S REALLY ONE OF THOSE 
NEAT DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS.

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SO IT'S NOT EATEN OFF 
SO MUCH AS JUST BROKEN.

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A PREDATOR TRIED 
TO GET THAT LIZARD

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GRABBED THE TAIL 
INSTEAD OF THE FRONT 
PART OF THE LIZARD.

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THE TAIL ACTUALLY 
BREAKS OFF.

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THERE ARE LITTLE WEAK 
POINTS IN THE TAIL.

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IT BREAKS OFF, WIGGLES

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THE LIZARD ESCAPES 
WITH HIS LIFE.

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GROWS A NEW TAIL.

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GROWS A NEW TAIL 
SLOWLY BUT SURELY.

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FLATTENING DOWN 
AGAINST THAT BRANCH

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YOU SEE HOW WELL CAMOUFLAGED 
THAT IS.

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ONE OF THE REPTILES, NOW

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THAT CANNOT CONTROL HIS BODY 
TEMPERATURE DIRECTLY AT ALL.

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NO INTERNAL THERMOSTAT 
LIKE BIRDS OR MAMMALS.

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CAN'T SWEAT.

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CANNOT SWEAT TO RELIEVE 
ANY PROBLEMS TEMPERATURE-WISE

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AND SO IT STAYS IN THE SHADE 
WHEN IT'S HOT

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COMES OUT IN THE SUNLIGHT 
WHEN IT'S COLD

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AND REALLY REGULATES 
THE TEMPERATURE PRETTY FINELY

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JUST THAT WAY.

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RUDY, IS THIS 
PILE OF STICKS

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A NEST OF AN ANIMAL?

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AH, YES, IT IS

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AND LOOK WHAT PLANT IT PICKED 
TO BUILD ITS NEST IN.

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AND THAT'S A PRETTY 
GOOD PLANT TO PICK.

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THIS IS ONE OF 
THE PRICKLY PEAR CACTUSES

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AND THERE IS THE NEST 
OF A WOOD RAT.

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OR PACK RAT.

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"PACK RAT" IS A LITTLE 
MORE WELL-USED NAME.

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BUT THAT ANIMAL TAKES BITS 
AND PIECES OF THIS, THAT 
AND THE OTHER

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AND PILES IT UP.

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I SEE A PRETTY 
GOOD-SIZED PILE--

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MUCH BIGGER, YOUNOW, 
THAN YOU WOULD EXPECT

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FROM THE ANIMAL THE SIZE 
OF A WOOD RAT OR A PACK RAT.

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WORKS AT NIGHT, 
EATS AT NIGHT?

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IT'S ACTIVE MAINLY AT NIGHT, 
LIVING IN THERE NOW.

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I SEE LITTLE TRAILS RUNNING

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FROM THIS CLUSTER 
OF PRICKLY PEAR

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OVER TO THE NEXT ONE.

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AND IF YOU LOOK CAREFULLY 
DOWN HERE YOU CAN SEE

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WHERE IT ACTUALLY EATS 
SOME OF THE THICK STEMS--

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NOW, THESE ARE STEMS, 
NOT LEAVES

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THAT ARE SO THICKENED HERE--

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EATS THAT STEM 
AND GETS WATER FROM IT

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AND ALSO GETS 
SOME NOURISHMENT.

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CACTI STORE A LOT OF WATER 
IN THEIR STEMS.

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ALL SORTS OF LITTLE 
SUBTLE THINGS

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WE WANT TO KEEP OUR EYES OPEN 
FOR AS WE WALK ALONG THE TRAIL.

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MM-HMM.

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(♪♪)

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LOOKS A LITTLE MORE DRY 
UP HERE ON THE RIDGE, 
DOESN'T IT?

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NICE BREEZE 
EVERY NOW AND THEN.

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AND LOOK AT THE PLANTS.

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EVERYWHERE YOU LOOK, 
IT'S A BOTANIST'S DREAM

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OR IT COULD BE.

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YOU'VE GOT SO MANY...

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WELL, THERE ARE 
A LOT OF SURPRISES.

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I'LL TELL YOU ONE 
THAT IS REALLY SUCCESSFUL:

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CREOSOTE BUSH IS ONE 
OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL 
PLANTS IN THIS AREA

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AND YOU SEE IT HERE 
WITH FLOWERS AND 
FRUIT ON IT.

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LOOK AT THE LARGE NUMBER 
OF BRANCHES COMING UP

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RIGHT DOWN THERE 
AT THE BASE, YOU SEE?

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IS THAT WHERE 
COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURERS

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GET CREOSOTES?

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NO, UH-UH, BUT YOU HAVE THAT 
CREOSOTE-LIKE SMELL TO IT.

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THAT DOES GIVE A VERY 
INTERESTING SMELL

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ESPECIALLY AFTER A RAIN 
OR WHEN YOU BREAK IT--

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VERY, VERY SUCCESSFUL.

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BUT NOW LOOK AT THE SPACE 
BETWEEN THIS AND ANYTHING ELSE.

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YOU KNOW WHY THAT IS?

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ROOTS, I BET.

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ROOTS.

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GOING OUT 
HORIZONTALLY?

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WE'VE SAID THAT 
PLANTS HAVE COME UP

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WITH LOTS OF WAYS 
TO GRAB WATER

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AND LOOK, JUST LET'S JUST GET 
CLOSE TO THIS THING.

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YOU CAN'T HELP 
BUT GET CLOSE 
TO THIS THING:

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ONE OF THE LARGEST

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WELL, I GUESS 
THE LARGEST CACTUS

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IN NORTH AMERICA: 
THE SAGUARO.

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WE SAW IT FROM A 
DISTANCE A MINUTE AGO.

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LOOK AT THE WAY 
THAT THING

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IS ACTUALLY PLEATED 
ALMOST, YOU SEE?

187
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IT'S ALMOST PLEATED 
LIKE A SKIRT WOULD 
BE PLEATED.

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OR AN ACCORDION, SURE.

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YEAH, AND THAT ALLOWS 
THIS THING, YOU SEE

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TO PICK UP LARGE 
AMOUNTS OF WATER

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AND TO SWELL UP 
AND STORE WATER.

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THE CACTUS CAME UP 
A LONG TIME AGO

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WITH THE IDEA 
OF STORING WATER 
IN VERY THICK STEMS.

194
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AND OF COURSE WHERE'S 
YOUR CHLOROPHYLL?

195
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IS IT IN LEAVES?

196
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IT'S IN THE TRUNK, 
SO TO SPEAK.

197
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IT IS IN THE STEM 
OF THE PLANT.

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YOU DON'T REALLY 
SEE ANY LEAVES 
ON THIS CACTUS--

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MAYBE THESE SPINES

200
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AND YOU SEE ROWS 
OF THOSE CLUSTERS 
OF SPINES

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ARE REMNANTS OF 
THOSE LEAVES.

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NOT ONLY DO YOU 
HAVE TO GET WATER;

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YOU HAVE TO KEEP IT.

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AND ONE OF THE THINGS 
YOU DO TO KEEP IT, 
OF COURSE

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IS TO COME UP WITH 
SPINES LIKE THAT.

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YOU SEE THE WAY THOSE 
LITTLE SPINES COME OUT

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FROM LITTLE RAISED AREAS?

208
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THAT'S SO TYPICAL 
OF THE CACTUS FAMILY.

209
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ALL THE SPINES COME OUT FROM 
THOSE LITTLE RAISED AREAS

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NIPPLE-LIKE AREAS 
THAT RUN UP AND 
DOWN THE SIDES.

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THEY HAVE DEFINITE PURPOSES 
FOR HAVING THE SPINES?

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WELL, AGAIN, TO PROTECT 
YOUR INVESTMENT OF WATER.

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IF WE COULD SEE 
THE ROOT SYSTEM

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IT GOES WAY DOWN 
IN THE GROUND, 
DEEP AND OUT

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00:08:55,633 --> 00:08:57,166
AND WHEN IT RAINS, 
OF COURSE

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YOU JUST SOAK UP 
AS MUCH WATER AS 
YOU POSSIBLY CAN.

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AND WITHOUT THEM, 
ANY ANIMAL WOULD 
COME UP

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AND TAKE A GOOD BITE 
OR CHUNK OUT OF IT.

219
00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:06,566
YEAH, AND MOST 
OF THE WEIGHT 
OF THAT THING

220
00:09:06,566 --> 00:09:08,000
RIGHT NOW YOU SEE 
IS WATER.

221
00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:10,600
HOW OLD IS THIS SAGUARO, 
RUDY-- ANY IDEA?

222
00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:13,166
COUPLE HUNDRED 
YEARS OR SO.

223
00:09:13,166 --> 00:09:14,866
IT TAKES A LONG TIME 
TO GET THIS SIZE.

224
00:09:14,866 --> 00:09:16,366
YOU SEE THE BRANCHES 
COMING OFF

225
00:09:16,366 --> 00:09:18,033
AND AGAIN THESE ARE 
PROTECTED HERE.

226
00:09:18,033 --> 00:09:20,066
THAT'S VERY, 
VERY IMPORTANT, 
BUT TYPICAL.

227
00:09:20,066 --> 00:09:21,966
I GUESS THIS WOULD BE 
THE TYPICAL PLANT

228
00:09:21,966 --> 00:09:23,166
OF THE SONORAN DESERT.

229
00:09:23,166 --> 00:09:25,666
AND SO MANY THINGS 
USE THAT PLANT

230
00:09:25,666 --> 00:09:28,200
EITHER TO GET FOOD 
OR TO NEST IN.

231
00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:30,233
WE'LL BE SEEING THAT, 
I'M SURE, AS WE WALK.

232
00:09:30,233 --> 00:09:32,333
HERE'S ANOTHER 
CACTUS NOW.

233
00:09:32,333 --> 00:09:33,333
WHAT KIND IS THAT?

234
00:09:33,333 --> 00:09:34,800
YOU KNOW THAT ONE, 
THE CHOLLA--

235
00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:36,800
C-H-O-L-L-A

236
00:09:36,800 --> 00:09:37,966
PRONOUNCED "CHOYA"

237
00:09:37,966 --> 00:09:39,566
AND IT'S GOT SOME 
FRUIT ON IT THERE

238
00:09:39,566 --> 00:09:41,466
AND SOME... LOOKS LIKE 
SOME EARLY FLOWERS.

239
00:09:41,466 --> 00:09:43,800
THIS, I'LL BET, THEN, 
IS THE STAGHORN CHOLLA.

240
00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:45,566
THAT'S WHAT IT 
LOOKS LIKE, UH-HUH.

241
00:09:45,566 --> 00:09:47,600
A LOT OF COMMON NAMES 
FOR THESE THINGS.

242
00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:49,966
AGAIN, YOU'VE GOT 
THOSE MODIFIED LEAVES--

243
00:09:49,966 --> 00:09:51,800
THE SPINES RATHER 
THAN LEAVES.

244
00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:53,100
IF YOU HAVE LEAVES 
ON A PLANT

245
00:09:53,100 --> 00:09:55,166
YOU HAVE A TENDENCY 
TO LOSE A LOT OF WATER.

246
00:09:55,166 --> 00:09:56,566
IF YOU THINK OF 
REGULAR LEAVES

247
00:09:56,566 --> 00:09:58,200
THAT MOST PEOPLE ARE 
FAMILIAR WITH

248
00:09:58,200 --> 00:10:00,233
THAT'S AN EASY WAY 
TO LOSE A LOT OF WATER.

249
00:10:00,233 --> 00:10:02,633
HERE'S ANOTHER-- 
LOOK AT THIS--

250
00:10:02,633 --> 00:10:04,833
ANOTHER FORM 
OF THE CACTUS.

251
00:10:04,833 --> 00:10:06,600
LOOK AT THE SPINES 
ON THAT, ALMOST...

252
00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:07,766
CURLED LIKE A FISHHOOK.

253
00:10:07,766 --> 00:10:08,900
YEAH, LIKE A FISHHOOK.

254
00:10:08,900 --> 00:10:11,466
ONE OF THE 
BARREL CACTUSES

255
00:10:11,466 --> 00:10:12,866
AND THESE THINGS, 
OF COURSE

256
00:10:12,866 --> 00:10:14,400
ARE FLOWERING PLANTS, RIGHT?

257
00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:15,666
SO WE SEE 
SOMETHING HERE

258
00:10:15,666 --> 00:10:17,833
THAT'S LEFT OVER AFTER 
THE FLOWER'S GONE

259
00:10:17,833 --> 00:10:20,800
AND THAT IS THE FRUIT, 
WHICH IS EDIBLE.

260
00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:23,933
A LOT OF ANIMALS 
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF 
THAT OPPORTUNITY.

261
00:10:23,933 --> 00:10:25,366
LOOK AT, AGAIN, 
THE SIZE

262
00:10:25,366 --> 00:10:28,166
AND YOU SEE 
THE SAME PLEATED 
KIND OF FEELING--

263
00:10:28,166 --> 00:10:31,000
PLENTY OF EXPANSION 
THERE WHEN YOU 
GET WATER.

264
00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:32,966
BUT THE BARREL CACTUS 
WOULDN'T GET TOO HIGH

265
00:10:32,966 --> 00:10:34,300
COMPARED TO THE SAGUARO.

266
00:10:34,300 --> 00:10:35,800
UH-UH, NO, IT NEVER 
GETS AS LARGE

267
00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:37,933
AS THAT SAGUARO 
THAT WE LOOKED AT 
A MOMENT AGO.

268
00:10:37,933 --> 00:10:40,233
I'LL TELL YOU, 
THERE'S A SAGUARO 
RIGHT OVER HERE.

269
00:10:40,233 --> 00:10:41,966
LET'S CHECK THIS OUT 
FOR A SECOND.

270
00:10:41,966 --> 00:10:43,866
SEE THE FLOWERS UP 
ON THE TOP, JIM?

271
00:10:43,866 --> 00:10:45,866
OH, YES-- 
BEAUTIFUL BLOSSOM.

272
00:10:45,866 --> 00:10:47,700
DON'T STAY OPEN 
VERY LONG.

273
00:10:47,700 --> 00:10:50,533
FANTASTIC FLOWERS, 
NICE WHITE FLOWERS.

274
00:10:50,533 --> 00:10:52,600
THE STATE FLOWER 
OF ARIZONA.

275
00:10:52,600 --> 00:10:53,866
DO I SEE SOMETHING?

276
00:10:53,866 --> 00:10:56,233
LOOK, LOOK AT 
THE FLOWER HEADS 
ON THE TOP.

277
00:10:56,233 --> 00:10:57,366
THERE'S MOVEMENT.

278
00:10:57,366 --> 00:10:59,000
I THINK THERE'S 
A WOODPECKER UP THERE.

279
00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:00,100
WHAT KIND OF WOODPECKER?

280
00:11:00,100 --> 00:11:01,333
WAIT A MINUTE-- YEAH.

281
00:11:01,333 --> 00:11:02,866
THAT'S THE 
GILA WOODPECKER 
UP THERE.

282
00:11:02,866 --> 00:11:05,366
NOW, OFTEN YOU WOULD SEE 
A CACTUS WREN ON TOP OF THEM.

283
00:11:05,366 --> 00:11:06,500
OH, MY GOODNESS.

284
00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:07,866
WE'LL PROBABLY SEE 
THOSE IN A MINUTE

285
00:11:07,866 --> 00:11:10,300
BUT LOOK AT THE WORK 
OF THAT LITTLE BIRD NOW

286
00:11:10,300 --> 00:11:12,833
TURNING AROUND, GETTING 
ON ONE OF THE FLOWERS

287
00:11:12,833 --> 00:11:15,366
AND STICKING ITS BEAK IN, 
GETTING SOME NECTAR

288
00:11:15,366 --> 00:11:17,666
PROBABLY SOME INSECTS 
THERE, TOO

289
00:11:17,666 --> 00:11:21,033
AND THEN, OF COURSE, 
TRANSFERRING POLLEN, YOU SEE

290
00:11:21,033 --> 00:11:23,366
AS IT GOES FROM 
FLOWER TO FLOWER.

291
00:11:23,366 --> 00:11:26,533
THE RELATIONSHIP 
BETWEEN THAT 
SAGUARO CACTUS

292
00:11:26,533 --> 00:11:28,200
AND THE GILA WOODPECKER

293
00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:30,733
IS AN INTIMATE KIND 
OF RELATIONSHIP.

294
00:11:30,733 --> 00:11:33,600
AND, OF COURSE, THE GILA 
WOODPECKER IS THE ONE

295
00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:36,866
THAT DRILLS HOLES INTO THIS 
LARGE CACTUS QUITE OFTEN

296
00:11:36,866 --> 00:11:39,233
USES THEM AS NESTS, 
AND THEN WHEN THEY LEAVE

297
00:11:39,233 --> 00:11:41,333
MANY, MANY OTHER THINGS 
COME AND NEST.

298
00:11:41,333 --> 00:11:43,500
OF COURSE, THAT'S 
A GOOD PLACE TO PERCH.

299
00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:45,133
I JUST LOOK OFF 
IN THE DISTANCE.

300
00:11:45,133 --> 00:11:47,400
I SEE A NUMBER OF OTHER... 
SEE THE CARDINAL

301
00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:49,400
ON TOP OF ONE OVER THERE-- 
BRIGHT RED MALE...

302
00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:51,000
ON THE SAGUARO?

303
00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:52,666
YEAH, CARDINAL.

304
00:11:52,666 --> 00:11:54,066
I'M JUST LOOKING 
FROM ONE TO THE OTHER

305
00:11:54,066 --> 00:11:57,333
AND I SEE ALSO ONE 
OF THE CURVE-BILLED 
THRASHERS

306
00:11:57,333 --> 00:11:59,066
UP THERE IN 
THE DISTANCE.

307
00:11:59,066 --> 00:12:02,166
SEE THE CURVE ON THE... 
ON THE BILL?

308
00:12:02,166 --> 00:12:06,433
ONE OF THE VARIETIES 
THAT ARE USUALLY CALLED 
CURVE-BILLED THRASHERS.

309
00:12:06,433 --> 00:12:08,800
DOING WELL IN THIS 
KIND OF SITUATION.

310
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:10,466
AND YET THE BOOKS 
AND BROCHURES

311
00:12:10,466 --> 00:12:12,600
AND THE GUIDES 
TO THESE AREAS WOULD SAY

312
00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:14,500
CACTUS WRENS ON TOP 
OF THE SAGUARO.

313
00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:16,866
WELL, YOU DON'T HAVE 
TO LOOK MUCH FURTHER.

314
00:12:16,866 --> 00:12:18,233
JUST LOOK OVER THERE

315
00:12:18,233 --> 00:12:20,900
AND THERE'S YOUR CACTUS WREN 
SITTING ON THE TOP, SEE?

316
00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:22,166
AH, NOW THAT'S LARGER 
THAN THE WREN

317
00:12:22,166 --> 00:12:23,400
THAT ONE MIGHT BE 
ACCUSTOMED TO.

318
00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:25,500
THAT'S THE LARGEST WREN 
IN NORTH AMERICA--

319
00:12:25,500 --> 00:12:26,800
A BIG ONE 
DOING VERY WELL

320
00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:28,700
NESTING OFTEN IN 
THE CHOLLA CACTUSES.

321
00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:30,233
WE'LL LOOK FOR 
ONE OF THE NESTS

322
00:12:30,233 --> 00:12:31,700
BUT THERE IT IS

323
00:12:31,700 --> 00:12:34,333
SITTING RIGHT WHERE 
IT'S SUPPOSED TO BE 
UP ON THE TOP.

324
00:12:34,333 --> 00:12:36,933
RUDY, IS THE CACTUS WREN 
THE STATE BIRD OF ARIZONA?

325
00:12:36,933 --> 00:12:38,066
YEAH, I BELIEVE 
IT IS, JIM

326
00:12:38,066 --> 00:12:39,633
AND AGAIN, DOING 
VERY WELL.

327
00:12:39,633 --> 00:12:42,333
WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO 
SEE MORE SIGN OF IT 
A LITTLE BIT LATER.

328
00:12:42,333 --> 00:12:47,466
(♪♪)

329
00:12:47,466 --> 00:12:51,000
SO MANY INTERESTING THINGS 
TO LOOK AT IN THE DESERT.

330
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:52,633
IT'S SO FULL OF BEAUTY--

331
00:12:52,633 --> 00:12:54,433
DIFFERENT SIGHTS 
AND SOUNDS

332
00:12:54,433 --> 00:12:56,266
AND SMELLS 
AS I MENTIONED.

333
00:12:56,266 --> 00:12:58,466
YEAH, AND SPINY THINGS, 
TOO, AS WE'VE SAID.

334
00:12:58,466 --> 00:12:59,466
AND... 
OH, MY GOODNESS.

335
00:12:59,466 --> 00:13:00,400
OH.

336
00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:01,566
OH, MY GOODNESS

337
00:13:01,566 --> 00:13:02,933
RIGHT HERE 
ON THE PATH, JIM.

338
00:13:02,933 --> 00:13:04,300
OH, TALK ABOUT 
SPINY THINGS, NOW.

339
00:13:04,300 --> 00:13:05,566
THIS IS THE...

340
00:13:05,566 --> 00:13:07,633
LOOKS LIKE THE WESTERN 
DIAMONDBACK RATTLESNAKE

341
00:13:07,633 --> 00:13:09,033
AND HE'S NOT HAPPY.

342
00:13:09,033 --> 00:13:11,500
WE'VE SURPRISED HIM, COILED UP 
ON THE SIDE OF THE PATH.

343
00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:12,733
LOOK AT THAT POSE.

344
00:13:12,733 --> 00:13:14,700
YOU KNOW, IT'S MAKING 
MY SKIN CRAWL A BIT.

345
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:17,500
THAT IS ONE OF THOSE ANIMALS 
YOU EXPECT TO SEE, THOUGH

346
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:18,733
IN SITUATIONS LIKE THIS

347
00:13:18,733 --> 00:13:20,733
USUALLY IN THE SHADE 
THIS TIME OF DAY.

348
00:13:20,733 --> 00:13:21,800
LISTEN TO THE RATTLE NOW.

349
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:22,900
JUST LISTEN TO THAT.

350
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:24,300
HE'S NOT GOING TO LEAVE 
OR RUN AWAY?

351
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:25,966
NO, I THINK HE'LL STAY 
THERE FOR A SECOND.

352
00:13:25,966 --> 00:13:27,533
OBVIOUSLY WE'VE GOTTEN 
HIS ATTENTION.

353
00:13:27,533 --> 00:13:28,533
LISTEN TO THAT RATTLE.

354
00:13:28,533 --> 00:13:31,433
(  rattling  )

355
00:13:31,433 --> 00:13:32,800
YOU SEE NOW 
THAT'S DEAD SKIN.

356
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:34,033
IT RUBS TOGETHER;

357
00:13:34,033 --> 00:13:36,166
WHEN IT'S VERY DRY, IT 
MAKES THAT LOUD SOUND.

358
00:13:36,166 --> 00:13:39,000
AND BOY, YOU COULD REALLY HEAR 
HIM WHEN WE WALKED UP.

359
00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:40,166
HE FEELS US COMING.

360
00:13:40,166 --> 00:13:42,333
HE PICKS UP VIBRATIONS 
THROUGH THE GROUND

361
00:13:42,333 --> 00:13:43,933
AND, OF COURSE, 
HE'S GOT EYES.

362
00:13:43,933 --> 00:13:45,533
HE SEES MOVEMENT 
PRETTY WELL.

363
00:13:45,533 --> 00:13:47,033
BUT HE ALSO HAS 
A BIG TONGUE.

364
00:13:47,033 --> 00:13:49,600
LET'S GET A LITTLE, SEE IF WE 
CAN GET A LITTLE CLOSER HERE.

365
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:51,400
NOW, LOOK AT THAT TONGUE 
COMING OUT-- SEE?

366
00:13:51,400 --> 00:13:52,766
PICKING UP ODORS 
OUT OF THE AIR

367
00:13:52,766 --> 00:13:54,566
AND THAT LETS HIM KNOW, 
OF COURSE

368
00:13:54,566 --> 00:13:56,033
THAT WE'RE 
NOT A JACKRABBIT

369
00:13:56,033 --> 00:13:58,833
OR A GOPHER OR SOMETHING, 
THAT WE'RE A HUMAN BEING

370
00:13:58,833 --> 00:14:00,700
AND THAT, OF COURSE, 
BOTHERS HIM.

371
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:02,200
WE'RE NO FRIEND OF THEIRS.

372
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,866
I'M AFRAID WE'RE A THREAT 
TO HIS LIFE AND HE KNOWS IT.

373
00:14:04,866 --> 00:14:06,900
HOW FAR AWAY WOULD HE 
STRIKE IF HE HAD TO?

374
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:09,433
HE COULD STRIKE ABOUT HALF 
THE LENGTH OF THE BODY.

375
00:14:09,433 --> 00:14:13,666
LOOK AT THE DIAMOND- 
SHAPED MARKINGS 
ON THE SNAKE.

376
00:14:13,666 --> 00:14:15,266
SEE THOSE DIAMONDS?

377
00:14:15,266 --> 00:14:16,800
AND THEN 
THE LIGHT LINES

378
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:18,533
ALONG THE SIDE 
OF THE HEAD.

379
00:14:18,533 --> 00:14:20,166
AND THEN THOSE PITS--

380
00:14:20,166 --> 00:14:21,866
THOSE LARGE HOLES 
THERE

381
00:14:21,866 --> 00:14:24,000
BETWEEN THE EYE 
AND NOSTRIL.

382
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:25,133
MMM.

383
00:14:25,133 --> 00:14:26,766
THE SLIGHTEST 
MOVEMENTS--

384
00:14:26,766 --> 00:14:29,466
IT'S ALMOST MECHANICAL 
IN SOME RESPECTS.

385
00:14:29,466 --> 00:14:31,300
SEE THE WAY HE LIFTS 
HIS BODY UP AGAIN?

386
00:14:31,300 --> 00:14:32,366
HE CAN PULL IT BACK AND

387
00:14:32,366 --> 00:14:33,700
THEN FLICKERS 
THAT TONGUE OUT

388
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:36,066
AND THEN SOMETIMES ACTUALLY 
HOLDS IT IN POSITION.

389
00:14:36,066 --> 00:14:38,500
AND THOSE PITS TELL HIM 
HOW BIG AN ANIMAL WE ARE

390
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:39,900
HOW FAR AWAY 
FROM HIM WE ARE

391
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:42,233
AND, REALLY, 
IF WE'RE WITHIN 
STRIKING DISTANCE.

392
00:14:42,233 --> 00:14:44,700
THIS THING NOW FEEDS 
ON WOOD RATS

393
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:48,166
LIKE THE PACK RAT 
WE SAW THE HOME 
OF BACK THERE

394
00:14:48,166 --> 00:14:50,200
OR GOPHERS 
OR KANGAROO RATS

395
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:52,733
OR WHATEVER OTHER MAMMALS 
IT FINDS HERE.

396
00:14:52,733 --> 00:14:55,266
WELL, WE'VE... WE'VE 
BOTHERED HIM ENOUGH.

397
00:14:55,266 --> 00:14:57,566
THAT IS AN EXTRA- 
SPECIAL THING TO SEE

398
00:14:57,566 --> 00:14:58,733
AND THAT IS, AGAIN

399
00:14:58,733 --> 00:15:01,233
AN ANIMAL YOU EXPECT 
TO SEE IN THE DESERT

400
00:15:01,233 --> 00:15:02,533
SO YOU CERTAINLY 
WANT TO WALK

401
00:15:02,533 --> 00:15:04,433
WHERE YOU CAN SEE 
WHERE YOUR FEET ARE GOING.

402
00:15:04,433 --> 00:15:06,766
BUT WHAT IS THE CHANCE 
OF A TOURIST OR VISITOR

403
00:15:06,766 --> 00:15:08,366
WALKING DOWN 
A TRAIL LIKE THIS

404
00:15:08,366 --> 00:15:10,433
OF COMING UPON 
THE WESTERN?

405
00:15:10,433 --> 00:15:11,533
SLIM TO NONE.

406
00:15:11,533 --> 00:15:13,033
BUT AGAIN, WE'RE 
HERE ON A DAY

407
00:15:13,033 --> 00:15:14,366
WHEN IT'S CLOUDY 
AND SUNNY

408
00:15:14,366 --> 00:15:15,566
A LITTLE BIT 
IN AND OUT

409
00:15:15,566 --> 00:15:17,533
AND THAT GIVES US 
A BETTER OPPORTUNITY

410
00:15:17,533 --> 00:15:18,766
TO SEE 
THE REPTILES OUT.

411
00:15:18,766 --> 00:15:20,266
SHOULD WE JUST 
WALK ON BY HIM?

412
00:15:20,266 --> 00:15:22,300
YEAH, LET'S JUST HEAD ON 
DOWN THE TRAIL.

413
00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:24,500
I'M SURE THERE ARE 
OTHER GOOD THINGS TO SEE.

414
00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:26,400
WOULD YOU LIKE TO WALK 
ON THE INSIDE?

415
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:33,233
(  rattling  )

416
00:15:34,833 --> 00:15:36,833
HERE'S SOME MORE 
PLANTS NOW

417
00:15:36,833 --> 00:15:39,000
THAT ARE KIND 
OF INTERESTING

418
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,766
WE'LL NEED TO GET 
OVER CLOSE TO.

419
00:15:41,766 --> 00:15:44,500
ONE THAT IS REALLY 
ALWAYS INTERESTING 
TO ME IS THIS ONE.

420
00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:46,966
HERE'S A SMALL ONE, JIM.

421
00:15:46,966 --> 00:15:47,966
LOOKS LIKE A...

422
00:15:47,966 --> 00:15:49,300
PALOVERDE.

423
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:51,133
I WAS GOING TO 
SAY IT LOOKS LIKE 
GREEN STICKS.

424
00:15:51,133 --> 00:15:52,833
PALOVERDE  MEANS 
"GREEN STICK"

425
00:15:52,833 --> 00:15:55,066
AND THAT'S EXACTLY 
WHAT THAT LOOKS LIKE.

426
00:15:55,066 --> 00:15:56,633
NOW, DO YOU SEE 
ANY LEAVES ON THAT?

427
00:15:56,633 --> 00:15:57,933
NO.

428
00:15:57,933 --> 00:15:59,966
I SEE A FEW LITTLE, OLD, 
FLIMSY, LITTLE NOTHINGS

429
00:15:59,966 --> 00:16:01,266
AND THOSE ARE THE LEAVES.

430
00:16:01,266 --> 00:16:03,500
THEY'RE ON FOR A SHORT 
TIME IN RAINY SEASON

431
00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:05,566
BUT THEY USUALLY SHED 
ONCE IT GETS DRY.

432
00:16:05,566 --> 00:16:06,866
AND CHLOROPHYLL, YOU SEE

433
00:16:06,866 --> 00:16:09,200
IS IN THE STEM, GIVING 
THAT GREEN LOOK TO IT

434
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:11,566
AND THAT'S WHERE 
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS.

435
00:16:11,566 --> 00:16:14,500
AGAIN, IF YOU WANT 
TO SAVE THE WATER YOU GET

436
00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:18,200
YOU DON'T WANT 
TO HAVE REALLY LARGE 
LEAVES STICKING OUT

437
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,000
BECAUSE YOU LOSE 
TOO MUCH WATER THAT WAY.

438
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,066
SO THE LEAVES ARE ON

439
00:16:21,066 --> 00:16:22,433
WHEN YOU CAN GET THEM 
AND USE THEM

440
00:16:22,433 --> 00:16:24,433
BUT THEY'RE SHED VERY 
QUICKLY IN DRYER WEATHER.

441
00:16:24,433 --> 00:16:27,600
PALOVERDE IS THE 
ARIZONA STATE TREE.

442
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:28,700
RIGHT, YEAH.

443
00:16:28,700 --> 00:16:29,933
AND IT'S VERY SMALL.

444
00:16:29,933 --> 00:16:31,433
WELL, THEY GET 
LARGER, NOW.

445
00:16:31,433 --> 00:16:32,733
THERE'S A BIGGER ONE...

446
00:16:32,733 --> 00:16:34,266
BIGGER ONE 
BEHIND US THERE.

447
00:16:34,266 --> 00:16:35,466
I SEE SOMETHING 
HERE, THOUGH

448
00:16:35,466 --> 00:16:37,033
THAT'S VERY SMALL.

449
00:16:37,033 --> 00:16:41,500
YOU SEE THE LITTLE 
EGG CASE THERE OF 
ONE OF THE MANTISES

450
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:43,666
LAID ON THE 
PALOVERDE STEM.

451
00:16:43,666 --> 00:16:45,233
AND AGAIN, THEY 
USUALLY LAY EGGS

452
00:16:45,233 --> 00:16:46,233
ON SOMETHING STURDY.

453
00:16:46,233 --> 00:16:47,433
THOSE WILL HATCH OUT

454
00:16:47,433 --> 00:16:49,366
INTO A NUMBER OF LITTLE 
INSECTS, OF COURSE

455
00:16:49,366 --> 00:16:50,700
WHICH WILL DO 
VERY WELL HERE.

456
00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:52,866
WELL, BOY WE'RE SEEING 
SOME PREDATORS, 
AREN'T WE?

457
00:16:52,866 --> 00:16:55,700
THAT SNAKE AND 
THAT'S ANOTHER ONE 
OF THE PREDATORS.

458
00:16:55,700 --> 00:16:58,700
LARGE PALOVERDE 
HERE, THOUGH.

459
00:16:58,700 --> 00:17:01,533
BIG ONE BEHIND, YOU SEE, 
SPREADING OVER

460
00:17:01,533 --> 00:17:03,500
AND MISTLETOE 
UP IN THE TOP.

461
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:05,500
DO YOU SEE 
THE CLUMPS UP THERE?

462
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:06,800
THAT'S A MISTLETOE.

463
00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:09,333
DIFFERENT FROM 
SOME OF THE EASTERN 
MISTLETOE.

464
00:17:09,333 --> 00:17:10,733
YES, YES, BUT AGAIN, 
A PARASITE--

465
00:17:10,733 --> 00:17:11,700
ONE OF THOSE THINGS...

466
00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:12,833
AND NOW, 
THE PARASITESEE

467
00:17:12,833 --> 00:17:14,433
DOESN'T DO ANY WORK 
COLLECTING WATER

468
00:17:14,433 --> 00:17:16,833
IT JUST TAKES WATER 
FROM THE PALOVERDE

469
00:17:16,833 --> 00:17:19,466
THAT'S BEEN COLLECTING 
IT FOR A LONG TIME

470
00:17:19,466 --> 00:17:22,866
AND BASICALLY THAT'S 
WHAT PARASITES 
DO FOR A LIVING:

471
00:17:22,866 --> 00:17:26,966
TAKING FOOD AND WATER 
FR1x OTHER THINGS.

472
00:17:26,966 --> 00:17:28,400
AND, OF COURSE, 
WHAT IS THAT THING

473
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:29,766
STICKING RIGHT UP 
IN THE CENTER?

474
00:17:29,766 --> 00:17:30,766
NO CHLOROPHYLL 
IN THAT.

475
00:17:30,766 --> 00:17:32,500
WHAT IS THAT PLANT?

476
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:36,033
THAT IS THE INSIDE 
OF THE SAGUARO CACTUS.

477
00:17:36,033 --> 00:17:38,700
AND YOU SEE IT'S GOT 
A WOODY SKELETON ON IT

478
00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:41,366
LIKE SO MANY OF THE 
LARGE CACTUS PLANTS DO

479
00:17:41,366 --> 00:17:43,533
AND AFTER IT'S DEAD 
AND GONE

480
00:17:43,533 --> 00:17:45,800
THAT BIG THING 
STILL REMAINS.

481
00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:49,000
AGAIN, A GOOD HOME FOR 
ALL SORTS OF THINGS.

482
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:50,500
EVEN AT THIS STAGE.

483
00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:51,966
IT ALMOST LOOKS

484
00:17:51,966 --> 00:17:54,233
LIKE THAT SAGUARO 
GOT STARTED THERE 
BY THE PALOVERDE.

485
00:17:54,233 --> 00:17:55,500
SO THAT MIGHT 
HAVE BEEN

486
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:57,000
A NURSE PLANT 
ON THIS TREE.

487
00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,900
A LOT OF PEOPLE BELIEVE 
THAT THESE SAGUAROS NEED

488
00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:01,966
A LITTLE EXTRA 
PROTECTION FROM...

489
00:18:01,966 --> 00:18:03,433
MAINLY FROM COLD WEATHER

490
00:18:03,433 --> 00:18:06,433
AND IT FINDS IT 
AT THE BASE OF 
ONE OF THESE TREES

491
00:18:06,433 --> 00:18:07,633
AND A "NURSE" TREE 
WOULD BE

492
00:18:07,633 --> 00:18:09,666
A REASONABLE NAME 
FOR SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

493
00:18:09,666 --> 00:18:12,633
SO THAT WOULD MAKE 
THE PALOVERDE FAIRLY OLD

494
00:18:12,633 --> 00:18:15,133
AND THAT IS A PRETTY 
GOOD-SIZE TREE.

495
00:18:15,133 --> 00:18:16,300
LOOK RIGHT THERE.

496
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:17,366
SEE ON THE GRASS?

497
00:18:17,366 --> 00:18:19,266
SEE THE LITTLE INSECT 
RIGHT THERE?

498
00:18:19,266 --> 00:18:21,500
HE'S JUST CAUGHT... 
THAT'S A ROBBER FLY

499
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:23,266
THAT'S JUST CAUGHT 
ANOTHER FLY.

500
00:18:23,266 --> 00:18:26,133
HE FLIES UP AND GRABS IT, 
STICKS IN A LITTLE TUBE

501
00:18:26,133 --> 00:18:28,766
AND SUCKS OUT ALL THE FLUID 
IN THAT OTHER FLY.

502
00:18:28,766 --> 00:18:30,400
AND THERE'S 
ANOTHER PREDATOR.

503
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:32,233
AND PREDATOR-PREY 
RELATIONSHIPS

504
00:18:32,233 --> 00:18:34,600
ARE VERY CLEAR IN THE 
DESERT AS ELSEWHERE.

505
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,166
AND THEY'RE DOING WELL

506
00:18:36,166 --> 00:18:38,533
EVEN THOUGH THE 
WIND'S BLOWING 
THAT GRASS AROUND.

507
00:18:38,533 --> 00:18:40,166
LIVING AND 
DYING DESERT.

508
00:18:40,166 --> 00:18:41,366
IT'S GOING ON 
ALL THE TIME.

509
00:18:42,833 --> 00:18:45,133
LET'S EASE OVER 
TO THIS PRICKLY PEAR NOW.

510
00:18:45,133 --> 00:18:48,966
THAT'S SUCH A NICE ONE 
WITH ALL THE FLOWERS ON IT.

511
00:18:48,966 --> 00:18:50,966
BOY, THOSE ARE 
BEAUTIFUL FLOWERS, 
AREN'T THEY?

512
00:18:50,966 --> 00:18:52,300
WAXY-LOOKING, RUDY.

513
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:55,400
WOW, LOOK AT ALL OF THE... 
BOY, JUST UNFOLDING.

514
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:58,066
LOOK AT ALL THE REPRODUCTIVE 
PARTS DOWN IN THERE--

515
00:18:58,066 --> 00:19:00,066
ALL THE STAMENS 
THAT PRODUCE POLLEN

516
00:19:00,066 --> 00:19:03,166
AND THEN THAT GREEN 
AREA IN THE MIDDLE

517
00:19:03,166 --> 00:19:05,900
IS THE FEMALE PARTS 
OF THE FLOWER.

518
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:09,033
AND AGAIN THOSE SPINES 
THAT WE'VE TALKED ABOUT

519
00:19:09,033 --> 00:19:11,633
PROTECTING ITS INVESTMENT, 
SO TO SPEAK

520
00:19:11,633 --> 00:19:13,666
BECAUSE WATER IS STORED 
IN THOSE STEMS.

521
00:19:13,666 --> 00:19:17,633
YOU SEE THE WAY 
THE FLOWERS START 
OFF KIND OF PINKISH

522
00:19:17,633 --> 00:19:19,100
AS THEY'RE BEGINNING 
TO OPEN

523
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:20,400
AND THEN AS THEY OPEN UP

524
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:22,000
YOU SEE THE REAL COLOR 
IS YELLOW

525
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:23,333
ON THIS PRICKLY PEAR.

526
00:19:23,333 --> 00:19:26,266
AND AGAIN LOOKING IN THERE, 
YOU SEE DAMAGE DONE

527
00:19:26,266 --> 00:19:28,966
BY PROBABLY RODENTS 
THAT ARE FEEDING ON IT

528
00:19:28,966 --> 00:19:33,033
EATING BETWEEN THE SPINES.

529
00:19:33,033 --> 00:19:34,966
I'M SURE THERE'S 
MORE TO SEE

530
00:19:34,966 --> 00:19:36,600
FURTHER DOWN THE LINE.

531
00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:37,866
(♪♪)

532
00:19:37,866 --> 00:19:40,100
LET'S JUST HEAD ON 
BACK TO THE TRAIL.

533
00:19:40,100 --> 00:19:47,100
(♪♪)

534
00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:49,233
IT'S REALLY A BEAUTIFUL 
VIEW BEHIND US

535
00:19:49,233 --> 00:19:51,000
OF THE RINCON MOUNTAINS

536
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,833
WITH THE SHADOWS 
OF THE CLOUDS ON IT.

537
00:19:53,833 --> 00:19:55,066
SPECTACULAR PLACE.

538
00:19:55,066 --> 00:19:58,100
RUDY, THIS MONUMENT HAS 
ALMOST 63,000 ACRES

539
00:19:58,100 --> 00:19:59,933
OF A SPECTACULAR 
BEAUTY.

540
00:19:59,933 --> 00:20:01,500
WELL, THERE ARE A LOT 
OF SURPRISES

541
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:03,033
AND THAT'S 
WHAT SO NICE.

542
00:20:03,033 --> 00:20:05,333
THESE RELATIONSHIPS 
WE'VE BEEN TALKING 
ABOUT ARE NICE, TOO.

543
00:20:05,333 --> 00:20:07,033
THERE'S ANOTHER ONE 
OF THE CACTI

544
00:20:07,033 --> 00:20:08,166
WITH FLOWERS ON IT.

545
00:20:08,166 --> 00:20:10,133
LOOK AT THAT PINKISH 
FLOWER ON THAT...

546
00:20:10,133 --> 00:20:12,333
AGAIN, THE WAXY LOOK.

547
00:20:12,333 --> 00:20:16,133
HEDGEHOG CACTI, AND AGAIN, 
SPINES ALL OVER THE PLACE.

548
00:20:16,133 --> 00:20:18,000
SO MANY KINDS 
OF CACTUS HERE

549
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:19,400
AND IT'S HARD 
TO IMAGINE

550
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,133
THIS ONE IS IN 
THE SAME FAMILY 
AS THE SAGUARO.

551
00:20:22,133 --> 00:20:24,766
DIFFERENT SIZES, OF COURSE, 
AND DIFFERENT SPECIES.

552
00:20:24,766 --> 00:20:26,833
THIS ONE DOESN'T GET 
MUCH LARGER THAN THAT

553
00:20:26,833 --> 00:20:28,433
BUT THAT IS 
A BEAUTIFUL FLOWER.

554
00:20:28,433 --> 00:20:30,933
VERY DIFFERENT FROM 
SOME OF THE EARLY 
ONES THAT WE'VE SEEN.

555
00:20:30,933 --> 00:20:32,466
POLLEN IN IT.

556
00:20:32,466 --> 00:20:34,366
YEAH, YOU CAN SEE POLLEN 
SCATTERED AROUND

557
00:20:34,366 --> 00:20:36,300
WHICH MEANS THAT'S 
A FAIRLY FRESH FLOWER.

558
00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:40,466
THE INSECTS HAVEN'T COME 
AND TRANSFERRED THAT AWAY.

559
00:20:40,466 --> 00:20:42,100
THERE ARE LOTS 
OF INTERESTING THINGS.

560
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:43,133
I'M JUST LOOKING AGAIN

561
00:20:43,133 --> 00:20:44,400
AT THE PLANT 
WE KEEP SEEING--

562
00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:46,033
MESQUITE-- 
ALL OVER THE PLACE.

563
00:20:46,033 --> 00:20:47,733
NOW, WHY WOULD IT 
DO SO WELL HERE?

564
00:20:47,733 --> 00:20:49,466
IT HAS DEEP ROOTS 
THAT GO DOWN

565
00:20:49,466 --> 00:20:51,933
AND I MEAN, WAY-- 
50, 100 FEET 
SOME OF THEM

566
00:20:51,933 --> 00:20:53,100
DOWN IN THE GROUND.

567
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:55,333
SO WHEN EVERYTHING 
ELSE IS FAIRLY DRY

568
00:20:55,333 --> 00:20:57,566
THEY HAVE ACCESS 
TO WATER IN THE GROUND

569
00:20:57,566 --> 00:20:59,433
WHICH MAKES A REAL 
BIG DIFFERENCE

570
00:20:59,433 --> 00:21:01,866
AND YOU SEE THEY'RE 
DOING VERY WELL HERE.

571
00:21:01,866 --> 00:21:03,966
LIFE IN THE DESERT 
IS ONE OF ADAPTATION.

572
00:21:03,966 --> 00:21:06,266
WELL, SURVIVAL IS 
THE BOTTOM LINE, OF COURSE

573
00:21:06,266 --> 00:21:08,100
AND YOU'VE GOT TO 
COME UP WITH WAYS

574
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:09,700
TO PUT UP WITH 
HOT TEMPERATURES

575
00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:12,033
AND THEN COLD TEMPERATURES 
QUICKLY FOLLOWING

576
00:21:12,033 --> 00:21:13,366
AND A LACK OF WATER.

577
00:21:13,366 --> 00:21:16,066
AND THESE PLANTS AND THESE 
ANIMALS THAT WE'VE SEEN

578
00:21:16,066 --> 00:21:17,600
OF COURSE, 
HAVE DONE THAT.

579
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:18,600
SPEAKING OF ANIMALS

580
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:19,733
LOOK RIGHT 
OVER HERE, JIM.

581
00:21:19,733 --> 00:21:21,200
RIGHT OVER HERE 
ON THE SIDE.

582
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:23,166
AGAIN A BEAUTIFUL 
SNAKE!

583
00:21:23,166 --> 00:21:25,233
NOW, LOOK AT THE MARKINGS 
ON THAT.

584
00:21:25,233 --> 00:21:26,366
THAT, AT FIRST GLANCE

585
00:21:26,366 --> 00:21:28,233
LOOKS A LITTLE BIT 
LIKE THE RATTLESNAKE

586
00:21:28,233 --> 00:21:29,766
BUT NOW, THIS IS 
A NONPOISONOUS ONE

587
00:21:29,766 --> 00:21:31,333
USUALLY CALLED 
A GOPHER SNAKE

588
00:21:31,333 --> 00:21:33,333
BECAUSE IT GOES 
DOWN IN GOPHER HOLES

589
00:21:33,333 --> 00:21:35,500
AND FEEDS ON GOPHERS 
AND OTHER RODENTS.

590
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:37,600
ANOTHER NAME FOR THAT 
IS A BULL SNAKE.

591
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:39,433
LOOK AT THE ROUNDED 
HEAD, THOUGH.

592
00:21:39,433 --> 00:21:40,866
YOU SEE, 
IT'S NOT SO FLAT

593
00:21:40,866 --> 00:21:42,666
LIKE IT WAS 
ON THE RATTLESNAKE.

594
00:21:42,666 --> 00:21:45,000
OF COURSE, NO PIT, 
ROUND PUPIL IN THE EYE

595
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:46,366
BUT BEAUTIFULLY MARKED.

596
00:21:46,366 --> 00:21:47,800
AND THAT IS 
A CONSTRICTOR

597
00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:49,933
ONE VERY, VERY 
POWERFUL SNAKE

598
00:21:49,933 --> 00:21:52,733
THAT GRABS ITS PREY 
AND THEN SQUEEZES

599
00:21:52,733 --> 00:21:54,900
UNTIL THE PREY 
IS UNCONSCIOUS

600
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:59,366
AND THEN IT SWALLOWS 
THE ANIMAL BASICALLY ALIVE.

601
00:21:59,366 --> 00:22:01,200
AND THAT ONE 
REALLY COULD BE

602
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:02,800
THE SONORAN GOPHER SNAKE

603
00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:05,066
AND THAT WOULD MAKE IT 
VERY SPECIAL

604
00:22:05,066 --> 00:22:08,000
BEING FOUND RIGHT HERE 
IN THE SONORAN DESERT.

605
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:10,066
IS THAT ONE THAT 
PEOPLE SOMETIMES 
MAKE A PET OF?

606
00:22:10,066 --> 00:22:11,966
THAT'S ONE THAT'S OFTEN 
COLLECTED AS A PET.

607
00:22:11,966 --> 00:22:14,200
EVERYTHING IN THIS MONUMENT 
NOW IS PROTECTED.

608
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:15,500
PLANTS AND ANIMALS HERE

609
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,733
WHETHER THEY'RE POISONOUS 
OR NOT, ARE PROTECTED.

610
00:22:17,733 --> 00:22:19,066
REALLY IS IMPORTANT 
TO HAVE

611
00:22:19,066 --> 00:22:20,466
NATIONAL MONUMENTS 
LIKE THIS

612
00:22:20,466 --> 00:22:21,866
TO PROTECT ANIMALS 
LIKE THAT

613
00:22:21,866 --> 00:22:23,766
AND ALL THESE PLANTS 
THAT WE'VE SEEN.

614
00:22:23,766 --> 00:22:25,033
SO MUCH DIVERSITY HERE.

615
00:22:25,033 --> 00:22:26,200
OH, YEAH.

616
00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:28,466
NOW, THERE'S ONE 
THAT WE SAW EARLIER.

617
00:22:28,466 --> 00:22:32,466
LOOK AT THE FLOWERS 
AT THE TOP, RED.

618
00:22:32,466 --> 00:22:34,066
OCOTILLO.

619
00:22:34,066 --> 00:22:35,933
NOW, THAT, AT FIRST 
GLANCE, SPINY THING--

620
00:22:35,933 --> 00:22:37,866
LOOKS A LITTLE LIKE 
A CACTUS, DOESN'T IT?

621
00:22:37,866 --> 00:22:38,933
MM-HMM.

622
00:22:38,933 --> 00:22:40,566
AGAIN, MOST OF THE TIME

623
00:22:40,566 --> 00:22:43,700
WE'VE SAID CACTUSES 
REALLY DON'T HAVE LEAVES.

624
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:45,233
THEY HAVE ENLARGED STEMS

625
00:22:45,233 --> 00:22:47,966
AND THEY, OF COURSE, 
HAVE SPINES COMING OUT

626
00:22:47,966 --> 00:22:49,733
ON THOSE LITTLE 
PROJECTIONS.

627
00:22:49,733 --> 00:22:50,900
THAT ONE HAS SPINES

628
00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:52,600
BUT YOU SEE 
THE LEAVES ON IT?

629
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:53,700
LITTLE TINY LEAVES.

630
00:22:53,700 --> 00:22:55,533
UH-HUH, AND THOSE LEAVES 
WILL STAY ON

631
00:22:55,533 --> 00:22:57,333
AS LONG AS THERE'S 
ENOUGH MOISTURE.

632
00:22:57,333 --> 00:22:58,466
WHEN TIMES GET HARD

633
00:22:58,466 --> 00:23:00,366
THE FIRST THINGS TO GO 
ARE YOUR LEAVES.

634
00:23:00,366 --> 00:23:01,633
DROP THEM OFF.

635
00:23:01,633 --> 00:23:03,066
THOSE PLANTS DO 
VERY WELL HERE

636
00:23:03,066 --> 00:23:05,100
AND AGAIN, FLOWERING 
THIS TIME OF THE YEAR

637
00:23:05,100 --> 00:23:07,166
SUPPLYING FOOD 
FOR HUMMINGBIRDS

638
00:23:07,166 --> 00:23:08,933
AND A VARIETY 
OF INSECTS.

639
00:23:08,933 --> 00:23:10,733
AND THOSE FLOWERS ARE 
SO COLORFUL.

640
00:23:10,733 --> 00:23:12,766
YEAH, REALLY BRIGHTENS 
THIS PLACE UP.

641
00:23:12,766 --> 00:23:15,800
THEN, OF COURSE, THE CACTUS, 
NOW, RIGHT NEXT TO IT--

642
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:17,500
VERY DIFFERENT- 
LOOKING PLANT

643
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:19,833
WHEN YOU SEE 
THE TWO TOGETHER.

644
00:23:19,833 --> 00:23:23,300
THE CHOLLA CACTUS DOING 
RATHER NICELY THERE.

645
00:23:23,300 --> 00:23:24,900
GOSH, THERE'S 
MUCH TO SEE.

646
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:27,033
WHY DON'T WE JUST 
HEAD ON DOWN THE WAY?

647
00:23:27,033 --> 00:23:36,500
(♪♪)

648
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:39,100
WE'VE SEEN A GREAT DEAL 
OF DIVERSITY TODAY

649
00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:41,700
BUT WHENEVER I THINK 
OF THE SONORAN DESERT

650
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:43,766
I THINK OF THIS PLANT 
RIGHT HERE.

651
00:23:43,766 --> 00:23:45,600
THE SAGUARO CACTUS TO ME

652
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,300
IS ABOVE AND BEYOND 
EVERYTHING ELSE.

653
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:49,700
MAGNIFICENT.

654
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:51,833
WOW! REACHING UP 
TO THE BLUE SKY.

655
00:23:51,833 --> 00:23:53,833
YOU CAN HEAR 
THE WIND WHISTLING

656
00:23:53,833 --> 00:23:55,100
AROUND THOSE SPINES.

657
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:57,433
AND LOOK AT ALL OF 
THE WOODPECKER HOLES.

658
00:23:57,433 --> 00:23:59,633
I'VE HEARD THAT A GILA 
WOODPECKER WILL MAKE

659
00:23:59,633 --> 00:24:01,466
FIVE OR SIX NESTS 
OR HOLES IN ONE YEAR.

660
00:24:01,466 --> 00:24:03,733
AND YOU KNOW, THEY DON'T 
USUALLY REUSE THEM MUCH

661
00:24:03,733 --> 00:24:05,133
SO ELF OWLS CAN COME IN

662
00:24:05,133 --> 00:24:07,066
OR A SNAKE OR 
ANOTHER WOODPECKER

663
00:24:07,066 --> 00:24:08,933
OR MANY OTHER ANIMALS 
USE THEM.

664
00:24:08,933 --> 00:24:10,633
SAGUARO IS 
REALLY THE BASIS

665
00:24:10,633 --> 00:24:13,100
FOR A LOT OF INTERESTING 
RELATIONSHIPS

666
00:24:13,100 --> 00:24:15,866
AND THEN YOU COME DOWN 
FROM THAT TALL STALK

667
00:24:15,866 --> 00:24:17,600
AND LOOK AT 
THE ROOTS, JIM.

668
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:18,966
LOOK HOW BIG 
THOSE ROOTS ARE.

669
00:24:18,966 --> 00:24:20,933
IT LOOKS MORE LIKE 
A TREE DOWN HERE

670
00:24:20,933 --> 00:24:22,333
BUT, OF COURSE, 
IT'S NOT A TREE.

671
00:24:22,333 --> 00:24:23,766
GOING DOWN DEEP 
IN THE GROUND

672
00:24:23,766 --> 00:24:25,566
AS WELL AS OUT, 
GATHERING MOISTURE.

673
00:24:25,566 --> 00:24:27,666
WE SAID THAT'S 
SO IMPORTANT

674
00:24:27,666 --> 00:24:30,500
TO KEEP THESE ANIMALS... 
KEEP THESE PLANTS ALIVE.

675
00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:33,000
AND, OF COURSE, 
IT ALSO KEEPS ANIMALS 
ALIVE IN SOME WAYS.

676
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:34,900
ONE OF THE 
INTERESTING THINGS--

677
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:36,533
I NOTICED THIS 
WALKING IN--

678
00:24:36,533 --> 00:24:38,133
THAT HAPPENS SOMETIMES

679
00:24:38,133 --> 00:24:40,466
IS THAT WHEN 
THE WOODPECKER DRILLS IN

680
00:24:40,466 --> 00:24:41,533
THIS PLANT FORMS

681
00:24:41,533 --> 00:24:43,666
WHAT'S CALLED A CALLUS 
AROUND IT

682
00:24:43,666 --> 00:24:46,366
AND SOMETIMES CREATES THINGS 
THAT LOOK LIKE THIS.

683
00:24:46,366 --> 00:24:49,133
THE WOODPECKER, YOU SEE, 
ON THIS OLD CACTUS

684
00:24:49,133 --> 00:24:51,533
CAME IN AND DRILLED 
A HOLE RIGHT HERE

685
00:24:51,533 --> 00:24:53,366
RIGHT WHERE I'M 
PUTTING MY FINGER.

686
00:24:53,366 --> 00:24:56,033
AND, OF COURSE, THAT DRILLED 
IN FIRST AND THEN--

687
00:24:56,033 --> 00:24:58,100
LET'S JUST 
TURN IT SIDEWAYS--

688
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:00,733
DRILLED THROUGH THE WALL 
OF THE CACTUS

689
00:25:00,733 --> 00:25:03,300
AND DOWN IN THE INSIDE 
OF THE CACTUS

690
00:25:03,300 --> 00:25:04,700
TO FORM A LARGE CAVITY.

691
00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:05,866
WHAT THE CACTUS DID WAS

692
00:25:05,866 --> 00:25:07,366
FORM A CALLUS 
TO WALL IT OFF.

693
00:25:07,366 --> 00:25:08,400
HMM.

694
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:10,866
LET'S JUST TILT IT 
OVER LIKE THIS

695
00:25:10,866 --> 00:25:14,866
AND YOU CAN SEE THAT LARGE 
SPACE IN THERE, YOU SEE

696
00:25:14,866 --> 00:25:16,500
FOR THE NEST CAVITY.

697
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:18,866
THAT'S WHAT THE WOODPECKER 
USED TO NEST IN.

698
00:25:18,866 --> 00:25:21,266
IT'S A GOURD-LIKE 
CONTAINER.

699
00:25:21,266 --> 00:25:22,933
A GOURD-LIKE SUBSTANCE

700
00:25:22,933 --> 00:25:25,833
THAT BASICALLY WAS FORMED 
BY THE CACTUS

701
00:25:25,833 --> 00:25:27,433
IN RESPONSE TO INJURY

702
00:25:27,433 --> 00:25:29,333
THAT WAS CAUSED 
BY THE WOODPECKER.

703
00:25:29,333 --> 00:25:32,000
AND SOMETIMES THESE ARE 
ACTUALLY CALLED "BOOTS"

704
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:33,433
BECAUSE OF THE ODD SHAPE.

705
00:25:33,433 --> 00:25:34,833
THE BOOT IS QUITE UNIQUE

706
00:25:34,833 --> 00:25:37,133
BUT SO IS THE 
22 MILLION SEEDS

707
00:25:37,133 --> 00:25:39,833
THE SAGUARO PUTS OUT 
IN A LIFETIME.

708
00:25:39,833 --> 00:25:41,133
THERE ARE A LOT 
OF PLANTS NOW

709
00:25:41,133 --> 00:25:42,800
THAT PUT OUT A GREAT 
NUMBER OF SEEDS.

710
00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:44,233
YOU REMEMBER 
WE STARTED TALKING

711
00:25:44,233 --> 00:25:46,066
ABOUT YELLOW 
PLANTS EARLIER

712
00:25:46,066 --> 00:25:47,666
AND THERE'S ONE 
CALLED PAPER FLOWER

713
00:25:47,666 --> 00:25:49,600
THAT DOES THE SAME THING 
THE CACTUS DOES--

714
00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:51,733
PRODUCES TREMENDOUS 
NUMBERS OF SEED.

715
00:25:51,733 --> 00:25:53,200
MOST OF THEM 
DO NOT MAKE IT.

716
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:55,100
OF COURSE, OTHER THINGS 
FEED ON THEM.

717
00:25:55,100 --> 00:25:57,733
THERE'S SOME PLANTS THAT 
ACTUALLY COME UP FROM SEED

718
00:25:57,733 --> 00:25:59,066
THAT LAST FOR 
YEARS AND YEARS

719
00:25:59,066 --> 00:26:00,533
LIVE ONLY A SHORT TIME 
AND DIE.

720
00:26:00,533 --> 00:26:02,533
AND THEN, OF COURSE, 
WE'VE SEEN PLANTS TODAY

721
00:26:02,533 --> 00:26:03,966
THAT HAVE TO PUT UP 
WITH DROUGHT

722
00:26:03,966 --> 00:26:05,466
WITH HOT AND COLD 
FOR A LONG TIME.

723
00:26:05,466 --> 00:26:07,200
THIS MIGHT BE 
A DIFFICULT 
PLACE TO LIVE

724
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:08,400
BUT A GRAND PLACE 
TO VISIT.

725
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:09,800
WELL, IT IS 
A FANTASTIC PLACE:

726
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:11,633
SAGUARO NATIONAL MONUMENT 
NEAR TUCSON.

727
00:26:11,633 --> 00:26:13,933
WE ENCOURAGE YOU TO COME 
AND SEE IT FOR YOURSELF

728
00:26:13,933 --> 00:26:15,300
AND TO FIND PLACES 
LIKE THIS

729
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:17,133
TO SEE HOW NATURE 
PUTS THINGS TOGETHER

730
00:26:17,133 --> 00:26:18,566
AND WHAT IT TAKES 
TO SURVIVE.

731
00:26:18,566 --> 00:26:21,900
JOIN US AGAIN ON 
THE NEXT  NATURE SCENE.

732
00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:41,666
(♪♪)

733
00:26:41,666 --> 00:27:57,400
(♪♪)