WEBVTT 00:03.933 --> 00:08.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: TONIGHT ON PBS NEWS WEEKEND, TURMOIL AT THE CDC 00:08.533 --> 00:12.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AFTER THE DIRECTOR IS ABRUPTLY FIRED, AS HEALTH SECRETARY 00:12.233 --> 00:17.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR. EYES SWEEPING VACCINE POLICY CHANGES. 00:17.100 --> 00:20.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THEN, HOW AI CHATBOTS MAY BE TRIGGERING DISTORTED THOUGHTS IN 00:20.866 --> 00:24.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% USERS AND HARMING THEIR MENTAL HEALTH. 00:24.000 --> 00:27.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% AND NEARLY A YEAR AFTER HURRICANE HELENE, WE MEET 00:27.033 --> 00:30.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% VOLUNTEERS FROM AROUND THE WORLD STILL AT WORK RESTORING THE 00:30.866 --> 00:34.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% FAMED APPALACHIAN TRAIL. >> THE OVERRIDING THING I THINK 00:34.166 --> 00:36.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THEY LEAVE WITH IS THE FEELING THAT THEY'RE PART OF SOMETHING 00:36.566 --> 00:39.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% THAT'S BIGGER THAN THEM. THEY KNOW THEY'RE CONNECTED TO 00:39.700 --> 00:41.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% OTHER PEOPLE WHO CARE ABOUT THE 00:41.233 --> 00:43.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% SAME THINGS AND THAT MIGHT BE 00:43.533 --> 00:48.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% THE HIGHEST VALUE. 00:55.933 --> 00:56.400 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% ♪ 01:06.466 --> 01:11.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% JOHN: GOOD EVENING. I'M JOHN YANG. 01:57.766 --> 01:59.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ON THIS LABOR DAY WEEKEND, 01:59.466 --> 02:02.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THERE'S BEEN NO HOLIDAY FROM THE TURMOIL AND CONTROVERSY AT THE 02:02.866 --> 02:06.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AGENCY IN CHARGE OF PROTECTING THE AMERICAN PUBLIC'S HEALTH. 02:06.300 --> 02:09.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% SEVERAL CDC LEADERS HAVE RESIGNED AFTER THE WHITE HOUSE 02:09.333 --> 02:12.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% OUSTED THE AGENCY'S NEW DIRECTOR, DR. SUSAN MONAREZ, 02:12.700 --> 02:15.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AFTER LESS THAN A MONTH IN THE POSITION. 02:15.200 --> 02:18.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HER LAWYERS SAY IT'S BECAUSE SHE REFUSED TO "RUBBER STAMP 02:18.700 --> 02:23.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% UNSCIENTIFIC" DIRECTIVES AND "FIRE DEDICATED HEALTH EXPERTS." 02:23.266 --> 02:27.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IN JUST SIX MONTHS, THE AGENCY HAS LOST NEARLY HALF ITS BUDGET, 02:27.200 --> 02:30.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THOUSANDS OF EMPLOYEES, AND IS CAUGHT IN A POLITICAL STRUGGLE 02:30.633 --> 02:34.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AS HEALTH SECRETARY ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR. MOVES TO RESHAPE THE 02:34.866 --> 02:37.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% NATION'S VACCINE POLICIES. IN AN ESSAY IN THE NEW YORK 02:37.900 --> 02:40.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TIMES THIS WEEKEND, DEMOCRATIC SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS OF 02:40.933 --> 02:44.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% VERMONT CALLED FOR KENNEDY'S RESIGNATION. 02:44.300 --> 02:47.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ALI ROGIN SAT DOWN WITH DR. RICHARD BESSER, WHO WAS ACTING 02:47.866 --> 02:50.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CDC DIRECTOR IN THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION. 02:50.566 --> 02:54.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HE'S NOW CEO OF THE ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON FOUNDATION WHICH, WE 02:54.433 --> 02:56.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SHOULD NOTE, IS A FUNDER OF PBS NEWS. 02:56.666 --> 02:59.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ALI: DR. RICHARD BESSER, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US. 02:59.633 --> 03:03.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% YOU'VE BEEN IN COMMUNICATION WITH DR. MONAREZ. 03:03.033 --> 03:08.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WHAT IS YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT SECRETARY KENNEDY ASKED HER 03:09.100 --> 03:11.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TO DO THAT WAS REALLY A RED LINE FOR HER? 03:11.400 --> 03:13.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. BESSER: YEAH, IT WAS REALLY COINCIDENTAL. 03:13.600 --> 03:16.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% SHE AND I HAD A MEETING SCHEDULED FOR WEDNESDAY. 03:16.866 --> 03:21.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I REACH OUT TO ALL DIRECTORS OF THE CDC TO OFFER MY SUPPORT AND 03:23.300 --> 03:24.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SHE THANKED ME AND SAID THAT SHE DIDN'T EXPECT TO BE IN THE 03:24.866 --> 03:28.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% POSITION LONG, THAT SHE HAD TWO LINES THAT SHE WOULD NOT CROSS 03:28.133 --> 03:31.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% WHEN SHE TOOK THE JOB. ONE WAS SHE WOULD NEVER DO 03:31.266 --> 03:34.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ANYTHING THAT WAS ILLEGAL. AND SHE WAS ASKED TO FIRE HER 03:34.633 --> 03:38.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% LEADERSHIP TEAM WHICH SHE FELT WAS ILLEGAL GIVEN THAT THEY WERE 03:38.300 --> 03:42.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OUTSTANDING PUBLIC SERVANTS AND THEN THE OTHER WAS SHE WOULD NOT 03:42.066 --> 03:45.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PROMOTE ANYTHING THAT WASN'T SUPPORTED BY THE BEST SCIENCE. 03:45.033 --> 03:49.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% AND SHE WAS ASKED BY THE SECRETARY TO AGREE TO APPROVE 03:49.100 --> 03:52.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ANY RECOMMENDATIONS THAT CAME OUT OF THE IMMUNIZATION ADVISORY 03:52.633 --> 03:56.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% COMMITTEE TO THE CDC. SHE REFUSED AND EXPECTED THAT 03:56.966 --> 04:00.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SHORTLY AFTER OUR CALL SHE WOULD BE DISMISSED. 04:00.500 --> 04:04.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ALI: THE OTHER CDC LEADERS WHO RESIGNED AT THE SAME TIME SHE 04:04.933 --> 04:09.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WAS FIRED HAVE SAID THAT, SIMILARLY, THEY SIMPLY COULD NOT 04:09.100 --> 04:12.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SERVE AT THE CDC ANY LONGER. HOW DO YOU THINK THESE 04:12.633 --> 04:16.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DEPARTURES ARE GOING TO AFFECT THE MISSION OF THE CDC? 04:16.133 --> 04:18.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. BESSER: IT'S GONNA HAVE A MAJOR IMPACT ON THE AGENCY. 04:18.400 --> 04:23.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT HAS BEEN A VERY CHALLENGING FIVE YEARS FOR PEOPLE IN PUBLIC 04:23.333 --> 04:26.000 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% HEALTH. WITH THE COVID PANDEMIC, WE SAW 04:26.000 --> 04:29.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% POLITICIZATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH LIKE WE'VE NEVER SEEN BEFORE. 04:29.433 --> 04:32.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND SO THOSE WHO WERE STILL THERE FOR THIS ADMINISTRATION 04:32.466 --> 04:35.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WERE ALREADY UNDER INCREDIBLE STRESS. 04:35.033 --> 04:40.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SO TO HAVE A SECRETARY COME IN AND IMMEDIATELY FIRE THOUSANDS 04:41.566 --> 04:44.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OF FEDERAL HEALTH WORKERS, CUT FUNDING TO THE NIH, AND REALLY 04:44.633 --> 04:48.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CONDEMN CDC AS AN INSTITUTION NOT WORTH FOLLOWING. 04:48.133 --> 04:52.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S BEEN EXTREMELY HARD AND THESE LEADERS HAVE DONE A LOT TO 04:52.066 --> 04:54.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HOLD MORALE TOGETHER, TO HOLD PEOPLE TOGETHER. 04:54.466 --> 04:57.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SO WITHOUT THEM, THE AGENCY IS DEFINITELY GOING TO BE 04:57.733 --> 05:01.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% STRUGGLING EVEN MORE. ALI: THE FDA EARLIER THIS WEEK 05:01.033 --> 05:05.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% APPROVED COVID BOOSTERS FOR A MUCH SMALLER POPULATION OF 05:05.733 --> 05:08.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% INDIVIDUALS. WHAT DO YOU THINK THE FUTURE OF 05:08.633 --> 05:12.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% VACCINE ACCESS IS GOING TO LOOK LIKE IN THE NEAR FUTURE, 05:12.233 --> 05:14.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ESPECIALLY AS WE'RE ENTERING THIS NEW SCHOOL YEAR? 05:14.700 --> 05:19.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. BESSER: MANY PEOPLE'S ACCESS TO VACCINES IS DEPENDENT ON A 05:21.166 --> 05:23.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% RECOMMENDATION FROM THE CDC. IF THE CDC DOESN'T RECOMMEND THE 05:23.833 --> 05:26.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% VACCINE, MANY INSURANCE COMPANIES ARE NOT GOING TO PAY 05:26.400 --> 05:28.533 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% FOR IT. THERE'S AN INCREDIBLE PROGRAM IN 05:28.533 --> 05:32.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AMERICA CALLED THE VACCINE FOR CHILDREN PROGRAM, AND IT ENSURES 05:32.300 --> 05:36.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT EVERY CHILD HAS ACCESS TO RECOMMENDED VACCINES. 05:36.400 --> 05:39.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S WONDERFUL AND IT ELIMINATED ANY KIND OF DISPARITIES FOR 05:39.900 --> 05:44.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% VACCINES BY INCOME. WITHOUT A CDC RECOMMENDATION FOR 05:44.233 --> 05:47.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% VACCINATION FOR ALL CHILDREN, MANY CHILDREN ARE NOT GONNA BE 05:47.333 --> 05:50.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ABLE TO GET THE VACCINE AND YOUR ABILITY TO GET IT WILL DEPEND ON 05:50.066 --> 05:52.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% YOUR INCOME. THAT'S ABSOLUTELY WRONG. 05:52.066 --> 05:54.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WE'RE GONNA NEED THE STATES TO STEP UP AND FILL SOME OF THOSE 05:54.933 --> 05:57.200 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% GAPS. AND THERE'S ABSOLUTELY NO WAY 05:57.200 --> 06:00.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT THE STATES CAN REPLACE THE MASSIVE FEDERAL FUNDING THAT 06:02.100 --> 06:04.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WENT INTO OUR VACCINE SYSTEM. ALI: WHAT DOES THIS SAY TO YOU 06:04.866 --> 06:08.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ABOUT THE ABILITY OF THE UNITED STATES TO WHETHER ANOTHER PUBLIC 06:08.800 --> 06:11.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HEALTH EMERGENCY, SUCH AS ANOTHER PANDEMIC? 06:11.900 --> 06:14.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. BESSER: YOU KNOW, WE ARE AT RISK FOR SO MANY DIFFERENT 06:14.066 --> 06:15.633 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% REASONS. 06:15.633 --> 06:18.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MOST OF THE MONEY THAT COMES TO CDC GOES THROUGH TO STATE AND 06:18.466 --> 06:21.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% LOCAL PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENTS, AND THERE HAVE BEEN BIG CUTS 06:21.600 --> 06:23.133 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% THERE. 06:23.133 --> 06:26.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE AGENCY IS GOING TO BE LED BY AN INDIVIDUAL WITH NO PUBLIC 06:26.866 --> 06:29.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% HEALTH EXPERIENCE. YOU KNOW, I SERVED AS THE ACTING 06:29.433 --> 06:31.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% DIRECTOR AT THE CDC FOR AN 06:31.333 --> 06:34.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% IMPORTANT REASON. I HAD SPENT FOUR YEARS RUNNING 06:34.300 --> 06:36.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR THE AGENCY. 06:36.933 --> 06:39.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% YOU NEVER CAN PREDICT WHEN THERE'S GOING TO BE A PUBLIC 06:39.033 --> 06:41.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% HEALTH EMERGENCY. AND DURING MY TENURE, THAT'S 06:41.500 --> 06:44.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WHEN THE H1N1 SWINE FLU PANDEMIC STARTED. 06:44.466 --> 06:47.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WE NOW HAVE IN MR. O'NEILL, AN INDIVIDUAL WHO DOESN'T KNOW THE 06:47.500 --> 06:50.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AGENCY AND DOESN'T KNOW PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE. 06:50.133 --> 06:53.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SO IF THERE IS A PANDEMIC, IF THERE IS A NEW THREAT TO 06:53.733 --> 06:57.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% PEOPLE'S HEALTH, I HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO CONFIDENCE THAT 06:57.100 --> 06:58.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HE'S GOING TO BE ABLE TO MANAGE THAT APPROPRIATELY. 06:58.866 --> 07:03.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ALI: AND TO THAT END, JIM O'NEILL, AS YOU SAID, HAS NO 07:03.266 --> 07:06.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% MEDICAL BACKGROUND. HE HAS SERVED AT HHS BEFORE. 07:06.066 --> 07:09.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DURING HIS HEARING, HE SAID THAT HE WAS PRO-VACCINE, BUT 07:09.433 --> 07:12.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% ANTI-MANDATES. WHAT DO YOU THINK OF HIS ABILITY 07:12.233 --> 07:15.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TO STEWARD THIS AGENCY AT THIS TIME IN GENERAL? 07:15.500 --> 07:18.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. BESSER: WHEN SOMEONE SAYS THEY'RE ANTI-MANDATES, I WANT TO 07:18.400 --> 07:22.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% EXPLORE THAT FURTHER. AS A PEDIATRICIAN, I KNOW THAT 07:22.466 --> 07:27.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ONE OF THE WONDERFUL THINGS FOR A NEW PARENT WHEN THEY'RE 07:27.200 --> 07:30.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SENDING THEIR CHILD TO SCHOOL IS THAT THEY KNOW THAT THE OTHER 07:30.066 --> 07:32.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CHILDREN IN THE CLASSROOM WILL BE VACCINATED. 07:32.533 --> 07:35.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT'S A VACCINE MANDATE. I WORRY THAT THIS IS A SECRETARY 07:35.433 --> 07:38.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WHO'S GOING TO BRING THOSE THOSE REQUIREMENTS INTO QUESTION, HE'S 07:38.933 --> 07:42.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% GOING TO CHALLENGE MORE AND MORE OF THE CHILDHOOD VACCINES THAT 07:42.000 --> 07:45.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HAVE ELIMINATED IN OUR COUNTRY SO MANY DISEASES THAT CAUSE 07:45.733 --> 07:48.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% HAVOC AROUND THE WORLD. ALI: SOME OF THE DEPARTING 07:48.466 --> 07:51.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% LEADERS HAVE SAID THAT THEY FEAR THAT THE CDC IS NOW BROKEN 07:51.833 --> 07:54.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% BEYOND REPAIR. WHAT DO YOU MAKE OF THAT? 07:54.133 --> 07:58.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. BESSER: WELL, IT IS BROKEN. I DON'T AGREE WITH THE BEYOND 07:58.700 --> 08:02.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% REPAIR, BUT IT WILL TAKE CONGRESS STEPPING UP AND SAYING 08:02.633 --> 08:05.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT THIS IS NOT A GOOD THING FOR OUR NATION. 08:05.500 --> 08:08.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT IS A DANGEROUS SITUATION THAT WILL AFFECT EVERY PART OF OUR 08:08.533 --> 08:10.800 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% COUNTRY. RURAL COMMUNITIES ACROSS AMERICA 08:10.800 --> 08:14.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WILL BE HIT VERY HARD BY THIS DECIMATION OF OUR PUBLIC HEALTH 08:14.066 --> 08:15.666 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% SYSTEM. AND WE NEED OUR ELECTED 08:15.666 --> 08:19.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OFFICIALS TO SAY, THIS IS NOT WHAT WE WANT TO SEE FOR AMERICA. 08:19.033 --> 08:22.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THIS IS ABSOLUTELY UNACCEPTABLE. ALI: RICHARD BESSER, THANK YOU 08:22.633 --> 08:24.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% SO MUCH FOR JOINING US. 08:24.200 --> 08:26.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. BESSER: THANK YOU VERY MUCH, I APPRECIATE IT. 08:26.200 --> 08:30.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: AND IN TODAY'S OTHER NEWS, ISRAELI FORCES POUNDED THE AREA 08:30.700 --> 08:34.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AROUND GAZA CITY OVERNIGHT, DESTROYING HOMES AND SENDING 08:34.100 --> 08:35.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MORE PEOPLE LOOKING FOR A SAFE - - MORE PEOPLE FLEEING. 08:35.666 --> 08:39.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE AREA'S LARGEST HOSPITAL SAID 29 BODIES WERE BROUGHT TO ITS 08:39.200 --> 08:42.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MORGUE, INCLUDING TEN PEOPLE WHO WERE SEEKING AID. 08:42.233 --> 08:45.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE ISRAELI MILITARY HAS STOPPED PAUSING FIGHTING TO ALLOW FOOD 08:45.600 --> 08:48.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DELIVERIES AS THEY RAMP UP THEIR OFFENSIVE AGAINST HAMAS. 08:48.700 --> 08:52.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ISRAEL ALSO SAID THAT A TARGETED OPERATION HAD KILLED A LONGTIME 08:52.700 --> 08:55.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SPOKESMAN FOR HAMAS'S MILITARY WING. 08:55.666 --> 08:59.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IN UKRAINE, 60,000 PEOPLE ARE WITHOUT ELECTRICITY AFTER RUSSIA 08:59.333 --> 09:01.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% STRUCK POWER FACILITIES ACROSS THE COUNTRY. 09:01.900 --> 09:05.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IN RECENT WEEKS, BOTH SIDES HAVE INCREASINGLY TARGETED ENERGY AND 09:05.600 --> 09:09.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FUEL INFRASTRUCTURE AS THEY INTENSIFY THEIR AIR STRIKES. 09:09.500 --> 09:12.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% UKRAINIAN PRESIDENT VOLODYMYR ZELENSKYY VOWED TO RETALITE WITH 09:12.633 --> 09:16.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% STRIKES DEEP INSIDE RUSSIA. AND EUROPEAN LEADERS ARE WORKING 09:16.633 --> 09:20.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ON PLANS TO SEND THOUSANDS OF TROOPS TO UKRAINE AS PART OF 09:20.133 --> 09:22.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% POST-CONFLICT SECURITY GUARANTEES. 09:22.800 --> 09:25.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% EUROPEAN COMMISSSION PRESIDENT URSULA VAN DER LEYEN TOLD THE 09:25.833 --> 09:28.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FINANCIAL TIMES IT WOULD BE A MULTINATIONAL FORCE. 09:28.700 --> 09:31.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SHE SAID PRESIDENT TRUMP HAS AGREED TO PROVIDE TECHNOLOGICAL 09:31.900 --> 09:35.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT. EU AND U.S. SECURITY GUARANTEES 09:35.900 --> 09:39.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ARE ONE OF THE CONDITIONS ZELENSKYY HAS SET FOR ANY PEACE 09:39.100 --> 09:41.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% AGREEMENT. FORMER NEW YORK MAYOR RUDY 09:41.833 --> 09:45.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% GIULIANI IS RECOVERING IN A NEW HAMPSHIRE HOSPITAL FROM SERIOUS 09:45.500 --> 09:48.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% INJURIES HE SUFFERED IN A CAR CRASH LATE SATURDAY EVENING. 09:48.700 --> 09:52.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A SPOKESMAN SAID GIULIANI FRACTURED A VERTEBRAE AND HAD 09:52.066 --> 09:55.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MULTIPLE CUTS AND BRUISES. THE SPOKESMAN SAID GIULIANI'S 09:55.500 --> 09:59.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% RENTAL CAR WAS HIT FROM BEHIND AT HIGH-SPEED. 09:59.266 --> 10:02.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TODAY WAS THE FIRST SUNDAY MASS OF THE ANNUNCIATION CATHOLIC 10:02.066 --> 10:05.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CHURCH IN MINNEAPOLIS SINCE AN ATTACK KILLED TWO CHILDREN AND 10:05.100 --> 10:08.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% WOUNDED 20 OTHERS. OUTSIDE, WELL-WISHERS LEFT 10:08.133 --> 10:11.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% FLOWERS AND MESSAGES. THE REVEREND DENNIS ZEHREN WAS 10:11.033 --> 10:15.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% AT THE CHURCH DURING THE WEDNESDAY ATTACK. 10:15.800 --> 10:19.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% >> IT'S BEEN A TREMENDOUS OUTPOURING OF LOVE. 10:19.100 --> 10:22.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S KIND OF A FUNNY MYSTERY, WHEN THE DARKNESS IS ITS MOST 10:22.866 --> 10:26.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% INTENSE, THAT'S WHEN THE LIGHT OF GOD SHINES ALL THE MORE 10:26.533 --> 10:28.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% BRIGHTLY. AND WE'VE BEEN SEEING THAT IN SO 10:28.700 --> 10:32.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% MANY WAYS. I'VE NEVER SEEN SUCH AN 10:32.233 --> 10:36.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% OUTPOURING OF LOVE. JOHN: AT THE VATICAN, POPE LEO 10:36.500 --> 10:39.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PRAYED FOR THE VICTIMS AND CALLED FOR AN END TO WHAT HE 10:39.233 --> 10:43.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TERMED "THE PANDEMIC OF ARMS, LARGE AND SMALL, WHICH INFECTS 10:43.066 --> 10:46.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% OUR WORLD." AND CROWDS HAVE FLOCKED TO A 10:46.033 --> 10:49.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MUSEUM IN NORTHERN FRANCE THIS WEEKEND TO SEE THE FAMED BAYEUX 10:49.466 --> 10:53.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TAPESTRY BEFORE IT GOES ON LOAN TO THE BRITISH MUSEUM IN LONDON. 10:53.366 --> 10:57.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE 76-YARD LONG MASTERPIECE TELLS THE STORY OF WILLIAM THE 10:57.066 --> 11:00.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CONQUEROR'S INVASION OF ENGLAND IN 1066. 11:00.366 --> 11:03.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CRITICS IN FRANCE FEAR THE TAPESTRY, WHICH IS ACTUALLY 11:03.033 --> 11:06.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% EMBROIDERED, IS TOO FRAGILE TO BE SAFELY MOVED SUCH A LONG 11:06.633 --> 11:08.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% DISTANCE. IT WILL BE THE FIRST TIME THE 11:08.633 --> 11:12.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TAPESTRY HAS RETURNED TO ENGLAND IN NEARLY 1,000 YEARS. 11:12.466 --> 11:16.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% STILL TO COME ON PBS NEWS WEEKEND, HOW AI CHATBOTS MAY BE 11:16.400 --> 11:19.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% AFFECTING MENTAL HEALTH. AND THE HEAD OF THE WORLD FOOD 11:19.666 --> 11:24.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PROGRAMME ON THE DEVASTATING HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN SUDAN. 11:35.333 --> 11:40.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OHN: FIRST, WE SHOULD WARN YOU 11:41.766 --> 11:43.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT THIS STORY DISCUSSES 11:43.300 --> 11:46.500 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% SUICIDE. THIS PAST WEEK, THE PARENTS OF A 11:46.500 --> 11:50.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 16-YEAR-OLD WHO TOOK HIS OWN LIFE FILED A WRONGFUL DEATH SUIT 11:50.433 --> 11:53.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AGAINST OPEN AI, WHICH OWNS CHATGPT. 11:53.933 --> 11:57.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THEY SAY THAT AFTER THEIR SON EXPRESSED SUICIDAL THOUGHTS, 11:57.133 --> 12:00.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CHATGPT BEGAN DISCUSSING WAYS HE COULD END HIS LIFE. 12:00.933 --> 12:04.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE LAWSUIT IS ONE OF THE FIRST OF ITS KIND BUT THERE HAVE BEEN 12:04.000 --> 12:07.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A NUMBER OF REPORTS ABOUT PEOPLE DEVELOPING DISTORTED THOUGHTS OR 12:07.600 --> 12:11.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DELUSIONAL BELIEFS TRIGGERED BY INTERACTIONS WITH AI CHATBOTS. 12:11.833 --> 12:15.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE REPERCUSSIONS CAN BE SEVERE, CAUSING SOME USERS TO EXPERIENCE 12:15.833 --> 12:19.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HEIGHTENED ANXIETY, AND IN EXTREME CASES, TO HARM 12:19.200 --> 12:23.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% THEMSELVES OR OTHERS. IT'S BEEN DUBBED AI PSYCHOSIS. 12:23.900 --> 12:27.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. JOSEPH PIERRE IS A CLINICAL PROFESSOR IN PSYCHIATRY AT THE 12:27.500 --> 12:30.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO. 12:30.400 --> 12:33.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. PIERRE, THIS IS NOT AN OFFICIAL DIAGNOSIS YET. 12:33.100 --> 12:35.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S NOT IN ANY DIAGNOSTIC MANUALS. 12:35.900 --> 12:40.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HOW DO YOU DEFINE AI PSYCHOSES? DR. PIERRE: WELL, PSYCHOSIS IS A 12:40.233 --> 12:44.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TERM THAT ROUGHLY MEANS THAT SOMEONE HAS LOST TOUCH WITH 12:44.233 --> 12:47.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% REALITY. AND THE USUAL EXAMPLES THAT WE 12:47.866 --> 12:50.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% ENCOUNTER IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS ARE EITHER 12:50.433 --> 12:53.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HALLUCINATIONS WHERE WE'RE SEEING OR HEARING THINGS THAT 12:53.700 --> 12:57.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% AREN'T REALLY THERE, OR DELUSIONS, WHICH ARE FIXED FALSE 12:57.300 --> 13:00.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% BELIEFS, LIKE FOR EXAMPLE, THINKING THE CIA IS AFTER ME. 13:00.800 --> 13:04.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND MOSTLY WHAT WE'VE SEEN IN THE CONTEXT OF AI INTERACTIONS 13:04.466 --> 13:08.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IS REALLY DELUSIONAL THINGS. SO THESE ARE DELUSIONS THAT ARE 13:08.300 --> 13:12.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OCCURRING IN THIS SETTING OF INTERACTING WITH AI CHATBOTS. 13:12.000 --> 13:13.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: ARE SOME PEOPLE MORE 13:13.533 --> 13:16.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SUSCEPTIBLE TO THIS THAN OTHERS? DR. PIERRE: WELL, THAT'S REALLY 13:16.466 --> 13:20.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE MILLION DOLLAR QUESTION. I DISTINGUISH BETWEEN AI 13:20.233 --> 13:23.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ASSOCIATED PSYCHOSIS, WHICH JUST MEANS THAT WE'RE SEEING 13:23.333 --> 13:26.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN THE CONTEXT OF AI USE. 13:26.933 --> 13:31.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% BUT I ALSO TALK ABOUT AI EXACERBATED PSYCHOSIS OR AI 13:31.033 --> 13:34.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% INDUCED PSYCHOSIS. SO THE REAL QUESTION IS, IS THIS 13:34.700 --> 13:38.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HAPPENING IN PEOPLE WITH SOME SORT OF PREEXISTING MENTAL 13:38.133 --> 13:42.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DISORDER OR MENTAL HEALTH ISSUE AND THE AI INTERACTION IS JUST 13:42.233 --> 13:45.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FUELING THAT OR MAKING IT WORSE? OR IS IT REALLY CREATING 13:45.900 --> 13:49.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PSYCHOSIS IN PEOPLE WITHOUT ANY SIGNIFICANT HISTORY? 13:49.200 --> 13:52.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND I THINK THERE'S EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THAT BOTH ARE HAPPENING. 13:52.466 --> 13:55.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PROBABLY IT'S MUCH MORE COMMON THAT IT'S A WORSENING OR 13:55.466 --> 13:58.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% EXACERBATING EFFECT. JOHN: TELL US A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 13:58.333 --> 14:01.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WHAT YOU SEE IN YOUR PRACTICE. ARE YOU SEEING PEOPLE COMING IN 14:01.500 --> 14:04.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% TO TALK ABOUT THIS? DR. PIERRE: I HAVE SEEN A 14:04.233 --> 14:06.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% HANDFUL OF CASES. I PRIMARILY WORK IN A HOSPITAL, 14:06.800 --> 14:09.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SO THE PATIENTS THAT I'VE SEEN ARE PATIENTS WHO HAVE BEEN 14:09.666 --> 14:12.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% ADMITTED. AND AS I SUGGESTED BEFORE, SOME 14:12.633 --> 14:17.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OF THEM ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE OBVIOUS AND LONG-STANDING MENTAL 14:17.200 --> 14:20.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ILLNESS WHO NOW HAVE DEVELOPED A WORSENING OF SYMPTOMS IN THE 14:20.300 --> 14:23.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% CONTEXT OF AI USE. I HAVE A FEW CASES OF PEOPLE 14:23.733 --> 14:28.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WITHOUT ANY SUBSTANTIAL MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES PRIOR TO BEING 14:28.133 --> 14:30.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% HOSPITALIZED ALSO. JOHN: I WANNA TALK ABOUT THAT 14:30.466 --> 14:33.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% SECOND CATEGORY. HOW COMMON IT IS AMONG PEOPLE 14:33.266 --> 14:35.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% WHO DON'T HAVE AN EXISTING 14:35.666 --> 14:39.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PSYCHOLOGICAL OR MENTAL PROBLEM GETTING CAUGHT IN WITH CHATBOTS? 14:39.433 --> 14:43.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. PIERRE: I HAVE TO THINK THAT IT'S ACTUALLY FAIRLY RARE. 14:43.333 --> 14:47.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I MEAN, IF YOU THINK ABOUT HOW MANY PEOPLE USE CHATBOTS, THAT, 14:47.033 --> 14:49.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OF COURSE, IS A LARGE, LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE. 14:49.333 --> 14:53.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND WE'VE ONLY SEEN REALLY A FAIRLY SMALL HANDFUL OF CASES 14:53.033 --> 14:56.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% REPORTED IN MEDIA. THOSE OF US IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 14:56.066 --> 14:59.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ARE STARTING TO NOTICE THIS MORE AND MORE. 14:59.500 --> 15:03.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SO I DON'T THINK IT'S A HUGE RISK IN TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF 15:03.200 --> 15:05.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% THE PEOPLE. TYPICALLY, THIS OCCURS IN PEOPLE 15:05.833 --> 15:10.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WHO ARE USING CHAT BOTS FOR HOURS AND HOURS ON END, OFTEN TO 15:10.233 --> 15:13.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% THE EXCLUSION OF HUMAN INTERACTION, OFTEN TO EXCLUSION 15:13.433 --> 15:16.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% OF SLEEP OR EVEN EATING. AND SO IT REALLY, I THINK, IS A 15:16.633 --> 15:18.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% KIND OF DOSE EFFECT THAT WE'RE SEEING. 15:18.933 --> 15:20.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: WE REACHED OUT TO CHAT 15:20.466 --> 15:22.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% GPT, AND HERE'S PART OF WHAT THEY TOLD US. 15:22.800 --> 15:26.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THEY SAID CHATGPT INCLUDES SAFEGUARDS, SUCH AS DIRECTING 15:26.866 --> 15:30.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PEOPLE TO CRISIS HELPLINES AND REFERRING THEM TO REAL-WORLD 15:30.466 --> 15:33.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% RESOURCES. WHILE THESE SAFEGUARDS WORK BEST 15:33.833 --> 15:38.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IN COMMON SHORT EXCHANGES, WE'VE LEARNED OVER TIME THAT THEY CAN 15:38.133 --> 15:42.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SOMETIMES BECOME LESS RELIABLE IN LONG INTERACTIONS WHERE PARTS 15:42.800 --> 15:46.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OF THE MODEL'S SAFETY TRAINING MAY DEGRADE. 15:46.533 --> 15:50.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% HOW MUCH OF THIS IS THE RESPONSIBILITY, DO YOU THINK, OF 15:50.633 --> 15:54.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE AI COMPANIES, AND ARE THEY DOING ENOUGH? 15:54.766 --> 15:57.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DR. PIERRE: WELL, I THINK OF IT AS A SORT OF SHARED 15:57.033 --> 15:59.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% RESPONSIBILITY, JUST LIKE FOR ANY CONSUMER PRODUCT. 15:59.600 --> 16:02.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I THINK THERE'S A RESPONSIBILITY ON THE MAKER AND THERE'S 16:02.400 --> 16:06.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% RESPONSIBILITY FOR US AS CONSUMERS ON HOW WE UTILIZE 16:06.233 --> 16:09.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% THESE PRODUCTS. SO I CERTAINLY THINK THAT THIS 16:09.433 --> 16:13.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% IS A NEW PHENOMENON THAT DESERVES ATTENTION AND THAT THE 16:13.266 --> 16:16.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% COMPANIES OUGHT TO BE THINKING ABOUT HOW TO MAKE A SAFER 16:16.633 --> 16:21.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PRODUCT OR PERHAPS HAVE WARNING LABELS OR WARNINGS ABOUT WHAT 16:21.433 --> 16:24.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% INAPPROPRIATE USE MIGHT LOOK LIKE. 16:24.066 --> 16:28.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% UNFORTUNATELY, WE DID SEE SOME EVIDENCE OF OPENAI DOING THAT, 16:28.066 --> 16:31.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TRYING TO MAKE A NEW VERSION OF THEIR CHATBOT THAT MIGHT CARRY 16:31.600 --> 16:34.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% LESS OF THIS RISK. AND WHAT WE SAW WAS THAT 16:34.133 --> 16:37.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CONSUMERS, THERE WAS A BACKLASH. CONSUMERS ACTUALLY DIDN'T LIKE 16:37.100 --> 16:41.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE NEW PRODUCT BECAUSE IT WAS LESS WHAT WE CALL SYCOPHANTIC. 16:41.100 --> 16:43.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% IT WAS LESS AGREEABLE. IT WASN'T VALIDATING PEOPLE AS 16:43.733 --> 16:46.533 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% MUCH. BUT THAT SAME QUALITY IS, I 16:46.533 --> 16:49.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THINK, UNFORTUNATELY, WHAT PUTS SOME PEOPLE AT RISK. 16:49.033 --> 16:53.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: WHAT ADVICE DO YOU GIVE PEOPLE WHO INTERACT WITH THESE 16:53.333 --> 16:56.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% CHAT BOTS TO AVOID THIS? DR. PIERRE: WELL, WHAT I'VE 16:56.700 --> 17:00.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% NOTICED IS THERE'S SORT OF TWO, LET'S CALL THEM RISK FACTORS 17:00.566 --> 17:04.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% THAT I'VE SEEN PRETTY CONSISTENTLY ACROSS CASES. 17:04.233 --> 17:06.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ONE I ALLUDED TO EARLIER, IT'S THE DOSE EFFECT. 17:06.866 --> 17:10.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S HOW MUCH ONE IS USING. I CALL THIS IMMERSION. 17:10.133 --> 17:14.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SO IF YOU'RE USING SOMETHING FOR HOURS AND HOURS ON END, THAT'S 17:14.133 --> 17:17.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PROBABLY NOT A GOOD SIGN. THE OTHER ONE IS SOMETHING THAT 17:17.433 --> 17:21.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I CALL DEIFICATION, WHICH IS JUST A FANCY TERM THAT MEANS 17:21.200 --> 17:25.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT SOME PEOPLE WHO INTERACT WITH THESE CHATBOTS REALLY COME 17:25.600 --> 17:29.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TO SEE THEM AS THESE SUPERHUMAN INTELLIGENCES OR THESE ALMOST 17:29.200 --> 17:32.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% GOD-LIKE ENTITIES THAT ARE ULTRA-RELIABLE. 17:32.300 --> 17:35.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND THAT'S SIMPLY NOT WHAT CHATBOTS ARE. 17:35.500 --> 17:38.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THEY'RE DESIGNED TO REPLICATE HUMAN ACTION, BUT THEY'RE NOT 17:38.300 --> 17:39.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% ACTUALLY DESIGNED TO BE ACCURATE. 17:39.833 --> 17:43.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND I THINK IT'S VERY IMPORTANT FOR CONSUMERS TO UNDERSTAND THAT 17:43.200 --> 17:46.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT'S A RISK OF THESE PRODUCTS. THEY'RE NOT ULTRA RELIABLE 17:46.466 --> 17:48.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% SOURCES OF INFORMATION. THAT'S NOT WHAT THEY'RE BUILT TO 17:48.700 --> 17:50.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% BE. JOHN: DR. JOSEPH PIERRE FROM THE 17:50.866 --> 17:54.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO, THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 17:54.200 --> 17:58.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% DR. PIERRE: THANK YOU. 17:58.233 --> 18:03.233 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% ♪ OHN: 18:03.966 --> 18:05.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% THE INTERNATIONAL RESCUE 18:05.366 --> 18:09.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% COMMITTEE ESTIMATES THAT WORLDWIDE, COUNTRIES WITH ABOUT 18:09.200 --> 18:14.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 11% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION ACCOUNT FOR A STAGGERING 82% OF 18:15.666 --> 18:18.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PEOPLE NEEDING HUMANITARIAN AID. WILLIAM BRANGHAM SPOKE WITH 18:18.300 --> 18:22.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CINDY MCCAIN, HEAD OF THE UN'S WORLD FOOD PROGRAM, ABOUT THE 18:22.066 --> 18:25.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WORLD'S LARGEST, AND OFTEN OVERLOOKED, HUMANITARIAN CRISIS. 18:25.666 --> 18:28.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WILLIAM: CINDY MCCAIN, I JUST WANT TO ASK YOU A LITTLE BIT 18:28.000 --> 18:31.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ABOUT WHAT IS HAPPENING IN SUDAN, WHICH, WHILE MANY EYES 18:31.200 --> 18:35.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ARE ON GAZA, SUDAN IS PERHAPS AN EVEN GREATER CIRCUMSTANCE THERE. 18:35.900 --> 18:39.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WE KNOW THAT 14 MILLION PEOPLE AND MORE HAVE BEEN DISPLACED. 18:39.833 --> 18:42.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT IS ONE OF THE WORST CRISES IN THE WORLD TODAY. 18:42.933 --> 18:46.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CAN YOU TELL US A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT IS GOING ON THERE 18:46.000 --> 18:49.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% FROM YOUR POINT OF VIEW? CINDY: WELL, IT IS, AS YOU JUST 18:49.433 --> 18:53.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SAID, THE LARGEST HUMANITARIAN CRISIS ON THE PLANET. 18:53.200 --> 18:55.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND, YOU HAVE PEOPLE BEING 18:55.333 --> 18:59.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PUSHED BACK AND FORTH BY VARIOUS FACTIONS THAT ARE HAPPENING 18:59.033 --> 19:02.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% COMBINED WITH WHAT WE CALL THE LEAN SEASON, WHICH BRINGS HUGE 19:02.933 --> 19:04.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AMOUNTS OF RAINS, WHICH ARE ALSO 19:04.700 --> 19:07.333 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% DEVASTATING. AND YOU'VE GOT THE REBELS 19:07.333 --> 19:08.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ROLLING -- ROAMING AROUND MAKING 19:08.833 --> 19:12.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SURE THAT PEOPLE CAN'T EAT. THERE IS FAMINE IN SUDAN. 19:12.533 --> 19:15.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND, QUITE FRANKLY, THE WORLD ISN'T PAYING ATTENTION TO IT AT 19:15.333 --> 19:18.000 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% ALL. THE FOCUS IS ON GAZA, AND I WISH 19:18.000 --> 19:21.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% PEOPLE WOULD PAY CLOSER ATTENTION ALSO TO SUDAN AND TO 19:21.900 --> 19:24.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% SOUTH SUDAN. WILLIAM: ARE YOU ABLE TO OPERATE 19:24.133 --> 19:27.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THERE IN ANY CAPACITY THAT YOU FEEL IS SUFFICIENT? 19:27.133 --> 19:30.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CINDY: WELL, WE'RE OPERATING, BUT NOT AS WHAT I FEEL IS 19:30.000 --> 19:31.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% SUFFICIENT. WE ARE OPERATING. 19:31.833 --> 19:35.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT IS, AS YOU KNOW, IS VERY CHALLENGING THERE, NOT JUST 19:35.733 --> 19:39.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% BECAUSE OF THE THE POLITICAL ELEMENTS AND ALL THE ELEMENTS 19:39.433 --> 19:43.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT ARE CAUSING SO MUCH OF THIS, BUT ALSO FROM A, FROM A 19:43.100 --> 19:46.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JUST OPERATIONS STANDPOINT, TRYING TO GET TRUCKS IN AND 19:46.633 --> 19:49.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TRYING TO GET THE COMMODITIES IN THAT WE NEED TO DO. 19:49.666 --> 19:53.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE DARFUR REGION IS DEVASTATED FROM ALL OF THIS. 19:54.400 --> 19:56.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S IMPERATIVE THAT WE, PUSH FOR THIS. 19:56.400 --> 20:00.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE FUNDING CUTS HAVE REALLY, REALLY HAD A REAL DAMPER ON ALL 20:00.466 --> 20:03.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OF THIS, BECAUSE WE DO NEED MONEY TO BE ABLE TO OPERATE 20:03.100 --> 20:05.200 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% THERE. AND WE DON'T HAVE IT THE WAY WE 20:05.200 --> 20:07.033 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% USED TO. BUT WE CANNOT FORGET THIS 20:07.033 --> 20:08.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% REGION. WE CANNOT FORGET THESE PEOPLE 20:08.866 --> 20:11.733 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% EITHER. AND AS I SAID, THEY ARE THERE. 20:11.733 --> 20:15.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S DEVASTATING THERE, WHAT'S HAPPENING AND WHAT WHAT COULD 20:15.900 --> 20:17.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HAPPEN IF WE DON'T GET MORE AID 20:17.833 --> 20:19.833 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% IN. WILLIAM: UNICEF RECENTLY SAID 20:19.833 --> 20:24.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT AFTER THESE 500 DAYS OF SIEGE, THAT THE CHILDREN IN 20:24.000 --> 20:27.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AL-BASHIR IN PARTICULAR ARE SUFFERING MASS DISPLACEMENT, 20:27.900 --> 20:31.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DEADLY VIOLENCE STILL GOING ON. ARE YOU ABLE TO OPERATE IN THAT 20:31.266 --> 20:35.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% REGION SPECIFICALLY? CINDY: YES, WE ARE IN SEVERAL OF 20:35.466 --> 20:37.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE REGIONS, MORE THAN SEVERAL, ACTUALLY. 20:37.866 --> 20:40.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% BUT I'LL BE HONEST WITH YOU, IT DEPENDS ON THE DAY. 20:40.433 --> 20:43.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% DEPENDS ON, YOU KNOW, WHAT'S HAPPENING FROM A SECURITY 20:43.533 --> 20:46.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% STANDPOINT AROUND THERE. WE DO THE VERY BEST WE CAN. 20:46.500 --> 20:49.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AS I'VE SAID BEFORE, OUR PEOPLE ARE EXTRAORDINARILY GOOD AT WHAT 20:49.466 --> 20:52.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THEY DO, AND THEY'RE VERY EXPERIENCED IN THESE PARTICULAR 20:52.166 --> 20:54.666 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% REGIONS. WE CAN DO THE THINGS, YOU KNOW, 20:54.666 --> 20:56.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% WE WE DO GET IN. WE DON'T GET IN ENOUGH. 20:56.900 --> 21:00.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AS I SAID, IN SOME CASES WE DON'T GET IN AT ALL. 21:00.166 --> 21:02.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT JUST DEPENDS ON THE REGION, DEPENDS ON THE DAY. 21:02.466 --> 21:06.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WILLIAM: I MEAN, APART FROM THE VIOLENCE COMING TO AN END, 21:06.800 --> 21:10.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND I KNOW THAT'S SOMETHING THAT YOU AND FEW OTHER GOVERNMENTS 21:10.933 --> 21:14.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% HAVE ANY CONTROL OVER. WHAT ELSE DO YOU NEED TO HAVE 21:14.000 --> 21:18.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HAPPEN THERE IN ORDER TO HELP ALL OF THESE DESPERATE PEOPLE? 21:18.133 --> 21:21.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% CINDY: WELL, WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO GET FOOD IN AT SCALE, AS I 21:21.433 --> 21:26.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MENTIONED, AND NOT JUST IN THE REGION, BUT ALL AROUND THE 21:27.533 --> 21:29.066 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% COUNTRY. PEOPLE JUST DON'T HAVE ACCESS. 21:29.066 --> 21:32.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND BECAUSE OF THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ALL THE OTHER 21:32.466 --> 21:35.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ELEMENTS THAT I MENTIONED EARLIER, THEY DON'T HAVE THE 21:35.333 --> 21:39.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ABILITY TO REALLY BE RESILIENT AND GROW THEIR OWN FOOD IN MANY 21:39.500 --> 21:42.100 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% CASES. IT'S KIND OF A PERFECT STORM OF 21:42.100 --> 21:46.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% DISASTER IN TERMS OF THE INABILITY FOR THESE PEOPLE TO 21:46.166 --> 21:48.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% FUNCTION IN A NORMAL WAY WITH 21:48.166 --> 21:52.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% REGARDS TO FOOD, AND BE ABLE TO MOVE AROUND IN NORMAL WAYS. 21:54.066 --> 21:57.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WE NEED TO GET IN AND MAKE SURE WE CAN FEED AT SCALE AND MAKE 21:57.133 --> 21:59.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SURE THAT WE CAN CONTINUE TO FEED AND SCALE. 21:59.700 --> 22:02.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT'S DEVASTATING TO WATCH, THE CHILDREN ARE THE MOST 22:02.000 --> 22:03.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% VULNERABLE IN ALL OF THIS. WILLIAM: ALL RIGHT. 22:03.733 --> 22:06.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT IS CINDY MCCAIN, THE HEAD OF THE WORLD FOOD PROGRAM. 22:06.400 --> 22:07.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR BEING HERE. 22:07.733 --> 22:12.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% CINDY: THANK YOU. MY PLEASURE. 22:18.033 --> 22:19.366 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% OHN: 22:19.366 --> 22:21.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% LAST FALL'S HURRICANE HELENE WAS A STORM OF 22:21.833 --> 22:25.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SUPERLATIVES, NOT ONLY WAS IT THE STRONGEST EVER TO HIT 22:25.433 --> 22:29.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FLORIDA'S BIG BEND REGION, ONCE OVER LAND, IT BROUGHT HISTORIC 22:29.600 --> 22:33.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% RAINFALL AND RECORD-BREAKING FLOODING ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST. 22:33.333 --> 22:37.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IN THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH, 430 MILES OF THE FAMED APPALACHIAN 22:37.266 --> 22:40.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TRAIL WERE CLOSED, AS DOWNED TREES BLOCKED FOOTPATHS AND 22:40.533 --> 22:42.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% BRIDGES WERE WASHED AWAY. 22:42.300 --> 22:45.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% NOW, MONTHS OF LABOR BY VOLUNTEER WORK CREWS HAS BROUGHT 22:45.833 --> 22:50.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THAT DOWN TO JUST FIVE MILES. ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST, HURRICANE 22:52.400 --> 22:55.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HELENE'S DEVASTATION LINGERS. >> I HAVE LIVED IN THE MIDDLE 22:55.300 --> 22:58.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% EAST FOR MANY YEARS, AND THIS IS WORSE THAN ANY WAR THAT I'VE 22:58.433 --> 23:00.400 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% BEEN IN. IT'S HORRENDOUS. 23:00.400 --> 23:04.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: ON THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL IN NORTHEASTERN TENNESSEE, 23:04.066 --> 23:07.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FALLEN TREES AND OTHER DEBRIS STILL BLOCK FOOTPATHS. 23:07.833 --> 23:11.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FOR THE PAST 11 MONTHS, AT LEAST 2,000 VOLUNTEERS HAVE WORKED TO 23:11.666 --> 23:14.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% CLEAR THOSE OBSTACLES. THEY'RE FROM GROUPS THAT 23:14.300 --> 23:17.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MAINTAIN THE TRAIL, INCLUDING THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL 23:17.200 --> 23:20.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% CONSERVANCY, WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS DAY-TO-DAY 23:20.233 --> 23:25.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% MANAGEMENT. >> THERE ARE NUMEROUS PLACES 23:26.766 --> 23:29.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% WHERE TREES USED TO STAND AND THEIR ROOTS WERE IN THE GROUND 23:29.733 --> 23:33.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% AND THE ROOTS GOT PULLED UP AND HAVE LEFT A LARGE HOLE IN THE 23:33.333 --> 23:36.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MIDDLE OF THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL. JOHN: THE TRAIL WAS PROPOSED IN 23:36.800 --> 23:41.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% 1921, BUILT BY PRIVATE CITIZENS, AND COMPLETED IN 1937. 23:43.300 --> 23:47.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT STRETCHES NEARLY 2200 MILES, WINDING THROUGH 14 STATES FROM 23:47.100 --> 23:50.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% MAINE TO GEORGIA. IT PASSES THROUGH EIGHT NATIONAL 23:50.066 --> 23:53.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FORESTS, SIX SITES IN THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM AND TWO 23:53.833 --> 23:58.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES. EACH YEAR, MORE THAN 3 MILLION 23:58.033 --> 24:01.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% VISITORS FROM AROUND THE WORLD WALK AT LEAST PART OF THE TRAIL. 24:01.433 --> 24:04.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% >> THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL IS THIS AMAZING WAY TO CONNECT FOLKS. 24:05.933 --> 24:08.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IT CAN BE SOMEBODY WHO'S, YEAH, WANTING TO HIKE FROM GEORGIA TO 24:08.533 --> 24:10.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% MAINE, AND IS GOING TO DO THAT 24:10.133 --> 24:12.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% IN ONE SUMMER OR IT'S SOMEBODY WHO'S NEVER STEPPED FOOT ON A 24:12.233 --> 24:14.066 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% TRAIL. JOHN: THESE DAYS, USING THE 24:14.066 --> 24:16.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% TRAIL REQUIRES A BIT OF PLANNING. 24:16.300 --> 24:18.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% SECTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE CLOSED FOR THE FORESEEABLE 24:18.866 --> 24:22.466 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% FUTURE. MATT PERRENOD OF THE APPALACHIAN 24:22.466 --> 24:25.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TRAIL CONSERVANCY SAYS NOT ALL THE WORK IS BEING DONE BY 24:25.500 --> 24:28.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% VOLUNTEERS. >> THE VAST MAJORITY OF WORK 24:28.133 --> 24:32.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% GETS DONE BY THE VOLUNTEERS. HOWEVER, WE CAN'T IGNORE ALL THE 24:32.466 --> 24:35.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% OTHER PARTNERS AROUND LIKE THE FOREST SERVICE PEOPLE THAT 24:35.100 --> 24:38.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HELPED GET OUR GEAR UP WHO PAY ATTENTION TO THIS TRAIL DAY IN 24:38.700 --> 24:41.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% AND DAY OUT. SO THERE IS AN ENTIRE 24:41.100 --> 24:45.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT AROUND THAT VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE AND THEN 24:45.266 --> 24:47.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% VOLUNTEERS PROVIDE A LOT OF MUSCLE. 24:47.000 --> 24:50.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: THE WORK IS ALL DONE BY HAND. 24:50.000 --> 24:53.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THERE IS NO HEAVY EQUIPMENT. IT'S TIME-CONSUMING AND THE 24:53.666 --> 24:57.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% PROGRESS IS INCREMENTAL. AMONG THOSE PITCHING IN IS A 24:57.500 --> 25:00.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% GROUP FROM JAPAN. THEY SAY THEY ARE MOTIVATED BY 25:00.433 --> 25:04.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THE GLOBAL RESPONSE TO THE 2011 FUKASHIMA EARTHQUAKE AND 25:04.233 --> 25:06.533 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% TSUNAMI. THEY ARE EAGER TO TAKE WHAT THEY 25:06.533 --> 25:10.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% LEARN HERE BACK HOME. >> WE ALL WORK FOR JAPANESE LONG 25:10.633 --> 25:15.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% DISTANCE TRAIL. BUT THE HISTORY IS QUITE NEW IN 25:17.166 --> 25:20.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JAPAN, SO NOW WE ARE TRYING TO LEARN HOW TO MAINTAIN MAINTAIN 25:20.533 --> 25:22.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - - HOW TO MAINTAIN AND HOW TO MAKE IT SUSTAINABLE. 25:22.866 --> 25:26.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% JOHN: THE VOLUNTEERS MAY NOT BE GETTING A PAYCHECK FOR THEIR 25:26.000 --> 25:29.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% LABORS, BUT PERRENOD HOPES THEY FEEL THAT THEY ARE BEING 25:29.200 --> 25:32.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% COMPENSATED IN ANOTHER WAY. >> THE OVERRIDING THING I THINK 25:32.533 --> 25:35.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% THEY LEAVE WITH IS A FEELING THAT THEY'RE PART OF SOMETHING 25:35.033 --> 25:38.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% THAT'S BIGGER THAN THEM. AND THEY KNOW THEY ARE CONNECTED 25:38.000 --> 25:40.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% TO OTHER PEOPLE WHO CARE ABOUT THE SAME THING. 25:40.533 --> 25:45.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% PEOPLE LEAVE WITH THAT AND THAT MIGHT BE THE HIGHEST VALUE. 25:52.466 --> 25:54.533 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% ♪ JOHN: THAT IS PBS NEWS WEEKEND 25:54.533 --> 25:56.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% FOR THE I'M JOHN YANG. SUNDAY. 25:56.466 --> 25:58.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% FOR ALL OF MY COLLEAGUES, THANKS FOR JOINING US. 25:58.533 --> 26:02.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HAVE A GOOD LABOR DAY AND A GOOD WEEK.