WEBVTT 00:01.266 --> 00:03.766 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 00:05.500 --> 00:09.300 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 00:09.300 --> 00:12.533 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: In Egypt, a team of archaeologists has made 00:12.533 --> 00:14.000 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% an extraordinary discovery. 00:14.000 --> 00:15.300 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% ZAHI HAWASS: I never thought 00:15.300 --> 00:17.033 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% that anything like this would be discovered. 00:17.033 --> 00:21.300 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: A cemetery hidden for millennia. 00:21.300 --> 00:22.800 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% AFIFI ROHIM: We can see the burial chamber. 00:22.800 --> 00:25.866 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: No one knew of its existence. 00:25.866 --> 00:28.100 align:left position:52.5% line:5% size:37.5% We are in front of a sealed tomb. 00:28.100 --> 00:31.700 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: How many tombs will they find? 00:31.700 --> 00:33.133 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% This is really exciting. 00:33.133 --> 00:35.700 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: What lies within? 00:35.700 --> 00:36.900 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: We are sure 00:36.900 --> 00:38.766 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% that this tomb intact tomb. 00:39.766 --> 00:41.800 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Now, from the Egyptian desert, 00:41.800 --> 00:45.300 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% incredible artifacts emerge. 00:45.300 --> 00:47.300 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% HAWASS: Beautiful-- this is the first time 00:47.300 --> 00:48.733 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% I see something like this. 00:48.733 --> 00:51.766 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: Who was buried here? 00:51.766 --> 00:53.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% These individuals were wealthy. 00:53.933 --> 00:56.000 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Now these lost tombs are revealing 00:56.000 --> 00:59.100 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% a unique period in Egyptian history, 00:59.100 --> 01:03.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% when kings from the south conquered and ruled Egypt 01:03.766 --> 01:05.366 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% and Egyptian women 01:05.366 --> 01:07.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% had more power and prestige than ever before. 01:07.966 --> 01:10.300 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% JULIA BUDKA: The god's wife of Amun 01:10.300 --> 01:13.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was really the female substitute of the king. 01:13.300 --> 01:16.133 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% MARIAM AYAD: The god's wife of Amun 01:16.133 --> 01:19.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% was as important as a medieval pope. 01:19.566 --> 01:22.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Who were these outsiders who ruled Egypt? 01:22.233 --> 01:26.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% And how did they help women rise to such heights? 01:26.066 --> 01:28.833 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 01:30.566 --> 01:32.500 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% "Egypt's Tombs of Amun," 01:32.500 --> 01:35.800 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% right now, on "NOVA." 01:35.800 --> 01:39.900 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 02:07.200 --> 02:09.466 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 02:09.466 --> 02:11.966 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: Ancient Egypt, 02:11.966 --> 02:16.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% a civilization that lasted for more than 3,000 years. 02:16.000 --> 02:19.166 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% From towering pyramids 02:19.166 --> 02:22.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% to palatial rock-cut tombs, 02:22.133 --> 02:23.666 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% from sprawling temples 02:23.666 --> 02:27.266 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% to soaring obelisks, 02:27.266 --> 02:30.333 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% its long history is meticulously recorded 02:30.333 --> 02:32.100 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% on the walls of Egyptian temples, 02:32.100 --> 02:34.166 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% colossal statues, 02:34.166 --> 02:37.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% and the artifacts the Egyptians buried in their tombs. 02:38.966 --> 02:40.666 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Leading the Egyptian people 02:40.666 --> 02:43.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% was a succession of about 300 rulers, 02:43.000 --> 02:46.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% divided into 31 dynasties 02:46.133 --> 02:52.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% lasting from around 3200 to 300 BCE. 02:52.066 --> 02:55.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% These were the pharaohs, who were both heads of state, 02:55.066 --> 02:57.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as well as divine intermediaries 02:57.000 --> 03:00.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% between the people and their gods. 03:05.333 --> 03:08.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Most of the history of Ancient Egypt 03:08.000 --> 03:12.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% unfolds over three major periods of unity and prosperity. 03:14.100 --> 03:17.933 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% The Old Kingdom, the era of the pyramids. 03:17.933 --> 03:19.466 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% The Middle Kingdom, a classical age, 03:19.466 --> 03:22.766 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% when literature and the arts flourished. 03:22.766 --> 03:26.533 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% And the New Kingdom, when Egypt extended its control 03:26.533 --> 03:30.533 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% beyond its borders and became an empire. 03:30.533 --> 03:34.200 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% As well as three periods of instability in between, 03:34.200 --> 03:38.966 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% called the First, Second, and Third Intermediate Periods. 03:40.233 --> 03:42.666 align:left position:22.5% line:71% size:67.5% The New Kingdom is probably the best-known 03:42.666 --> 03:44.133 align:left position:22.5% line:71% size:67.5% period in Ancient Egypt 03:44.133 --> 03:47.466 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% because we have all those temples, 03:47.466 --> 03:49.100 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% we have huge amounts 03:49.100 --> 03:53.100 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% of royal stelar texts and inscriptions. 03:54.600 --> 03:56.700 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Egypt was completely connected with the Mediterranean, 03:56.700 --> 03:58.166 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% with the Near East, 03:58.166 --> 04:00.233 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% with the south. 04:00.233 --> 04:02.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% It's really the first evidence 04:02.900 --> 04:05.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% for globalization in our history. 04:05.166 --> 04:07.033 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 04:07.033 --> 04:10.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% People were living together, people were copying things, 04:10.900 --> 04:12.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% they're creating something new. 04:15.233 --> 04:19.433 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: The New Kingdom is considered Egypt's golden age, 04:19.433 --> 04:21.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% a time of wealth, prosperity, and power. 04:21.800 --> 04:24.400 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 04:24.400 --> 04:26.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Pharaohs like Ramesses II 04:26.333 --> 04:28.300 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% and Hatshepsut 04:28.300 --> 04:31.166 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% build magnificent temples, and incredible treasures, 04:31.166 --> 04:34.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% like the ones found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, 04:34.266 --> 04:36.600 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% are produced. 04:36.600 --> 04:39.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% But after nearly 500 years of splendor, 04:39.200 --> 04:43.866 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% things start to change. 04:43.866 --> 04:45.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% There were internal political problems, 04:45.500 --> 04:47.300 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% economic problems, 04:47.300 --> 04:50.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% periods of hunger, civil wars. 04:52.133 --> 04:54.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: During this time of declining prosperity, 04:54.233 --> 04:57.100 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% the state collapses, 04:57.100 --> 04:59.966 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% allowing self-proclaimed regional rulers 04:59.966 --> 05:03.300 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% to grab power and divide the country. 05:03.300 --> 05:05.500 align:left position:27.5% line:71% size:62.5% After the fall of the New Kingdom, 05:05.500 --> 05:07.900 align:left position:17.5% line:71% size:72.5% Egypt fell into a dark, dark, dark age 05:07.900 --> 05:11.466 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% of political fragmentation. 05:11.466 --> 05:12.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% It's known as the Third Intermediate Period. 05:14.433 --> 05:17.233 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Starting in 1069 BCE, 05:17.233 --> 05:21.733 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% the Third Intermediate Period lasts for more than 300 years. 05:23.100 --> 05:26.366 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% The archaeological record from this period of Egyptian history 05:26.366 --> 05:28.266 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% is fragmented. 05:28.266 --> 05:29.833 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% The story of the people 05:29.833 --> 05:32.833 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% who lived during these times is largely unknown. 05:35.166 --> 05:36.900 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% But now 05:36.900 --> 05:38.900 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% new information is being uncovered 05:38.900 --> 05:40.700 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% 400 miles south of Cairo, 05:40.700 --> 05:43.266 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% in an excavation happening 05:43.266 --> 05:46.133 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% in Egypt's richest archaeological area: 05:46.133 --> 05:48.800 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% Luxor. 05:48.800 --> 05:51.300 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% BUDKA: The modern city of Luxor 05:51.300 --> 05:55.533 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% was the ancient Thebes, and for centuries, it was 05:55.533 --> 05:59.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% the religious capital of Egypt. 05:59.400 --> 06:02.566 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Some of the most famous ancient sites are here: 06:02.566 --> 06:05.500 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% temples to the most important gods 06:05.500 --> 06:07.766 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% on the East Bank of the Nile; 06:07.766 --> 06:10.233 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% the funerary temples of the pharaohs 06:10.233 --> 06:15.233 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% and the vast Necropolis, or city of the dead, to the west. 06:15.233 --> 06:17.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The popular belief is, we know already everything. 06:17.666 --> 06:19.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% We have deciphered the hieroglyphs. 06:19.966 --> 06:22.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% We have so many temples and tombs. 06:22.100 --> 06:24.100 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% We know what happened. 06:24.100 --> 06:26.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% This is actually not the case. 06:26.400 --> 06:28.566 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% And every single archaeological dig 06:28.566 --> 06:29.900 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% can teach you a lot. 06:34.800 --> 06:36.700 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: In September 2020, 06:36.700 --> 06:38.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% a team of Egyptian archaeologists 06:38.333 --> 06:40.933 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% led by Zahi Hawass 06:40.933 --> 06:42.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% started excavating a new site there, 06:42.633 --> 06:46.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% on the West Bank of the Nile, 06:46.100 --> 06:49.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and discovered a long-lost city. 06:49.933 --> 06:51.833 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% We discovered one house, 06:51.833 --> 06:55.766 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% and this house led us to this major important discovery. 06:57.833 --> 06:59.700 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% The lost golden city. 07:02.333 --> 07:04.933 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Built by Tutankhamun's grandfather 07:04.933 --> 07:06.300 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% Amenhotep III 07:06.300 --> 07:08.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in the 14th century BCE, 07:08.666 --> 07:12.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% the lost city is a sprawling maze of serpentine walls, 07:12.366 --> 07:16.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% houses, workshops, and administration buildings. 07:17.333 --> 07:21.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% For centuries, no one knew of its existence. 07:21.433 --> 07:25.600 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% The lost city is built on prime ancient real estate 07:25.600 --> 07:28.466 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% in the area known as Medinet Habu 07:28.466 --> 07:31.333 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% on the West Bank of the ancient city of Thebes. 07:32.800 --> 07:36.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It took the archaeologists nearly two years 07:36.166 --> 07:38.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% to fully excavate it. 07:38.533 --> 07:41.266 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% HAWASS: When we found the lost golden city, 07:41.266 --> 07:44.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I really wanted to extend the area in the north. 07:44.033 --> 07:46.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This is known in the map 07:46.533 --> 07:50.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% as the Triangle. 07:50.033 --> 07:53.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% This area is empty-- no one really ever excavated it. 07:54.800 --> 07:57.633 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: For decades, it's been just a patch of desert 07:57.633 --> 07:59.733 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% next to the main tourist route. 08:01.133 --> 08:04.000 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% Every morning, dozens of buses whiz past 08:04.000 --> 08:05.966 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% on their way to the famous sites. 08:08.666 --> 08:12.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Hundreds of tourists take to the sky on hot air balloons. 08:13.100 --> 08:16.966 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% It would seem an unlikely place for a big discovery. 08:16.966 --> 08:21.966 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 08:23.600 --> 08:26.633 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% In September 2022, 08:26.633 --> 08:30.866 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% two years after the lost city was discovered, 08:30.866 --> 08:33.733 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% the team starts excavating the Triangle. 08:33.733 --> 08:36.166 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% As soon as the archaeologists 08:36.166 --> 08:40.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% remove the first layer of sand, they uncover mud bricks-- 08:40.400 --> 08:45.300 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% evidence that there might be more to be found. 08:45.300 --> 08:50.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Zahi decides to concentrate the team's efforts in this area. 08:53.166 --> 08:55.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Within days, they uncover a row of large pottery vessels. 08:57.800 --> 09:01.566 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% Remarkably, they are still sealed. 09:01.566 --> 09:06.533 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% As they open one, they are about to find something very telling: 09:06.533 --> 09:11.166 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% a clear indication of what this site once was. 09:11.166 --> 09:13.733 align:left position:80% line:5% size:10% Huh. 09:13.733 --> 09:15.400 align:left position:60% line:5% size:30% What's this? 09:15.400 --> 09:18.066 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% It's kind of plants. 09:18.066 --> 09:19.400 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The plants appear to have been burned. 09:19.400 --> 09:21.433 align:left position:60% line:5% size:30% What's this? 09:21.433 --> 09:23.166 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: Linen. Linen? 09:23.166 --> 09:27.066 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% And we will take all the filling outside 09:27.066 --> 09:29.266 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% to be sure what's behind this. 09:29.266 --> 09:31.833 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% HAWASS: Oh! 09:31.833 --> 09:33.600 align:left position:52.5% line:5% size:37.5% Broken pottery! 09:33.600 --> 09:36.566 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% This is a ritual. 09:37.766 --> 09:39.933 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The contents of the pots all relate 09:39.933 --> 09:42.000 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% to a funerary ritual. 09:42.000 --> 09:43.466 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% BUDKA: During mummification, 09:43.466 --> 09:47.500 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% the embalming workshops produced leftovers 09:47.500 --> 09:49.300 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% that was regarded as something important. 09:49.300 --> 09:51.033 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% They were not just put somewhere 09:51.033 --> 09:53.400 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% as trash, but they were arranged in deposits. 09:53.400 --> 09:55.733 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% Sometimes they deposited linen, 09:55.733 --> 09:59.233 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% organic remains, botanical remains. 09:59.233 --> 10:03.833 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% Very often, we find broken pots inside the vessels. 10:03.833 --> 10:07.866 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% And this is what in general we call embalming cache. 10:07.866 --> 10:09.900 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: An embalming cache is the collection 10:09.900 --> 10:12.066 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% of the precious leftovers of materials 10:12.066 --> 10:15.533 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% used during the mummification process. 10:15.533 --> 10:17.600 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% BUDKA: Finding a cache of embalming material 10:17.600 --> 10:19.633 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% tells you immediately 10:19.633 --> 10:22.966 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% that you have found something associated with a cemetery. 10:22.966 --> 10:25.600 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% And you should probably look for a tomb nearby. 10:26.900 --> 10:29.966 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: This is a momentous find. 10:29.966 --> 10:32.366 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 10:32.366 --> 10:35.133 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Is the team on the verge of a new important discovery? 10:35.133 --> 10:37.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% (people talking in background) 10:37.400 --> 10:40.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Excited, they split into groups, 10:40.466 --> 10:44.800 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% each tackling a different corner of the Triangle. 10:44.800 --> 10:48.300 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% Soon, they uncover evidence of several tombs. 10:48.300 --> 10:51.366 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% The archaeologists are standing 10:51.366 --> 10:55.133 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% on a previously unknown burial ground. 10:55.133 --> 10:58.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's not every day that you find a brand-new cemetery. 11:00.433 --> 11:02.200 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% So this is really exciting. 11:05.966 --> 11:08.366 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: When was this cemetery built? 11:08.366 --> 11:10.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And who was buried here? 11:10.233 --> 11:14.166 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% HAWASS: Work in this big, large cemetery, it's a challenge. 11:15.866 --> 11:17.900 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% It needs to be excavated completely 11:17.900 --> 11:19.700 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% to understand the date. 11:21.333 --> 11:24.133 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% The excavation will give us more information 11:24.133 --> 11:26.866 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% about the people who are buried in this large cemetery. 11:30.033 --> 11:32.866 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% BUDKA: The burials are located on the West Bank, 11:32.866 --> 11:36.766 align:left position:12.5% line:71% size:77.5% because in the Egyptian concept of the netherworld, 11:36.766 --> 11:39.366 align:left position:12.5% line:71% size:77.5%   the entrance to the netherworld is on the west. 11:39.366 --> 11:41.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% The sun rises in the east 11:41.600 --> 11:44.066 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% and sets in the west, 11:44.066 --> 11:48.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and this is what a human life should repeat. 11:48.166 --> 11:50.666 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 11:50.666 --> 11:53.566 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: The Ancient Egyptians invested vast amounts 11:53.566 --> 11:55.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% of wealth and energy 11:55.533 --> 11:58.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% preparing for life after death. 11:58.933 --> 12:02.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The belief of the afterlife built Egypt. 12:04.633 --> 12:08.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% That belief made the Egyptian to build pyramids, 12:08.966 --> 12:10.966 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% tombs, and temples. 12:10.966 --> 12:15.700 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: They believed that life continued after death, 12:15.700 --> 12:19.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and the tomb was considered the house for eternity. 12:19.233 --> 12:20.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% For those who could afford it, 12:20.966 --> 12:24.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the mummified body would have laid to rest 12:24.333 --> 12:27.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% inside beautifully decorated tombs. 12:27.866 --> 12:30.666 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% BUDKA: There's the popular belief that the Ancient Egyptians 12:30.666 --> 12:33.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% were obsessed by death, and that they were only 12:33.333 --> 12:36.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% caring about life in the netherworld. 12:36.133 --> 12:38.600 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% This is, of course, definitely not the case. 12:38.600 --> 12:39.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The Egyptians were people like us, 12:39.866 --> 12:43.000 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% so they wanted to live. 12:43.000 --> 12:46.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Mortuary rituals is actually something 12:46.633 --> 12:49.766 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that helps the living to overcome, 12:49.766 --> 12:52.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% um, their sorrow, their grief. 12:52.266 --> 12:54.066 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 12:54.066 --> 12:56.833 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% What you find in tombs 12:56.833 --> 12:59.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% tells you so much about society and about the living. 12:59.900 --> 13:03.733 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 13:05.766 --> 13:08.533 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Tombs are time capsules 13:08.533 --> 13:10.733 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% that can preserve information 13:10.733 --> 13:12.800 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% about ancient people for millennia. 13:14.700 --> 13:19.533 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% HAWASS: You can gain a lot of knowledge and information about burials, 13:19.533 --> 13:21.700 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% and that's why this cemetery needs more excavation. 13:23.400 --> 13:26.433 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The tombs in the Triangle are all different. 13:26.433 --> 13:29.200 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% Some have a shaft dug straight into the ground. 13:30.433 --> 13:33.800 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% And at the bottom, they open up to the burial chamber. 13:35.700 --> 13:38.366 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% Some have grand entrances, complete with a staircase, 13:38.366 --> 13:40.700 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% and more than one room carved into the rock. 13:45.533 --> 13:50.533 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Archaeology is dangerous for archaeologists. 13:50.533 --> 13:53.033 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 13:53.033 --> 13:54.733 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% It's hard work. 13:58.666 --> 14:00.833 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% (man grunts, people talking in background) 14:00.833 --> 14:03.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It's to live dangerously. 14:06.500 --> 14:09.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But to live dangerously, it's fun, also. 14:11.166 --> 14:14.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It's amazing when you make a new, important discovery. 14:14.166 --> 14:17.400 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 14:17.400 --> 14:20.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% You completely forget dangers. 14:21.400 --> 14:23.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Archaeology is like a box of chocolate. 14:24.000 --> 14:26.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% What is this? 14:26.433 --> 14:27.533 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% You never know what you get. 14:30.766 --> 14:32.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Looks like part of a necklet. 14:37.866 --> 14:40.500 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: Four months into the excavation, 14:40.500 --> 14:43.566 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% and the archaeologists haven't found any mummies yet. 14:43.566 --> 14:47.700 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% But intriguing artifacts emerge from the tombs. 14:47.700 --> 14:50.066 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: Here I found a metal eye 14:50.066 --> 14:52.100 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% used in wooden coffins. 14:52.100 --> 14:53.100 align:left position:55% line:89% size:35% Wow! 14:53.100 --> 14:54.800 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: A gold ring 14:54.800 --> 14:57.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% with a carved carnelian. 14:57.133 --> 15:00.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Amulets believed to protect the deceased 15:00.966 --> 15:03.933 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% with their magical powers. 15:03.933 --> 15:07.100 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% And shabtis, images of the tomb owner, 15:07.100 --> 15:10.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% who the ancient Egyptians believed 15:10.333 --> 15:12.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% did all the manual labor in the netherworld. 15:16.800 --> 15:21.066 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% With only one month left before desert temperatures rise 15:21.066 --> 15:23.966 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% and work must stop, 15:23.966 --> 15:26.766 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% site director Afifi Rohim starts working 15:26.766 --> 15:31.633 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% in tomb number six, one that he finds most promising. 15:32.833 --> 15:34.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% The cut in the mountain is very good. 15:34.433 --> 15:37.866 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% We have a staircase and we have this corridor. 15:39.900 --> 15:44.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Till now, most of the debris is still original debris. 15:44.400 --> 15:45.466 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% Mm. 15:45.466 --> 15:47.233 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% (speaking Arabic) 15:47.233 --> 15:48.633 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% (Ahmed El Nasseh speaking Arabic) 15:48.633 --> 15:51.133 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: 15:51.133 --> 15:54.766 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% (Baghdadi speaking Arabic) 15:54.766 --> 15:55.800 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: Mm. 15:55.800 --> 15:57.366 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% (others speaking Arabic) 15:57.366 --> 15:59.500 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: 15:59.500 --> 16:00.566 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% BAGHDADI: 16:00.566 --> 16:02.533 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: 16:02.533 --> 16:03.833 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% BAGHDADI: 16:03.833 --> 16:06.366 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: Mm. 16:06.366 --> 16:11.300 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Most tombs discovered in Egypt have been looted in antiquity. 16:11.300 --> 16:14.033 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% If there are no objects mixed in the sand, 16:14.033 --> 16:15.700 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% it could mean two things: 16:15.700 --> 16:19.966 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% either the tomb is unfinished or no one has entered it 16:19.966 --> 16:23.000 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% since it was sealed thousands of years ago. 16:23.000 --> 16:24.866 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% HAWASS: There is no tomb 16:24.866 --> 16:26.866 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% that could be looted 16:26.866 --> 16:30.966 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% if, in a shaft, you have clean sand. 16:30.966 --> 16:32.566 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: This is tantalizing evidence 16:32.566 --> 16:37.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that tomb number six might be intact. 16:38.866 --> 16:42.466 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% The workers remove bucket after bucket of sand. 16:42.466 --> 16:45.833 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 16:49.733 --> 16:54.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Then, suddenly, the density of the sediment changes. 16:55.633 --> 16:58.466 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: He start to find very compact layer. 16:58.466 --> 17:00.533 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Looks like mother rock. 17:00.533 --> 17:02.800 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% And this means that all this layer 17:02.800 --> 17:04.933 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% was the original layer, 17:04.933 --> 17:07.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% which, in the ancient time, they make it 17:07.633 --> 17:10.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% the filling for the shaft. 17:10.333 --> 17:13.100 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% If it is, it will be really untouch. 17:15.066 --> 17:17.900 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: What drives archaeologists to endure 17:17.900 --> 17:20.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the hot desert environment is the promise 17:20.666 --> 17:23.866 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% of revealing long-forgotten histories 17:23.866 --> 17:26.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and, sometimes, the chance 17:26.300 --> 17:31.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% to come face to face with an Ancient Egyptian. 17:33.866 --> 17:36.300 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% In tomb number six, skilled worker Baghdadi 17:36.300 --> 17:40.100 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% is getting closer to the bottom of the shaft. 17:41.433 --> 17:43.933 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% For archaeologist Ahmed El Nasseh, 17:43.933 --> 17:46.066 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% this tomb is puzzling. 17:46.066 --> 17:49.700 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% EL NASSEH: We are still confused because we have natural layers, 17:49.700 --> 17:51.200 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% the compact layer, 17:51.200 --> 17:53.966 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% similar to the bedrock, and below, 17:53.966 --> 17:55.933 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% we have sandy layer, which is loose. 17:55.933 --> 17:57.200 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% We will follow the bedrock 17:57.200 --> 17:59.766 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% to find the limit of the burial shaft. 17:59.766 --> 18:01.500 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% (Baghdadi and El Nasseh speaking Arabic) 18:04.733 --> 18:05.766 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% EL NASSEH: He found mudbrick, 18:05.766 --> 18:07.366 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% so, I think we are 18:07.366 --> 18:09.200 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% in front of the blocked doorway. 18:09.200 --> 18:10.700 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 18:10.700 --> 18:12.500 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: It's exciting news. 18:12.500 --> 18:14.966 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% There's a good chance the burial chamber 18:14.966 --> 18:16.966 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% has not been opened 18:16.966 --> 18:18.766 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% since it was originally sealed with mudbrick 18:18.766 --> 18:22.400 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% thousands of years ago. 18:22.400 --> 18:24.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Good news at the end of the day. 18:26.900 --> 18:29.766 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 18:29.766 --> 18:33.033 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The following day at the excavation site, 18:33.033 --> 18:35.366 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% it all looks like a normal morning. 18:38.166 --> 18:42.533 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% But just below the surface in tomb number six, 18:42.533 --> 18:44.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% the expectations are high. 18:46.100 --> 18:50.166 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Afifi is checking the mudbricks that block the entrance 18:50.166 --> 18:53.166 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% to the burial chamber. 18:53.166 --> 18:58.366 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% ROHIM: The seal of the doorway is just directly under the mother rock. 18:58.366 --> 19:02.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% It means that it, it never open before. 19:02.966 --> 19:05.566 align:left position:12.5% line:71% size:77.5% This tomb was confusing for us. 19:05.566 --> 19:07.766 align:left position:15% line:71% size:75% In the beginning, we thought 19:07.766 --> 19:10.833 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% there's nothing here. 19:10.833 --> 19:14.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Was thinking that, stop the work and leave the shaft. 19:15.500 --> 19:17.900 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: And Afifi is also concerned 19:17.900 --> 19:22.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% about the safety of the crew working in the tomb. 19:22.600 --> 19:24.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The mother rock is not straight, 19:24.133 --> 19:27.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so I try to check if it is still in original situ 19:27.366 --> 19:28.800 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% or just fall down. 19:30.800 --> 19:32.900 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: On closer inspection, 19:32.900 --> 19:36.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Afifi notices that a couple of the mudbricks have collapsed 19:36.300 --> 19:37.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% under the weight of the rock above, 19:37.966 --> 19:39.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% leaving a small opening. 19:41.566 --> 19:45.800 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% Over time, the sand has seeped through. 19:46.833 --> 19:49.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% With great anticipation, 19:49.733 --> 19:51.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Baghdadi starts removing the mudbricks. 19:53.833 --> 19:56.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Once the passage is cleared, 19:56.233 --> 19:59.533 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% work inside the chamber begins. 19:59.533 --> 20:02.233 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% At first, it's just clean sand. 20:03.800 --> 20:07.466 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% But soon, artifacts emerge. 20:07.466 --> 20:08.966 align:left position:72.5% line:83% size:17.5% HAWASS: Is this amethyst? 20:08.966 --> 20:10.433 align:left position:80% line:71% size:10% Huh? ROHIM: Yeah, could be. 20:11.866 --> 20:15.133 align:left position:72.5% line:89% size:17.5% Oh, oh! 20:15.133 --> 20:17.866 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% Beautiful vase-- God! 20:17.866 --> 20:19.700 align:left position:65% line:5% size:25% (chuckles) Hm. 20:19.700 --> 20:21.200 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% This is not Egyptian. 20:21.200 --> 20:23.666 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% This is so strange. 20:23.666 --> 20:27.500 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% Doesn't looks Egyptian-- even the colors. 20:27.500 --> 20:30.566 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The style of this tiny pot is nothing 20:30.566 --> 20:34.333 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% like any artifact the team has found before. 20:34.333 --> 20:37.700 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Was it imported from a distant land? 20:37.700 --> 20:39.866 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% HAWASS: This is a very important discovery. 20:39.866 --> 20:43.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The artifacts are now really unique. 20:43.233 --> 20:45.800 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% Very happy. 20:45.800 --> 20:49.700 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Then Zahi comes face to face 20:49.700 --> 20:51.066 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% with a special object. 20:51.066 --> 20:52.433 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% HAWASS (speaking Arabic): 20:52.433 --> 20:54.833 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% This is the first time 20:54.833 --> 20:58.633 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% I see something like this. 20:58.633 --> 21:02.366 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% The lady is seated, 21:02.366 --> 21:04.133 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% having a gazelle on her hand 21:04.133 --> 21:06.766 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and holding her son on the back. 21:08.466 --> 21:10.500 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45% Can you hold this? 21:14.000 --> 21:16.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% This is another one. 21:16.633 --> 21:18.266 align:left position:50% line:89% size:40% She is standing, 21:18.266 --> 21:21.833 align:left position:50% line:83% size:40% and on her back, she is holding a child. 21:21.833 --> 21:25.433 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% This could be someone from outside Egypt. 21:25.433 --> 21:28.566 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: The statuettes confirm Zahi's hunch. 21:28.566 --> 21:33.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The style of the artifacts is not traditionally Egyptian. 21:33.700 --> 21:36.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The depiction of the face hints at people 21:36.566 --> 21:39.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% originating from beyond Egypt's borders. 21:41.633 --> 21:46.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And then there's the speckled texture. 21:46.100 --> 21:48.000 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% The distinctive spotted look, 21:48.000 --> 21:50.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% combined with the shapely woman's frame, 21:50.633 --> 21:53.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% was only produced during a crucial moment 21:53.266 --> 21:55.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in the history of Egypt, 21:55.833 --> 21:59.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% when the country is ruled by foreigners: 21:59.833 --> 22:02.400 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% the 11th century BCE, 22:02.400 --> 22:06.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the start of the unstable Third Intermediate Period. 22:06.366 --> 22:09.833 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% Egypt had economic problems, only very short-lived kings, 22:09.833 --> 22:15.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% quarrels about the inheritance of the throne. 22:15.466 --> 22:16.600 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% Egypt was vulnerable. 22:18.700 --> 22:21.666 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: But this changes when Egypt's southern neighbors, 22:21.666 --> 22:24.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% the Kushites-- also known as the Nubians-- 22:24.333 --> 22:29.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% take advantage of Egypt's weakness, and, in 712 BCE, 22:29.333 --> 22:33.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they move in and conquer the Land of the Pharaohs. 22:33.466 --> 22:35.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We refer to the Kushites 22:35.033 --> 22:38.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as the kings of the XXV dynasty. 22:38.666 --> 22:41.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% And this dynasty was originally coming from modern Sudan. 22:41.933 --> 22:45.200 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Known for rich deposits of gold, 22:45.200 --> 22:51.033 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% Nubia is home to some of Africa's earliest kingdoms. 22:51.033 --> 22:53.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The Egyptians first called Nubia Ta-Seti, 22:53.700 --> 22:55.666 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% the Land of the Bow, 22:55.666 --> 22:58.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% highlighting the skill of Nubian warriors. 22:58.866 --> 23:01.700 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% BUDKA: When the Kushites invaded Egypt, 23:01.700 --> 23:03.933 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% they erected a very, very powerful 23:03.933 --> 23:09.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and very successful empire for roughly 70, 80 years. 23:10.766 --> 23:12.566 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: The Nubians were restorers. 23:12.566 --> 23:16.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% After things were destroyed and the temples were neglected, 23:16.166 --> 23:19.466 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% the Nubians were now going to take care of everything, 23:19.466 --> 23:20.866 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% put everything back in order. 23:23.200 --> 23:25.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: Egypt is prosperous again. 23:25.266 --> 23:28.266 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 23:28.266 --> 23:32.333 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% BUDKA: They made themselves kings of both Egypt and Kush. 23:32.333 --> 23:35.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The Egyptian culture was part of their own heritage, 23:35.900 --> 23:40.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% because, in the New Kingdom, Nubia was an Egyptian colony. 23:42.366 --> 23:44.500 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Few written records or artifacts of the people 23:44.500 --> 23:48.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% that lived under Kushite rule in Egypt survive today. 23:48.933 --> 23:53.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Which makes what the team is unearthing in the Triangle 23:53.200 --> 23:55.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% especially rare. 23:55.566 --> 23:58.066 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% (speaking Arabic): 24:01.100 --> 24:03.366 align:left position:17.5% line:71% size:72.5% I really could not believe 24:03.366 --> 24:05.633 align:left position:20% line:71% size:70% that statues like this could exist. 24:07.500 --> 24:08.766 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% It's unique. 24:08.766 --> 24:11.566 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% The color. 24:11.566 --> 24:13.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% They are very realistic. 24:14.533 --> 24:19.000 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Not only do the two statuettes both show a woman, 24:19.000 --> 24:21.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% but some of the small pots that have been found 24:21.133 --> 24:23.033 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% are for makeup. 24:23.033 --> 24:26.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% This tomb for sure belonged this woman. 24:26.800 --> 24:30.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Women in Ancient Egypt have the right to buy 24:30.233 --> 24:32.666 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% and inherit property. 24:32.666 --> 24:34.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% They can represent themselves in court, 24:34.433 --> 24:36.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% own a business, and get divorced. 24:36.666 --> 24:40.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% But it isn't exactly an egalitarian society. 24:40.600 --> 24:43.933 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% BUDKA: There was a small percentage of women 24:43.933 --> 24:45.533 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% who were highly privileged, 24:45.533 --> 24:48.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% but nevertheless, there was a gender bias in Ancient Egypt. 24:50.100 --> 24:52.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% This is why I think it's not fair to say 24:52.666 --> 24:55.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it's a paradise for women in the ancient world. 24:55.433 --> 24:58.433 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: But when the Kushites take over Egypt, 24:58.433 --> 25:01.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% they bring with them a Nubian culture 25:01.600 --> 25:04.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% in which women have power. 25:06.100 --> 25:07.433 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% In the Kushite time, 25:07.433 --> 25:10.266 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% women had a different status 25:10.266 --> 25:11.700 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% than before and after. 25:14.100 --> 25:18.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% There is a matrilineal system for the Kushite kingdom. 25:18.833 --> 25:20.133 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% It was more important 25:20.133 --> 25:22.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% who was your mother than who was your father. 25:22.433 --> 25:24.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And this might be the main difference 25:24.600 --> 25:26.100 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% between Egypt and Kush. 25:29.666 --> 25:32.000 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 25:32.000 --> 25:35.433 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Mariam Ayad has spent her entire career studying 25:35.433 --> 25:37.200 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Ancient Egyptian women, 25:37.200 --> 25:40.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and especially the women of the XXV dynasty. 25:40.733 --> 25:43.233 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Zahi has invited Mariam 25:43.233 --> 25:48.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to see the objects found in tomb number six. 25:48.066 --> 25:50.766 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% HAWASS: This tomb was really unique. 25:50.766 --> 25:53.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% We found some very impressive artifacts. 25:53.266 --> 25:55.400 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% If you look at the face... AYAD: Yeah? 25:55.400 --> 25:56.566 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% ...it looks Nubian to me. 25:56.566 --> 25:58.400 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% It does look Nubian, for sure. 25:58.400 --> 26:02.266 align:left position:10% line:71% size:80% This body type of the standing woman... Yeah. 26:02.266 --> 26:04.500 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% That body type we find a lot during the XXV dynasty. Yes. 26:04.500 --> 26:08.266 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% The heavier lower body, the heavier hips. 26:08.266 --> 26:11.033 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% I have never seen statues like this. 26:11.033 --> 26:14.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I don't think there's ever statues of that type 26:14.233 --> 26:16.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% ever produced before or possibly even after. 26:16.666 --> 26:20.033 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 26:22.500 --> 26:27.366 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: When the Kushites conquer Egypt around 700 BCE, 26:27.366 --> 26:29.633 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% they decide to embrace 26:29.633 --> 26:31.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the Egyptians' religious customs and beliefs. 26:32.766 --> 26:36.066 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% BUDKA: In Ancient Egypt, we cannot separate 26:36.066 --> 26:37.133 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% kingship from religion. 26:37.133 --> 26:39.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Pharaohs invested so much 26:39.533 --> 26:42.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% in the religious landscape of Thebes. 26:43.233 --> 26:48.033 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: And this strategy is best seen at Karnak, 26:48.033 --> 26:52.266 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% a vast temple complex where pharaohs dedicated 26:52.266 --> 26:55.500 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% great building projects to Amun, the king of the gods. 26:55.500 --> 26:59.700 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 26:59.700 --> 27:01.733 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% When the Kushite kings arrive, 27:01.733 --> 27:06.133 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% they, too, make their marks here. 27:06.133 --> 27:09.633 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% One of the monuments, built by Kushite king Taharqa, 27:09.633 --> 27:12.433 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% reveals a new and distinctive 27:12.433 --> 27:16.833 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% level of power for women in Egypt. 27:16.833 --> 27:19.433 align:left position:45% line:5% size:45% AYAD: We're here by the edifice of Taharqa at the sacred lake. 27:19.433 --> 27:22.066 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% We can't call it the temple, because it doesn't have 27:22.066 --> 27:24.766 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% some of the main features we associate with temples. 27:25.966 --> 27:27.333 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% The only part of the building 27:27.333 --> 27:31.400 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% that survives is the subterranean chambers. 27:31.400 --> 27:33.700 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: What's special about this monument 27:33.700 --> 27:36.566 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% is a relief on a wall hidden from view. 27:36.566 --> 27:39.666 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% AYAD: And because there's no proper entrance, 27:39.666 --> 27:42.333 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% we'll have to climb up. 27:42.333 --> 27:43.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It's a part of the building with ritual scenes 27:43.933 --> 27:46.633 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% that are unique and not found elsewhere. 27:48.966 --> 27:53.600 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: The scene Mariam is looking for is one-of-a-kind. 27:53.600 --> 27:58.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% It depicts two figures protecting a sacred tomb. 27:58.833 --> 28:00.533 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: On either side, 28:00.533 --> 28:04.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% the figures are facing outward as a way of protecting it. 28:04.633 --> 28:07.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% In Egyptian art, it's very rare for figures 28:07.233 --> 28:09.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% to be facing outward and not toward the center. 28:09.366 --> 28:11.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The king is throwing four balls, 28:11.733 --> 28:14.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and he's aiming at four targets-- 28:14.066 --> 28:16.933 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% east, west, north, and south. 28:16.933 --> 28:20.733 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Opposite the king, a female figure. 28:20.733 --> 28:22.600 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: She is complementing his actions, 28:22.600 --> 28:24.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% asserting the royal dominion 28:24.100 --> 28:25.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% over the four extremities of the Earth. 28:25.533 --> 28:28.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% She is drawing an arrow through a double-arched bow, 28:28.866 --> 28:31.866 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and this is very rare, 28:31.866 --> 28:33.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% to find a woman actively arching. 28:33.933 --> 28:34.966 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% Very rare. 28:37.766 --> 28:40.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Even the goddess Neith, who's known as the goddess of war, 28:40.900 --> 28:44.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and who's often called the mistress of bow and arrows, 28:44.100 --> 28:46.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% she's mostly holding them in her hand. 28:47.033 --> 28:49.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% As far as Egyptian iconography is concerned, 28:49.766 --> 28:52.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% this is a unique representation of female power. 28:53.900 --> 28:55.800 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: Who is this woman? 28:55.800 --> 28:59.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Her title is god's wife of Amun. 29:01.200 --> 29:05.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% To understand how a woman might attain such power in Egypt, 29:05.266 --> 29:09.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% we need to go back 800 years, 29:09.200 --> 29:13.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% when the title of god's wife of Amun first appears. 29:13.733 --> 29:16.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Carved on a stone slab, or stela, 29:16.433 --> 29:18.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% is the title's earliest evidence. 29:18.933 --> 29:23.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% This is the Ahmose Nefertari's donation stela. 29:23.500 --> 29:26.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Ahmose Nefertari was the wife of King Ahmose, 29:26.233 --> 29:27.766 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% the founder of the XVIII dynasty. 29:27.766 --> 29:30.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% As part of his larger state policy 29:30.933 --> 29:32.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% to put trusted family members 29:32.466 --> 29:34.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% in key positions around the realm, 29:34.100 --> 29:37.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% she was appointed as the god's wife of Amun. 29:37.933 --> 29:39.266 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% As far as we know, 29:39.266 --> 29:41.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% she's the first woman to hold that title. 29:41.433 --> 29:44.066 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: With this stela, 29:44.066 --> 29:48.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% King Ahmose establishes the estate of the god's wife 29:48.266 --> 29:51.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% as a source of revenue for his queen. 29:51.466 --> 29:54.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The stela records large amounts of gold, 29:54.866 --> 29:59.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% silver, and copper, as well as servants and land. 29:59.666 --> 30:02.333 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: On the donation stela of Ahmose Nefertari, 30:02.333 --> 30:04.700 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% there is a very telling line. 30:04.700 --> 30:07.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It says, "No future king shall ever revoke 30:07.233 --> 30:09.433 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% the estate of the god's wife of Amun." 30:11.333 --> 30:13.833 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: With this line, Ahmose makes sure 30:13.833 --> 30:18.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% that this newly established estate will last in perpetuity. 30:18.100 --> 30:21.100 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: The women who held that title 30:21.100 --> 30:24.300 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% remained financially independent, 30:24.300 --> 30:26.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and it seems plausible to suggest 30:26.233 --> 30:28.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that it's because of that initial endowment. 30:32.300 --> 30:34.800 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Although the title of god's wife of Amun 30:34.800 --> 30:38.966 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% first appears during the New Kingdom, 30:38.966 --> 30:42.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% over time, the position becomes less relevant. 30:42.433 --> 30:44.033 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% But then, 30:44.033 --> 30:47.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% during the Kushites' reign, this role takes on 30:47.700 --> 30:50.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% a completely new and powerful meaning. 30:50.300 --> 30:52.533 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: When the Nubians invaded Egypt, 30:52.533 --> 30:54.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% they were quick to recognize the political value 30:54.766 --> 30:56.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% of having that institution. 30:57.700 --> 31:01.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The office was resurrected after centuries of oblivion. 31:01.433 --> 31:04.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% So Amenirdis I becomes the first Nubian woman 31:04.733 --> 31:06.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to become a god's wife of Amun. 31:07.866 --> 31:09.966 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: The Kushite princess Amenirdis 31:09.966 --> 31:11.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% is the sister of Pianky, 31:11.766 --> 31:14.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% the first king of the XXV dynasty. 31:14.866 --> 31:17.166 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% On becoming the god's wife of Amun, 31:17.166 --> 31:20.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Amenirdis effectively takes control of Thebes. 31:20.933 --> 31:23.333 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: Her installation served 31:23.333 --> 31:24.933 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% to achieve a smooth transition of power 31:24.933 --> 31:26.500 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% from the preceding dynasty 31:26.500 --> 31:28.933 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% to the Nubian rule in Egypt. 31:28.933 --> 31:32.466 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 31:32.466 --> 31:34.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Amenirdis participated in rituals 31:34.600 --> 31:37.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% that no other woman was allowed to participate in before. 31:39.433 --> 31:42.500 align:left position:42.5% line:77% size:47.5% BUDKA: In the XXV dynasty, the god's wife of Amun 31:42.500 --> 31:46.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% was much more important than in previous times. 31:46.366 --> 31:49.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% The god's wife of Amun was 31:49.100 --> 31:51.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the female substitute of the king. 31:53.233 --> 31:55.000 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: The god's wife of Amun 31:55.000 --> 31:57.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% was as important as a medieval pope 31:57.133 --> 32:01.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% in terms of the temporal and religious power that she held. 32:01.000 --> 32:04.900 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: In a side corridor at the Cairo Museum, 32:04.900 --> 32:07.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% a statue found in Karnak Temple 32:07.900 --> 32:09.866 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% reveals how much power 32:09.866 --> 32:12.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the god's wife of Amun, Amenirdis, really had. 32:12.833 --> 32:17.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% It's carved from alabaster, 32:17.366 --> 32:20.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a soft, translucent form of gypsum rock. 32:20.200 --> 32:21.833 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% (sighs) 32:21.833 --> 32:24.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The one and only Amenirdis I, royal princess. 32:24.400 --> 32:27.800 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% It's not very common to find 32:27.800 --> 32:29.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% statues of that size in alabaster. 32:29.500 --> 32:33.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% She looks exactly like an Egyptian queen. 32:33.300 --> 32:36.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% The headdress, the modius crown on her head, 32:36.000 --> 32:38.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but she has that pendant of Amun, 32:38.433 --> 32:40.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and that might be a Nubian feature. 32:40.800 --> 32:44.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% On the back pillar, she asserts her moral character. 32:44.900 --> 32:47.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% She gave bread to the hungry, water to the thirsty, 32:47.533 --> 32:50.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and clothes to the naked. 32:50.033 --> 32:51.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Now, this is significant, 32:51.600 --> 32:54.000 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% because if you are giving food to the hungry, 32:54.000 --> 32:56.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% water to the thirsty, you have agency. 32:56.633 --> 32:58.700 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% It's not just about generosity, 32:58.700 --> 33:01.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's also about having the means to do so 33:01.100 --> 33:03.300 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% and having the autonomy to do so, 33:03.300 --> 33:05.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and to have a woman have that kind of inscription 33:05.900 --> 33:07.733 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% is very rare. 33:12.500 --> 33:14.300 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: Back at the site, 33:14.300 --> 33:15.900 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% the statuettes from tomb number six 33:15.900 --> 33:19.033 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% signal a burial of the XXV dynasty, 33:19.033 --> 33:23.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the period when Amenirdis was the god's wife of Amun. 33:23.266 --> 33:25.366 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 33:25.366 --> 33:28.633 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% Now archaeologists are on the hunt for more clues 33:28.633 --> 33:32.100 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% that might reveal the identity of the woman 33:32.100 --> 33:35.500 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% buried in tomb number six. 33:35.500 --> 33:39.166 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% But the excavation season is coming to an end. 33:39.166 --> 33:40.466 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% With summer approaching, 33:40.466 --> 33:42.233 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% the soaring temperatures 33:42.233 --> 33:45.633 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% would make work in the tombs impossible. 33:45.633 --> 33:49.066 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 33:49.066 --> 33:51.133 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% With only a couple of weeks left, 33:51.133 --> 33:52.600 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Afifi has found a vessel. 33:52.600 --> 33:54.633 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% ROHIM: We found one of the canopic jars. 33:54.633 --> 33:57.800 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% It's from fine limestone. 33:57.800 --> 34:02.933 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% And even the sculpture of the face is, is so good. 34:02.933 --> 34:06.733 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% NARRATOR: During the mummification process, 34:06.733 --> 34:09.300 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% the organs of the deceased would be removed 34:09.300 --> 34:11.066 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% and placed in these containers. 34:11.066 --> 34:14.333 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% They are known as canopic jars. 34:14.333 --> 34:16.766 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: Each burial have four canopic jars-- 34:16.766 --> 34:20.266 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% four organs of the deceased. 34:20.266 --> 34:22.533 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Each jar is topped with 34:22.533 --> 34:24.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% a different symbolic sculpture. 34:24.400 --> 34:28.266 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% The heads represent the four sons of the god Horus. 34:29.800 --> 34:34.166 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Each was responsible for protecting a particular organ: 34:34.166 --> 34:36.666 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% the jackal for the stomach, 34:36.666 --> 34:39.033 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the human head for the liver, 34:39.033 --> 34:41.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% the baboon for the lungs, 34:41.100 --> 34:44.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and the falcon for the intestines. 34:47.866 --> 34:49.833 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% ROHIM: It's empty. 34:49.833 --> 34:52.566 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% NARRATOR: Afifi is looking for any inscription 34:52.566 --> 34:56.166 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% which could give us the name of the owner of this tomb. 34:59.466 --> 35:03.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Just behind the first jar, a second one appears. 35:06.400 --> 35:08.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I want to take the body first. 35:10.600 --> 35:12.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Oh! 35:12.966 --> 35:16.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's nice inscriptions. 35:16.000 --> 35:18.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Yes, yes. 35:21.500 --> 35:24.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% I am not specialist in Ancient Egyptian language, 35:24.300 --> 35:26.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% but I can read, "Osir... 35:28.333 --> 35:29.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% ...djer," 35:29.966 --> 35:32.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or, "djerek saa." 35:32.700 --> 35:36.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Mean something related to Osir. 35:36.366 --> 35:40.000 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: The inscription is a prayer to the god Osiris, 35:40.000 --> 35:42.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% ruler of the underworld. 35:45.366 --> 35:47.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I see the base of the lid. 35:47.500 --> 35:49.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's complete. 35:49.833 --> 35:52.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% No cracks-- nothing. 35:57.833 --> 35:59.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's baboon. 35:59.266 --> 36:01.733 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% (blows out) 36:01.733 --> 36:04.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Now we have to consolidate the writing. 36:06.300 --> 36:08.200 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: The jars have been hiding in the tomb 36:08.200 --> 36:10.733 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% for nearly 3,000 years. 36:10.733 --> 36:12.600 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Before they can be taken out, 36:12.600 --> 36:16.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% conservator Seham Abdelazeim 36:16.733 --> 36:19.100 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% needs to carefully protect this ancient writing 36:19.100 --> 36:22.166 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% with a water-soluble cellulose binder. 36:22.166 --> 36:25.266 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% The jars don't reveal the name of the deceased, 36:25.266 --> 36:27.866 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% but Afifi believes there are more artifacts 36:27.866 --> 36:30.133 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% waiting to be found. 36:30.133 --> 36:33.333 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% But before he continues to excavate, 36:33.333 --> 36:35.133 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% he needs to secure the tomb. 36:35.133 --> 36:39.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This layers of sediments is, is not strong 36:39.700 --> 36:42.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and it is not safe for working, 36:42.566 --> 36:44.600 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% especially when you open it 36:44.600 --> 36:47.033 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and the fresh air gets inside. 36:47.033 --> 36:50.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% So it's decayed, and start to dry and fall down. 36:50.966 --> 36:54.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% So we need to make all this support 36:54.366 --> 36:57.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and, to continue our work. 36:57.766 --> 36:59.666 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 36:59.666 --> 37:03.866 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: The excavation season has come to an end. 37:03.866 --> 37:05.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% The workers prepare supports 37:05.833 --> 37:08.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% in an effort to secure tomb number six. 37:08.466 --> 37:12.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Once ready, Afifi locks it with a metal gate. 37:15.166 --> 37:17.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The team needs to wait until September, 37:17.733 --> 37:21.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% when the excavation will resume. 37:26.033 --> 37:31.366 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 37:31.366 --> 37:33.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% When you discover something interesting, 37:33.700 --> 37:35.566 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% you can feel happy. 37:35.566 --> 37:38.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Of course, I have to be more patient, and... 37:39.600 --> 37:42.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% When we stop excavation in the site, 37:42.300 --> 37:44.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% doesn't mean that the work stop. 37:44.400 --> 37:45.933 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Because we continue working, 37:45.933 --> 37:48.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% in writing the general report, 37:48.000 --> 37:50.366 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% make analysis for the object, 37:50.366 --> 37:52.433 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% and still thinking 37:52.433 --> 37:55.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% about the future season. 37:55.500 --> 38:00.766 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 38:04.233 --> 38:06.066 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: Five months later, 38:06.066 --> 38:09.800 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% the heat has come and gone. 38:09.800 --> 38:14.133 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% The archaeologists return to the excavation site, 38:14.133 --> 38:18.000 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% eager to pick up the work from where they left it. 38:18.000 --> 38:22.900 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 38:22.900 --> 38:28.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% As Afifi and Ahmed reenter tomb number six, 38:28.100 --> 38:29.966 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% something does not look right. 38:29.966 --> 38:31.333 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% ROHIM (speaking Arabic): 38:31.333 --> 38:33.300 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% EL NASSEH (speaking Arabic): 38:33.300 --> 38:35.733 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% ROHIM: 38:35.733 --> 38:37.900 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% ROHIM: All the tomb collapsed. 38:37.900 --> 38:40.100 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% All the roof collapsed. 38:40.100 --> 38:42.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% And there are cracks everywhere inside the tomb. 38:44.366 --> 38:46.966 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The ground above has caved in, 38:46.966 --> 38:52.366 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% filling the deep shaft that the team spent days excavating. 38:52.366 --> 38:56.500 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% And now, it's too dangerous to clear the debris. 38:56.500 --> 38:58.700 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% I think we lost this tomb. 38:59.900 --> 39:01.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% We can't remove the debris. 39:01.866 --> 39:04.466 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% We can't even just get inside to check it, 39:04.466 --> 39:09.566 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% because the cracks in the roof and the walls everywhere. 39:09.566 --> 39:12.133 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% It's not safe for the workers and for my team, 39:12.133 --> 39:15.833 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% and this is our job in archaeology. 39:15.833 --> 39:19.033 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% Nothing to do. 39:19.033 --> 39:21.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Moving to the next stop. 39:21.866 --> 39:23.133 align:left position:27.5% line:71% size:62.5% (speaking Arabic): 39:25.766 --> 39:28.000 align:left position:27.5% line:71% size:62.5%   NARRATOR: With sadness, the team has to give up 39:28.000 --> 39:33.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on ever finding the woman who was buried here. 39:33.000 --> 39:36.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% She will likely remain in her tomb for eternity, 39:36.966 --> 39:41.100 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% just as she originally planned. 39:45.200 --> 39:49.466 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% The Ancient Egyptians recorded everything, 39:49.466 --> 39:52.100 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% especially on their burial goods. 39:52.100 --> 39:53.766 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Thousands of years later, 39:53.766 --> 39:55.733 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% the archaeologists are on the hunt for clues 39:55.733 --> 39:59.966 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% that might reveal details of long-lost lives. 39:59.966 --> 40:04.466 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 40:04.466 --> 40:07.300 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% At the southern edge of the Triangle, 40:07.300 --> 40:09.066 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% in tomb number nine, 40:09.066 --> 40:13.333 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% the archaeologists haven't found any mummies. 40:13.333 --> 40:15.566 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% But sunk into the floor of the burial chamber, 40:15.566 --> 40:18.033 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% the lids of four canopic jars appear. 40:19.566 --> 40:22.066 align:left position:75% line:5% size:15% ROHIM: We found this set of four canopic jars here, 40:22.066 --> 40:24.900 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% underneath the floor. 40:24.900 --> 40:28.933 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% I have to take it out. 40:28.933 --> 40:32.400 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Afifi examines the vessel in the hope it will reveal 40:32.400 --> 40:35.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the name of the person who was buried here. 40:35.133 --> 40:40.666 align:left position:47.5% line:83% size:42.5% There is no text, just black decoration. 40:40.666 --> 40:42.833 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% Something strange for me-- 40:42.833 --> 40:45.866 align:left position:50% line:83% size:40% the body is made from alabaster, 40:45.866 --> 40:48.366 align:left position:60% line:83% size:30% but the head from limestone. 40:48.366 --> 40:52.066 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: He carefully removes the second jar. 40:52.066 --> 40:54.166 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% Oh, it's different. 40:54.166 --> 40:55.533 align:left position:67.5% line:5% size:22.5% It's made of alabaster, 40:55.533 --> 40:59.800 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% but it has a stand made of limestone. 40:59.800 --> 41:02.633 align:left position:47.5% line:83% size:42.5% It's rare to find canopic jar 41:02.633 --> 41:04.800 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% with a stone stand like this. 41:04.800 --> 41:07.866 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% And I think it has some inscriptions. 41:07.866 --> 41:11.266 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% NARRATOR: The inscription is lightly carved, 41:11.266 --> 41:13.600 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% but since alabaster is translucent, 41:13.600 --> 41:16.766 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Afifi tries to read it using a small light. 41:16.766 --> 41:19.600 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% I can read the text now. 41:19.600 --> 41:23.633 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% "Djet medu Duamutef." 41:23.633 --> 41:26.033 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% It means "offering to 41:26.033 --> 41:31.166 align:left position:65% line:5% size:25% Duamutef," one of four son of Horus. 41:31.166 --> 41:34.266 align:left position:62.5% line:5% size:27.5% "Satirdis." 41:34.266 --> 41:38.800 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% Her name is Satirdis. 41:38.800 --> 41:40.933 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% So it's for a woman, 41:40.933 --> 41:44.800 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% and she was a female singer in Amun house. 41:44.800 --> 41:47.066 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Finally, the team has a name 41:47.066 --> 41:50.066 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% for the owner of the tomb: Asetirdis, 41:50.066 --> 41:53.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the singer, or chantress, in the Temple of Amun. 41:55.466 --> 41:57.800 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: The god's wife had chantresses 41:57.800 --> 42:00.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% in her entourage. 42:00.133 --> 42:03.166 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% Chantresses were very prominent in Theban society. 42:05.533 --> 42:09.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% In temple ritual, we would see women chantresses 42:09.100 --> 42:13.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% making music to the gods. 42:13.033 --> 42:14.800 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% It makes a lot of sense 42:14.800 --> 42:17.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that chantresses in the House of Amun 42:17.766 --> 42:19.300 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% would be buried just outside the temple 42:19.300 --> 42:22.533 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% at Medinet Habu, because that was thought to be 42:22.533 --> 42:25.233 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% the place of the primeval mound. 42:25.233 --> 42:28.000 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: In Egyptian mythology, 42:28.000 --> 42:31.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the primeval mound was the first piece of land 42:31.133 --> 42:33.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% to emerge from the watery chaos-- 42:33.266 --> 42:36.700 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% where life was first created. 42:36.700 --> 42:41.633 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: The god Amun would come across the river aged, tired. 42:41.633 --> 42:44.333 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% He comes back to this primeval place, 42:44.333 --> 42:47.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% where he would commune with eight primeval gods. 42:48.300 --> 42:50.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% He would go back rejuvenated and youthful again. 42:54.233 --> 42:59.166 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The tombs in the Triangle are located on this sacred land. 42:59.166 --> 43:02.433 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% The people buried here could have a close connection 43:02.433 --> 43:05.133 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% to the god Amun. 43:05.133 --> 43:07.000 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% The people who are buried here 43:07.000 --> 43:09.400 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% could be working in this great institution, 43:09.400 --> 43:12.633 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% the office of the god's wife of Amun. 43:12.633 --> 43:17.633 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 43:17.633 --> 43:20.733 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: And in the heart of this holy place, 43:20.733 --> 43:22.966 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% the god's wife, Amenirdis, 43:22.966 --> 43:26.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% has her own funerary chapel. 43:26.233 --> 43:28.900 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: We are at the great temple of Medinet Habu, 43:28.900 --> 43:31.033 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% and everyone knows it 43:31.033 --> 43:32.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% for the funerary temple of Ramesses III, 43:32.300 --> 43:34.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and they walk just straight past 43:34.466 --> 43:38.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% this wonderful chapel of Amenirdis. 43:38.333 --> 43:41.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Even though the façade itself has wonderful inscriptions, 43:41.133 --> 43:42.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% no one ever stops to look at them. 43:42.933 --> 43:46.333 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Here we have Amenirdis offering Maat, 43:46.333 --> 43:50.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% which is the concept of truth and harmony and global order, 43:50.100 --> 43:53.000 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% to Amun and his divine consort, Mut. 43:53.000 --> 43:56.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% This representation is unique for a woman. 43:56.133 --> 43:58.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% It's unique because it's the prerogative of the king only, 43:58.466 --> 44:02.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% who is seen as the ultimate preserver of Maat. 44:02.066 --> 44:05.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% And we don't see that any time before that period. 44:06.566 --> 44:10.000 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: In the XXV dynasty, the god's wife of Amun 44:10.000 --> 44:12.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% has a much more active and visible role 44:12.866 --> 44:15.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% than ever before. 44:15.000 --> 44:17.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Only the king can build on sacred land, 44:17.433 --> 44:19.033 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% so the fact that Amenirdis 44:19.033 --> 44:23.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% has a large stone monument here is meaningful. 44:23.500 --> 44:25.433 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: Construction of funerary chapels, 44:25.433 --> 44:26.833 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% any kind of temple, 44:26.833 --> 44:29.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is the royal prerogative, and only the king could do that, 44:29.300 --> 44:31.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% but repeatedly, we see the god's wife 44:31.433 --> 44:33.833 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% erect chapels on their own. 44:33.833 --> 44:36.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% To anyone, even those who could not read, 44:36.233 --> 44:39.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the iconography itself told any bystander 44:39.233 --> 44:43.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that these women were as important as the king. 44:43.733 --> 44:47.100 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: And historians believe that this level of prestige 44:47.100 --> 44:48.700 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% for women was only attained 44:48.700 --> 44:52.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% when the Kushites from Nubia ruled Egypt. 44:52.166 --> 44:53.800 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% BUDKA: I believe we have 44:53.800 --> 44:55.700 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% a certain difference 44:55.700 --> 44:59.666 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% in the importance of women during the XXV dynasty, 44:59.666 --> 45:03.300 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% because they were just importing 45:03.300 --> 45:07.400 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% their role from Kush to Egypt. 45:07.400 --> 45:09.100 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% The role of women 45:09.100 --> 45:12.366 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% was different in the Kushite culture. 45:12.366 --> 45:15.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The royal women had much power, 45:15.400 --> 45:18.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and part of this was imported to Egypt. 45:18.000 --> 45:20.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I don't think it's a coincidence 45:20.400 --> 45:22.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that this office of the god's wife 45:22.566 --> 45:25.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% really flourished under foreign rule. 45:33.200 --> 45:36.233 align:left position:40% line:77% size:50% NARRATOR: Since excavation began in the Triangle, 45:36.233 --> 45:38.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the team has uncovered several tombs. 45:40.366 --> 45:43.033 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% One has an impressive wide staircase. 45:44.300 --> 45:46.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% With a large quantity of debris removed, 45:46.633 --> 45:51.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the archaeologists can now access the burial chamber. 45:51.666 --> 45:53.700 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% We remove all the debris from the room itself 45:53.700 --> 45:56.800 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% until we found a group of coffins. 45:56.800 --> 45:59.066 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: The human remains 45:59.066 --> 46:02.400 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% are in a very bad state of preservation, 46:02.400 --> 46:03.900 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% the mummy wrappings and wooden coffins 46:03.900 --> 46:06.033 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% completely decayed. 46:06.033 --> 46:10.000 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% Only the bones of these individuals survive. 46:10.000 --> 46:12.133 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% EL NASSEH: Maybe it's a family tomb, 46:12.133 --> 46:15.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and now we are working to find some object 46:15.133 --> 46:17.533 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% dating this tomb, 46:17.533 --> 46:19.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% like canopic jars with the titles 46:19.466 --> 46:20.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and the name of the owner. 46:23.033 --> 46:25.366 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Skilled excavator Badawi 46:25.366 --> 46:28.566 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% carefully works around one of the coffins. 46:28.566 --> 46:32.700 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% Soon, the top of a canopic jar appears. 46:34.500 --> 46:37.366 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% HAWASS: The canopic jars have some inscriptions. 46:37.366 --> 46:39.466 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% It needs to be clear more. 46:39.466 --> 46:43.800 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% We still have to look for the other three. 46:43.800 --> 46:44.900 align:left position:10% line:71% size:80% (speaking Arabic): 46:46.300 --> 46:48.333 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 46:48.333 --> 46:51.133 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: A second jar. 46:51.133 --> 46:53.333 align:left position:47.5% line:5% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 46:57.333 --> 46:59.333 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And soon a third. 46:59.333 --> 47:01.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% HAWASS: Beautiful! 47:01.900 --> 47:06.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% This person has to be elite, an important person. 47:06.166 --> 47:10.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's really well done, modeled. 47:10.433 --> 47:12.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The workshop that made this canopic jars 47:12.900 --> 47:16.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% are really perfect. 47:16.300 --> 47:17.466 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: And finally, 47:17.466 --> 47:19.200 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% on the fourth and last jar, 47:19.200 --> 47:22.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the name of the owner can be read. 47:22.700 --> 47:25.366 align:left position:10% line:71% size:80% This is the name of him. ROHIM: His name is Mere. 47:25.366 --> 47:28.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The name Mere Ren-Amun, 47:28.866 --> 47:31.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the singer of the god Amun. 47:31.300 --> 47:34.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% This is really wonderful. 47:34.666 --> 47:36.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% This person was part of this important office. 47:36.733 --> 47:40.400 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Those people, one day, were working, 47:40.400 --> 47:43.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% singing, dancing 47:43.033 --> 47:48.166 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% behind the great god's wife of Amun. 47:48.166 --> 47:50.600 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% NARRATOR: But the style of the canopic jars 47:50.600 --> 47:53.033 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% is different from the others found in the Triangle. 47:53.033 --> 47:54.766 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% HAWASS: As an archaeologist, 47:54.766 --> 47:58.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% you can look at canopic jars and know the period exactly. 47:58.866 --> 48:03.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The modeling of the faces show 500 BC, 48:03.166 --> 48:06.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% the XXVI dynasty. 48:06.400 --> 48:07.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Through the archaeological evidence, 48:07.733 --> 48:11.266 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% you can say that the big large cemetery, 48:11.266 --> 48:13.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% it started in the north, 48:13.200 --> 48:15.933 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% in dynasty XXV, 48:15.933 --> 48:19.700 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% continued to the edge of the city, 48:19.700 --> 48:21.833 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% known as the golden lost city. 48:21.833 --> 48:25.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% The tombs here dated to dynasty XXVI. 48:25.500 --> 48:27.733 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: When Mere was alive, 48:27.733 --> 48:31.866 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% the Kushites of Nubia were no longer ruling Egypt, 48:31.866 --> 48:36.600 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% yet he is buried next to the people of the XXV dynasty. 48:36.600 --> 48:37.966 align:left position:45% line:5% size:45% AYAD: For the Theban elites, 48:37.966 --> 48:39.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% this was a good burial ground. 48:39.933 --> 48:42.000 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% It mattered very little 48:42.000 --> 48:44.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% who the ruling king was and from which dynasty. 48:46.366 --> 48:49.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Between the XXV dynasty and the XXVI dynasty in Thebes, 48:49.333 --> 48:51.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% there is no material break. 48:51.133 --> 48:55.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It's a continuous move from the one dynasty to the other. 48:56.766 --> 49:00.866 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: The Theban people are Theban people, 49:00.866 --> 49:02.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so there are generations of the same families 49:02.933 --> 49:04.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% living under different kings. 49:07.966 --> 49:10.266 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: The reign of the XXV dynasty 49:10.266 --> 49:13.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% ends around 653 BCE. 49:13.533 --> 49:16.033 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% The new royal family 49:16.033 --> 49:18.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that establishes the XXVI dynasty 49:18.833 --> 49:22.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% comes from the north of Egypt, from a city called Sais. 49:22.633 --> 49:27.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% But a new king doesn't mean that everything changes. 49:27.333 --> 49:30.533 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: The transition from the XXV to the XXVI dynasty 49:30.533 --> 49:31.866 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% is very interesting. 49:31.866 --> 49:34.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We have someone like Montuemhat, 49:34.133 --> 49:36.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% who was really a man for all seasons. 49:36.000 --> 49:37.766 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% He was already the mayor of Thebes 49:37.766 --> 49:39.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% under the Nubian rulers, 49:39.166 --> 49:41.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% he continued to be the mayor of Thebes 49:41.166 --> 49:42.933 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% under the new rulers, 49:42.933 --> 49:44.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and all the while, he took part 49:44.466 --> 49:47.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% in the transition in the office of the god's wife, 49:47.066 --> 49:51.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% helping establish the new god's wife in place. 49:53.000 --> 49:54.966 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: A new pharaoh. 49:54.966 --> 49:56.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% A new god's wife of Amun. 49:58.033 --> 50:00.633 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% And the people associated with this office 50:00.633 --> 50:05.733 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% keep Medinet Habu as their chosen burial ground. 50:05.733 --> 50:07.600 align:left position:42.5% line:5% size:47.5% BUDKA: The title god's wife of Amun 50:07.600 --> 50:10.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% lasts until the end of the XXVI dynasty. 50:10.833 --> 50:13.666 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: At the end of that time, 50:13.666 --> 50:15.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Egypt is invaded by the Persians. 50:18.033 --> 50:20.500 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% And everything changes. 50:20.500 --> 50:22.633 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% NARRATOR: After the Persian invasion, 50:22.633 --> 50:25.466 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% evidence of the god's wife of Amun disappears. 50:27.433 --> 50:30.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Lasting for more than a millennium, 50:30.166 --> 50:32.233 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% the title of god's wife of Amun 50:32.233 --> 50:34.300 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% was created in the XVIII dynasty. 50:35.866 --> 50:39.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But it's 800 years later, in the XXV dynasty, 50:39.600 --> 50:42.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% with the help of the Kushite pharaohs from Nubia, 50:42.966 --> 50:46.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that the institution reaches its zenith, 50:46.200 --> 50:49.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Amenirdis's legacy forever imprinted on the artifacts 50:49.966 --> 50:55.100 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and monuments she left behind. 50:58.500 --> 51:02.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The archaeologists have unearthed buried treasures 51:02.600 --> 51:05.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of a very special period of Egyptian history, 51:05.000 --> 51:09.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% when the Kushite pharaohs of the XXV dynasty rose to power 51:09.833 --> 51:13.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and wrote a new chapter into this rich civilization. 51:13.366 --> 51:16.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% They embraced Egyptian culture and beliefs, 51:16.466 --> 51:20.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but also brought elements of their own culture, 51:20.066 --> 51:22.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% where women were financially independent 51:22.633 --> 51:25.500 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% and the power of the god's wife of Amun 51:25.500 --> 51:27.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% rivaled that of the king. 51:27.266 --> 51:28.733 align:left position:45% line:83% size:45% AYAD: The god's wife of Amun 51:28.733 --> 51:32.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is very inspiring and empowering to modern women today. 51:33.633 --> 51:36.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The fact that they're not as well known to the public 51:36.766 --> 51:38.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as Cleopatra or Nefertiti 51:38.533 --> 51:43.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% is just the sad reality of modern pop culture. 51:43.000 --> 51:45.866 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 51:45.866 --> 51:47.466 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5% HAWASS: A unique cemetery 51:47.466 --> 51:50.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to bring more information about this period. 51:50.433 --> 51:51.700 align:left position:82.5% line:89% size:7.5% Oh! 51:51.700 --> 51:53.266 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% We are making history. 51:55.300 --> 51:57.366 align:left position:40% line:5% size:50% NARRATOR: Like the shifting sands of the desert, 51:57.366 --> 52:00.233 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% history is never static. 52:00.233 --> 52:03.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% It is a quest for understanding who we are, 52:03.933 --> 52:06.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% where we've been, and where we're going. 52:06.133 --> 52:08.833 align:left position:45% line:77% size:45% AYAD: People looking at us from even 200 years from now, 52:08.833 --> 52:11.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% or 2,000 years from now, 52:11.633 --> 52:13.266 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% how they perceive women today 52:13.266 --> 52:16.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is dependent on how much evidence do we leave behind. 52:16.966 --> 52:19.466 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5% ♪ ♪ 52:41.166 --> 52:44.033 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45% ♪ ♪ 52:44.966 --> 52:52.500 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45% ♪ ♪ 52:56.333 --> 53:03.933 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45% ♪ ♪ 53:07.766 --> 53:15.300 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45% ♪ ♪ 53:16.933 --> 53:24.466 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45% ♪ ♪ 53:26.100 --> 53:33.633 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45% ♪ ♪