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- Hi, I'm Rick Steves,

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back with more of 
the best of Europe.

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This time, rather than 
a particular place,

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we're going thematic

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and traveling anywhere 
that theme takes us.

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This time, it's the art of 
the Florentine Renaissance,

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with a star-studded cast from 
art-loving princes and popes

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to "Mona Lisa" to 
Michelangelo's "David."

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Thanks for joining us.

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(upbeat music)

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After centuries of 
medieval struggles,

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Europe enjoyed a reawakening

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to the enlightened ways

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of ancient Greece and Rome.

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For two centuries,

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roughly 1400 to 1600,

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there was an explosion of 
art, learning, and culture.

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This rebirth was known 
as the Renaissance.

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We'll focus on Florence,

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the birthplace and epicenter 
of that cultural big bang.

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We'll see the dramatic 
revolution in art,

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revel in the bold 
spirit of the times,

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and meet the artistic 
geniuses who made it possible.

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Celebrating the art of 
the Early Renaissance,

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we'll admire the 
works of Ghiberti,

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who merged art and mathematics

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to show the illusion of depth,

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Brunelleschi, who built 
the greatest dome yet,

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and Donatello, who gave his 
statues emotion and life.

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Then we'll meet the three 
greats of the High Renaissance:

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Leonardo, the quintessential 
Renaissance genius,

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Raphael, a master of grace 
who decorated the Vatican

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with pre-Christian and 
very Renaissance themes,

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and Michelangelo, with 
his beloved art, statues,

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and paintings that 
inspire to this day.

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(gentle music)

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Though best known for its art,

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the Renaissance would 
change Europe in every way

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from politics to 
economics to religion.

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Most of all, it was a whole 
new attitude toward life,

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a new optimism and confidence.

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It was humanism.

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Humanism focused not 
on our sinfulness,

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as dominated the Middle Ages,

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but in our essential goodness.

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People worked hard,

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making money was respectable,

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and excellence was rewarded.

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Real-life people,

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not just saints and 
kings, were worthy,

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worthy of being 
portrayed realistically

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in all their human 
glory: humanism.

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(bright music)

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In politics, the Renaissance 
meant budding democracy.

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It was people power, not kings.

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This was the city hall.

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In economics,

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merchants were developing 
modern capitalism,

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like banking and loans.

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Scientists were 
delving into nature,

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artists were employing new 
techniques to show depth

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and to portray things 
more realistically,

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and architects were going 
forward by going back

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to ancient Greek-style columns

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and Roman-style arches.

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If the Renaissance was the 
foundation of our modern world,

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a foundation for the 
Renaissance was classical art.

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Sculptors, painters, and poets 
alike turned to ancient work

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for inspiration.

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For example,

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this Renaissance portrayal 
of the three Graces

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was inspired by ancient versions 
from 1500 years earlier.

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This Renaissance goddess?

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Clearly modeled on works 
done in ancient times.

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(gentle music)

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And this Holy Virgin 
Mary looks suspiciously

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like this very pagan 
ancient goddess of love.

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The great 
pre-Christian thinkers,

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like Plato and Aristotle, 
were back in vogue.

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And in architecture,

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the ultimate 
Renaissance-designed 
church was essentially

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this ancient dome placed 
upon this ancient basilica.

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The city of Florence was the 
epicenter of the Renaissance

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and, in so many ways,

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the birthplace of our 
modern Western world,

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and for good reason.

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This was where capitalism 
was replacing feudalism.

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The city had money,

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and it knew what to do with it.

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Florence was a prosperous city,

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a producer of wool 
and fancy clothes,

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well located along a busy river.

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Trade brought bankers 
who brought money,

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and wealthy businessmen 
showed their civic pride

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by investing in their city,

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commissioning splendid 
art from talented artists,

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artists who were now 
respected and well paid.

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With all this going for it,

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Florence of the early 1400s 
unleashed a cultural explosion.

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(inspirational music)

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Three works by 
pioneering geniuses

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helped launch the Renaissance,

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the towering dome 
of its cathedral,

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the groundbreaking 
statues that decorated it,

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and the doors of its baptistry.

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Excitement over 
these bold projects

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by three greats of 
the Early Renaissance,

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Brunelleschi, 
Donatello, and Ghiberti,

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sparked a citywide boom 
in art and creativity.

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To better understand 
the groundbreaking art

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of the Early Renaissance,

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we are joined by my friend 
and fellow tour guide,

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Elena Fulceri.

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- Well, some say 
that the Renaissance

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truly started here in 1401

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when the city arranged a 
competition to select an artist

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for the bronze casting of a 
new door of the Baptistry.

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And the winning panel was made

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by a brilliant goldsmith 
named Lorenzo Ghiberti.

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- [Rick] Ghiberti, this 
is a self-portrait,

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won the competition 
with this panel.

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He then completed the north 
doors of the Baptistry

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with additional 
panels like this.

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So the competition doors 
were on the north side?

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- Exactly.

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And later on, 
Ghiberti was in charge

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of another wonderful project.

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He cast in bronze the eastern 
door of the Baptistry,

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which ended up being 
so revolutionary

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and so spectacular 
that it was nicknamed

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the Gate of Paradise.

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And as you can see here,

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Ghiberti was able to use also 
the rules of prospettiva,

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perspective,

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mathematical laws 
that help defining

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the three dimensionality.

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And as you can see, 
there is a foreground,

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middle ground, and background.

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- [Rick] By doing this,

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Ghiberti creates 
a vanishing point

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that gives the 
illusion of depth,

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a believable 3D scene 
on a 2D surface.

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- [Elena] They were 
considered revolutionary

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for the three-dimensionality 
that they offered.

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- [Rick] It's like now the 
viewer is involved in the art.

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- Exactly, we feel a 
part of the artwork.

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It's three dimensional,

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it goes way beyond the 
shape of the panel,

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and it's achieved by 
mathematical laws.

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And the next great 
Renaissance achievement

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was the construction of 
the dome for the cathedral.

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It was a huge medieval church

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that, after 120 years, was left 
incomplete with a huge hole.

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So the city really needed 
the proper technology

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and the right genius,

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and this genius was 
Filippo Brunelleschi.

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With his innovative 
eight-sided design,

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Brunelleschi was able to 
finish the largest dome

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in a thousand years.

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And this is the essence 
of the Renaissance.

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You can see how art and science 
can create great beauty.

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- The cathedral and 
its soaring bell tower

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were landmark accomplishments 
in architecture,

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and they were to be 
decorated inside and out

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with wonderful statues.

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For this, Florence turned to 
Brunelleschi's good friend

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and Ghiberti's assistant,

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the sculptor Donatello.

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An eccentric, innovative, 
workaholic master,

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Donatello lit up his 
statues with an inner soul,

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giving his subjects 
unprecedented 
realism and emotion.

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This balcony from 
where the choir sang

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captures the exuberance 
of the Renaissance.

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Dancing and swirling 
in a real space,

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unconstrained by columns,

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Donatello's happy angels 
celebrate the freedom and spirit

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of this new age.

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His Mary Magdalene, 
carved out of wood,

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is provocative, 
shockingly realistic.

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Rather than a saint in glory,

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Donatello portrays a real person

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whose entire being is 
about the spiritual

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rather than the physical.

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Hands folded in prayer

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and emaciated from fasting,

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she's repentant.

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While her neglected 
physical body seems fragile,

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she exudes strength in spirit,

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with a faith that 
salvation will be hers.

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Before the Renaissance,

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church architecture, because 
it was the house of God,

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was the most noble art form.

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Other arts,

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like statues, paintings, 
and stained glass,

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were especially worthwhile if 
they ornamented the church.

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(lighthearted music)

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With his bronze "David,"

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Donatello helped 
revolutionize sculpture.

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Renaissance man now 
stands on his own.

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This is one of the first 
freestanding nudes sculpted

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in Europe in a thousand years.

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While the formal subject 
is still biblical,

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David slaying the giant,

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truth be told, it's 
a classical nude,

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a celebration of the human body.

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Driven in part by artists, 
society was changing.

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A generation before,

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this would've been shocking.

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But with the Renaissance, 
it's art for art's sake,

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adorning not a church

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but a noble family's courtyard.

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By the late 1400s,

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the Florentine Renaissance 
was in full bloom,

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and that exuberant 
spirit is best found

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in the big colorful paintings 
of Sandro Botticelli.

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As a member of 
the Medici circle,

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he was even a friend of 
Lorenzo the Magnificent,

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he studied their collection 
of ancient statues.

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(gentle music)

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Botticelli found inspiration 
in the balanced compositions,

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the naked beauty, and 
secular humanistic outlook.

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As he painted,

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he created visions 
of pure beauty

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that captured the 
optimistic springtime,

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or primavera, of 
the Renaissance.

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The epitome of Early 
Renaissance beauty

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may be Botticelli's 
"Birth of Venus,"

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the first large-scale 
depiction of a naked woman

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in a thousand years.

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Born from the foam of a wave,

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Venus is just waking up.

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The world itself seems 
fresh and newly born.

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The god of the wind sets 
the whole scene in motion.

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Floating ashore on 
her scallop shell,

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Venus takes center stage.

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Botticelli creates 
an ideal world,

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perfectly lit.

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The bodies curve harmoniously,

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the faces are idealized,

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and their gestures exude grace.

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Naked as a newborn,

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Venus symbolized the 
optimism of the Renaissance.

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By the year 1500,

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what had begun in 
Florence a century earlier

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was coming to a peak,

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an exciting time known 
as the High Renaissance.

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Italy was thriving, with 
a huge appetite for art.

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Artists who in earlier 
times had toiled

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as anonymous craftsmen were 
now famous and well paid.

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Three towering artists,

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all with Florence connections,

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brought the Renaissance 
to its culmination

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and then helped spread it 
throughout Italy and beyond:

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Leonardo, Michelangelo, 
and Raphael.

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Leonardo da Vinci

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was the ultimate 
well-rounded Renaissance man:

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00:12:12,833 --> 00:12:16,666
inventor, engineer, 
sculptor, and painter.

258
00:12:16,666 --> 00:12:18,866
Always asking why and how,

259
00:12:18,866 --> 00:12:23,266
he filled up entire notebooks 
with sketches and ideas.

260
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:26,766
When he was an 
apprentice, just a boy,

261
00:12:26,766 --> 00:12:30,800
Leonardo painted this beautiful 
angel with curly hair,

262
00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:34,633
rosy cheeks, and innocent gaze.

263
00:12:34,633 --> 00:12:36,200
Welcomed as a part of the elite

264
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:38,166
and enlightened Medici circle,

265
00:12:38,166 --> 00:12:41,400
young Leonardo was already 
developing the elements

266
00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:43,400
of his signature style:

267
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:44,766
meditative Madonnas,

268
00:12:44,766 --> 00:12:46,433
a playful Baby Jesus

269
00:12:46,433 --> 00:12:49,200
amid a hazy, 
mysterious backdrop.

270
00:12:52,366 --> 00:12:55,233
One of Leonardo's 
greatest masterpieces

271
00:12:55,233 --> 00:12:58,633
decorates a dining hall 
in a Milan monastery,

272
00:12:59,633 --> 00:13:01,166
"The Last Supper."

273
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:04,766
It's Jesus' last meal 
with his disciples

274
00:13:04,766 --> 00:13:07,133
just before He'd be crucified.

275
00:13:07,133 --> 00:13:10,866
Leonardo packs the scene 
with psychological tension.

276
00:13:10,866 --> 00:13:13,033
He captures the 
moment Jesus says,

277
00:13:13,033 --> 00:13:15,533
"One of you will betray me."

278
00:13:15,533 --> 00:13:19,066
And the apostles, huddling in 
stressed-out groups of three,

279
00:13:19,066 --> 00:13:21,833
wonder, "Lord, is it I?"

280
00:13:21,833 --> 00:13:23,966
In this agitated atmosphere,

281
00:13:23,966 --> 00:13:25,933
only the traitor, Judas,

282
00:13:25,933 --> 00:13:29,700
clutching his 30 pieces 
of silver, is not shocked.

283
00:13:31,433 --> 00:13:34,800
Leonardo's use of linear 
perspective gives the scene

284
00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:36,433
an extra punch.

285
00:13:36,433 --> 00:13:40,133
He makes the painted room an 
extension of the actual room,

286
00:13:40,133 --> 00:13:44,200
with shadows as if lit by 
the real room's windows.

287
00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,600
All the lines of perspective 
converge toward the center,

288
00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:49,300
subconsciously drawing you

289
00:13:49,300 --> 00:13:52,966
to the powerful, emotional 
focal point: Jesus.

290
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:56,200
His calm expression 
makes it clear

291
00:13:56,200 --> 00:13:59,300
that He knows the 
painful sacrifice ahead

292
00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:00,433
and accepts it.

293
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:05,933
Constantly evolving,

294
00:14:05,933 --> 00:14:11,000
Leonardo perfected his signature 
sfumato, or hazy technique.

295
00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:13,900
The soft outlines of the faces,

296
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:16,566
the mysterious mountains 
fading in the mist.

297
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:20,566
Using what's called 
atmospheric perspective,

298
00:14:20,566 --> 00:14:24,200
he showed depth by understanding 
how colors become muted

299
00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:25,733
when more distant.

300
00:14:25,733 --> 00:14:27,500
He managed to create scenes

301
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:29,633
that looked perfectly natural

302
00:14:29,633 --> 00:14:31,900
but had an underlying geometry

303
00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:35,400
that reflected the 
order seen in nature.

304
00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:37,366
And with his "Mona Lisa,"

305
00:14:37,366 --> 00:14:41,033
all these techniques came 
together marvelously.

306
00:14:41,033 --> 00:14:44,466
Lisa, a woman from 
Florence, rests easily,

307
00:14:44,466 --> 00:14:47,500
as if sitting in a 
window looking out.

308
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:49,566
Remarkably realistic 
and relaxed,

309
00:14:49,566 --> 00:14:51,633
her body is a solid pyramid,

310
00:14:51,633 --> 00:14:53,400
turned slightly at an angle

311
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:55,466
so we can appreciate its mass.

312
00:14:57,766 --> 00:15:00,466
With its hazy background 
emphasizing the depth,

313
00:15:00,466 --> 00:15:04,766
the overall mood is one 
of serenity and harmony,

314
00:15:04,766 --> 00:15:07,300
but with an element of mystery,

315
00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:10,500
especially the enigmatic smile.

316
00:15:11,633 --> 00:15:15,066
Leonardo's hazy sfumato 
blurs the edges.

317
00:15:15,066 --> 00:15:17,233
That's why, try as we might,

318
00:15:17,233 --> 00:15:20,533
we can never quite see 
the corners of her mouth.

319
00:15:20,533 --> 00:15:23,300
Is she happy or sad?

320
00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:25,566
Everyone sees her differently.

321
00:15:27,566 --> 00:15:30,033
For me, this painting 
sums up the Renaissance,

322
00:15:30,033 --> 00:15:32,466
balance, confidence, 
and humanism,

323
00:15:32,466 --> 00:15:34,166
the age when the 
common individual,

324
00:15:34,166 --> 00:15:36,666
Mona Lisa, becomes art worthy.

325
00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:39,200
In his long career,

326
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:40,600
Leonardo da Vinci,

327
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:42,900
by combining art and science,

328
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:45,266
revolutionized 
our notion of art.

329
00:15:45,266 --> 00:15:46,933
He was the epitome

330
00:15:46,933 --> 00:15:50,366
of perhaps the 
highest compliment an 
artist can receive,

331
00:15:50,366 --> 00:15:52,866
a true Renaissance genius.

332
00:15:52,866 --> 00:15:55,366
(soft music)

333
00:15:56,800 --> 00:16:00,033
Leonardo strongly influenced 
another talented young artist,

334
00:16:00,033 --> 00:16:01,200
Raphael.

335
00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:03,400
By combining the 
grace of Leonardo,

336
00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:05,266
the power of 
Florentine sculpture,

337
00:16:05,266 --> 00:16:07,466
and the humanist 
spirit of the age,

338
00:16:07,466 --> 00:16:11,433
Raphael became the master of 
High Renaissance painting.

339
00:16:11,433 --> 00:16:13,500
(gentle music)

340
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:14,766
A true prodigy,

341
00:16:14,766 --> 00:16:17,433
young Raphael quickly 
mastered realism.

342
00:16:17,433 --> 00:16:20,300
In these portraits, he 
captured the proud faces,

343
00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:24,066
rich clothing, and fine 
jewelry of this cloth merchant

344
00:16:24,066 --> 00:16:25,800
and his noble wife.

345
00:16:28,433 --> 00:16:31,300
He gave them Leonardo's 
"Mona Lisa" treatment,

346
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:34,233
turned at a three-quarter pose,

347
00:16:34,233 --> 00:16:36,866
arms and hands 
resting comfortably.

348
00:16:38,266 --> 00:16:41,666
This Madonna also pays 
homage to Leonardo.

349
00:16:41,666 --> 00:16:44,433
Mary presides in a 
beautiful earthly setting,

350
00:16:44,433 --> 00:16:45,766
with a young Jesus

351
00:16:45,766 --> 00:16:48,433
and curly-haired little 
Johnny the Baptist,

352
00:16:48,433 --> 00:16:51,600
washed in a warm sfumato 
and a golden glow

353
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:54,133
and posed like a pyramid.

354
00:16:54,133 --> 00:16:57,900
While natural, it's thoughtfully 
planned, symmetrical,

355
00:16:57,900 --> 00:17:00,700
a baby to the left, 
baby to the right,

356
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:03,500
flanked by trees and 
framed with clouds,

357
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:06,966
all reinforcing the 
atmosphere of serenity,

358
00:17:06,966 --> 00:17:09,666
order, and maternal love.

359
00:17:11,333 --> 00:17:14,266
Raphael soon became the 
most sought-after painter

360
00:17:14,266 --> 00:17:15,800
of his day.

361
00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:19,200
The pope in Rome actually hired 
him to decorate his palace,

362
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:22,266
now the Vatican Museum, 
with his paintings.

363
00:17:24,666 --> 00:17:27,233
The classical decor 
and ancient treasures

364
00:17:27,233 --> 00:17:29,933
that line the halls of 
the Vatican Palace show

365
00:17:29,933 --> 00:17:32,666
how popes of this 
age actually embraced

366
00:17:32,666 --> 00:17:36,200
that Renaissance respect 
for pre-Christian thinking.

367
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,266
Raphael's "School of 
Athens" merges the ancient

368
00:17:41,266 --> 00:17:42,966
and Christian worlds.

369
00:17:42,966 --> 00:17:44,500
Here in the pope's study,

370
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:46,366
the heart of Christian Europe,

371
00:17:46,366 --> 00:17:48,866
he painted not only 
Christian saints

372
00:17:48,866 --> 00:17:52,533
but, so radical, so 
shocking for the age,

373
00:17:52,533 --> 00:17:54,233
pagan philosophers:

374
00:17:54,233 --> 00:17:56,600
Plato, Aristotle.

375
00:17:56,600 --> 00:17:58,866
Again, in good 
Renaissance style,

376
00:17:58,866 --> 00:18:01,900
Raphael balances 
everything symmetrically,

377
00:18:01,900 --> 00:18:04,400
with all the lines of 
perspective leading your eye

378
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:05,800
to dead center,

379
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:07,733
two secular saints

380
00:18:07,733 --> 00:18:11,200
framed with a Renaissance 
arch as their halo.

381
00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:13,233
This is humanism,

382
00:18:13,233 --> 00:18:15,700
the geometrically perfect world

383
00:18:15,700 --> 00:18:18,000
created by a Christian God.

384
00:18:20,033 --> 00:18:22,833
The ancient philosopher 
Plato is none other

385
00:18:22,833 --> 00:18:26,466
than Raphael's idol, 
Leonardo da Vinci.

386
00:18:26,466 --> 00:18:27,966
And the guy in the black cap?

387
00:18:27,966 --> 00:18:30,333
It's young Raphael himself.

388
00:18:30,333 --> 00:18:32,733
Finally, there's 
this brooding figure,

389
00:18:32,733 --> 00:18:35,033
the man who would take 
the High Renaissance

390
00:18:35,033 --> 00:18:39,266
to the greatest heights of 
all: Michelangelo Buonarroti.

391
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:43,633
More than any previous artist,

392
00:18:43,633 --> 00:18:47,500
Michelangelo pioneered the idea 
that art was not just a job

393
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:49,433
but a unique personal statement,

394
00:18:49,433 --> 00:18:52,200
an expression of 
his inner passion.

395
00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:54,900
Even as he worked for the 
Church and wealthy patrons,

396
00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:57,133
his vision was always his own.

397
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:00,633
As a multi-talented 
Renaissance man,

398
00:19:00,633 --> 00:19:04,233
Michelangelo made his mark 
as a world-class sculptor,

399
00:19:05,333 --> 00:19:08,700
painter, and architect.

400
00:19:09,533 --> 00:19:10,800
As an architect,

401
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,500
he designed and created 
this memorial chapel

402
00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:15,666
for his patrons, the Medici,

403
00:19:15,666 --> 00:19:19,833
a harmonious ensemble of 
innovative architecture,

404
00:19:19,833 --> 00:19:23,066
tombs, and sculpture.

405
00:19:23,066 --> 00:19:25,800
(pensive music)

406
00:19:27,233 --> 00:19:28,366
As a sculptor,

407
00:19:28,366 --> 00:19:30,266
Michelangelo 
believed his figures

408
00:19:30,266 --> 00:19:33,733
were already divinely 
created within the stone.

409
00:19:33,733 --> 00:19:36,800
He was simply chiseling 
away the excess.

410
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,866
These rough and unfinished 
statues seem to be struggling,

411
00:19:42,866 --> 00:19:43,966
like prisoners,

412
00:19:43,966 --> 00:19:46,066
to free themselves 
from the marble.

413
00:19:46,066 --> 00:19:49,100
They show the Renaissance 
love of the body as,

414
00:19:49,100 --> 00:19:50,466
with his chisel,

415
00:19:50,466 --> 00:19:54,533
Michelangelo reveals 
these compelling figures.

416
00:19:56,566 --> 00:19:58,200
Barely 25 years old,

417
00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:02,600
Michelangelo established his 
genius by sculpting this Pieta,

418
00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:05,600
adored by centuries of pilgrims.

419
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:07,300
With powerful realism,

420
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:10,033
Michelangelo made it 
clear to the faithful:

421
00:20:10,033 --> 00:20:11,900
Jesus is dead.

422
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:14,066
The theological 
point of this work:

423
00:20:14,066 --> 00:20:17,200
He gave His life 
for our salvation.

424
00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:21,066
Mary's crumpled robe accentuates 
Christ's smooth body,

425
00:20:21,066 --> 00:20:25,366
helping make hard stone 
look soft as skin.

426
00:20:25,366 --> 00:20:29,933
Great art that delivers an 
emotional punch is no accident,

427
00:20:29,933 --> 00:20:31,500
that's its purpose,

428
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:33,833
and it does so by design.

429
00:20:35,366 --> 00:20:39,833
Next, Michelangelo took on the 
epic-scale statue of David,

430
00:20:39,833 --> 00:20:42,233
displayed today as 
if the high altar

431
00:20:42,233 --> 00:20:44,000
in a temple to humanism.

432
00:20:45,266 --> 00:20:47,166
The young shepherd 
who slew the giant

433
00:20:47,166 --> 00:20:49,100
turned down the 
armor of the day,

434
00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:52,666
arming himself only with stones.

435
00:20:52,666 --> 00:20:54,766
He throws his sling 
over his shoulder

436
00:20:54,766 --> 00:20:57,933
and goes out to face the giant.

437
00:20:57,933 --> 00:21:00,566
Michelangelo catches 
David at the exact moment

438
00:21:00,566 --> 00:21:02,566
when he's sizing up the enemy

439
00:21:02,566 --> 00:21:04,233
and thinks to himself,

440
00:21:04,233 --> 00:21:06,033
"I can take this guy."

441
00:21:07,433 --> 00:21:10,100
This statue has come 
to symbolize that,

442
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:11,533
with the Renaissance,

443
00:21:11,533 --> 00:21:15,000
humankind could slay the 
giant of medieval ignorance

444
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:16,266
and superstition.

445
00:21:17,433 --> 00:21:20,933
David's oversized right 
hand was no accident.

446
00:21:20,933 --> 00:21:23,666
It represented how 
this shepherd boy,

447
00:21:23,666 --> 00:21:25,133
empowered by God,

448
00:21:25,133 --> 00:21:27,066
could slay the giant,

449
00:21:27,066 --> 00:21:31,900
and how Florence could rise 
above its rival city states.

450
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:33,333
When you look at David,

451
00:21:33,333 --> 00:21:36,000
you're looking at 
Renaissance man.

452
00:21:38,966 --> 00:21:41,800
Artists now made their 
point using realism.

453
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,733
They did this by 
merging art and science.

454
00:21:44,733 --> 00:21:46,066
For instance,

455
00:21:46,066 --> 00:21:48,333
Michelangelo actually 
dissected human corpses

456
00:21:48,333 --> 00:21:50,500
to better understand anatomy.

457
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:53,433
This humanism was 
not anti-religion.

458
00:21:53,433 --> 00:21:55,200
Now, people realize 
that the best way

459
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:58,700
to glorify God was not to bow 
down in church all day long,

460
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:02,633
but to recognize their 
talents and to use them.

461
00:22:02,633 --> 00:22:04,600
Michelangelo established himself

462
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:06,700
as Europe's greatest sculptor,

463
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:10,733
and he was a pretty darn 
good painter as well.

464
00:22:10,733 --> 00:22:12,233
This "Holy Family,"

465
00:22:12,233 --> 00:22:15,600
Michelangelo's only 
surviving easel painting,

466
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:20,000
offers a closer look at 
his mastery as a painter.

467
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:23,466
The solid, statuesque people 
posed in a sculptural group

468
00:22:23,466 --> 00:22:26,933
show why many called 
Michelangelo "a sculptor

469
00:22:26,933 --> 00:22:28,333
with a paintbrush."

470
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,833
He created perhaps 
his greatest work

471
00:22:31,833 --> 00:22:34,200
in the pope's Sistine Chapel.

472
00:22:35,066 --> 00:22:37,000
Michelangelo depicted no less

473
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:39,933
than the entire history 
of the Christian world,

474
00:22:39,933 --> 00:22:44,233
from the Creation 
to the first people,

475
00:22:44,233 --> 00:22:47,933
and, much later, to the 
final event in history,

476
00:22:47,933 --> 00:22:51,300
the awe-inspiring 
"Last Judgment."

477
00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:53,900
Michelangelo painted 
God busy creating

478
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:56,566
from every conceivable angle.

479
00:22:56,566 --> 00:22:58,133
And the centerpiece,

480
00:22:58,133 --> 00:23:00,866
the central act of creation,

481
00:23:00,866 --> 00:23:03,233
God passing the 
divine spark of life

482
00:23:03,233 --> 00:23:06,033
to His greatest masterpiece:

483
00:23:06,033 --> 00:23:08,133
you and me.

484
00:23:08,133 --> 00:23:10,600
(soft music)

485
00:23:13,633 --> 00:23:18,066
But Michelangelo saved his 
most majestic work for last.

486
00:23:18,066 --> 00:23:19,933
Now as a master architect,

487
00:23:19,933 --> 00:23:23,766
he designed the dome of the 
greatest church in Christendom,

488
00:23:23,766 --> 00:23:25,800
St. Peter's in Rome.

489
00:23:26,966 --> 00:23:29,400
The dome rises up from 
the church's heart,

490
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:30,800
the tomb of St. Peter,

491
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:33,300
taller than a 
football field on end.

492
00:23:35,366 --> 00:23:38,633
Enjoying the commanding view 
from the top is a reminder

493
00:23:38,633 --> 00:23:40,800
of how the cultural explosion

494
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:43,900
of the Italian 
renaissance was destined

495
00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:46,966
to reverberate far and wide.

496
00:23:48,133 --> 00:23:50,966
That great awakening 
called the Renaissance,

497
00:23:50,966 --> 00:23:53,733
the movement that had 
begun in Florence,

498
00:23:53,733 --> 00:23:55,900
would spread to Rome,

499
00:23:55,900 --> 00:23:56,766
from Italy

500
00:23:58,600 --> 00:23:59,500
to Spain

501
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:02,733
and to the north,

502
00:24:02,733 --> 00:24:04,700
eventually infusing all Europe

503
00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:07,633
with an invigorating 
spirit of humanism

504
00:24:07,633 --> 00:24:09,533
and a can-do optimism.

505
00:24:09,533 --> 00:24:12,766
(inspirational music)

506
00:24:16,566 --> 00:24:19,433
Europe offers a lifetime 
of artistic treasures.

507
00:24:19,433 --> 00:24:21,200
And the more you 
understand its art,

508
00:24:21,200 --> 00:24:24,266
the more you'll appreciate 
the society that created it.

509
00:24:24,266 --> 00:24:26,433
I hope you've enjoyed our 
sweep through the highlights

510
00:24:26,433 --> 00:24:28,366
of the Florentine Renaissance.

511
00:24:28,366 --> 00:24:30,166
And from this 
Italian springboard,

512
00:24:30,166 --> 00:24:33,400
this cultural explosion 
spread throughout Europe.

513
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:34,500
I'm Rick Steves.

514
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:36,900
Until next time, 
keep on traveling.

515
00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:41,233
Hey, I'm Rick Steves,

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host of "Rick Steves' Europe."

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As you ponder whether or not 
to become a supporting member

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of this great station,

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I'd like to challenge you to 
consider the impact of media

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in our society today,

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and consider as well the 
complexity and importance

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of the challenges facing 
our society these days.

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We need media 
that's independent,

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that inspires us to be smarter,

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media that doesn't 
make us afraid

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but that engages us.

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That's what this 
station is all about.

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Your financial support has 
never been more important,

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00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:16,966
and that's why we're asking 
you to join us right now.

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00:25:16,966 --> 00:25:19,733
When you support this 
public television station,

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00:25:19,733 --> 00:25:22,066
you're supporting quality media,

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00:25:22,066 --> 00:25:24,500
and you get great benefits, 
including Passport,

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00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:26,233
which offers access to even more

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00:25:26,233 --> 00:25:28,700
of your favorite public 
television shows.

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00:25:28,700 --> 00:25:31,633
Whether it's my programs 
or enlightening history

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00:25:31,633 --> 00:25:34,700
or the compelling dramas 
you love right here,

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00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:36,100
consider the value

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00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:38,633
that the programming you 
enjoy here adds to your life

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00:25:38,633 --> 00:25:42,600
and then scan or go online 
to make your donation now.

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00:25:44,033 --> 00:25:46,166
- [Announcer] Invest in 
your local PBS station

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00:25:46,166 --> 00:25:48,633
by becoming an $8 
monthly sustainer,

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00:25:48,633 --> 00:25:51,933
or make a $96 annual 
contribution right now

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00:25:51,933 --> 00:25:55,133
and we'll say thanks with a 
wonderful collection of gifts.

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00:25:55,133 --> 00:25:58,100
You'll receive Rick Steves' 
book "For the Love of Europe,"

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00:25:58,100 --> 00:25:59,833
which shares his 
favorite memories

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00:25:59,833 --> 00:26:02,866
from decades of 
travel in 100 essays.

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00:26:02,866 --> 00:26:06,800
It's 400 pages of fun and 
inspirational travel stories.

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00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:08,200
On top of that,

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00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:10,533
you'll receive a copy of 
"Europe Through the Back Door."

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00:26:10,533 --> 00:26:13,066
This book is packed 
with practical tips

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00:26:13,066 --> 00:26:14,666
from chapters on packing light

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00:26:14,666 --> 00:26:16,666
and planning a smart itinerary

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00:26:16,666 --> 00:26:18,100
to eating your 
way through Europe

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00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:20,033
and finding great hotels.

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00:26:20,033 --> 00:26:22,133
We'll also send you 
this map of Europe,

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00:26:22,133 --> 00:26:24,033
which is perfect for 
pre-trip planning

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00:26:24,033 --> 00:26:26,933
and using while you're on 
the vacation of your dreams.

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00:26:26,933 --> 00:26:29,300
Plus, you'll receive 
Rick Steves' newsletter,

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00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:31,033
which is packed 
full of travel tips

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00:26:31,033 --> 00:26:33,066
about European destinations.

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00:26:33,066 --> 00:26:35,900
And don't forget, with your 
qualifying contribution,

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00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:38,933
you'll be able to enjoy a 
terrific member benefit,

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00:26:38,933 --> 00:26:42,400
PBS Passport, which lets you 
watch every one of Rick's shows

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00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:44,533
that's available on the PBS app.

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00:26:44,533 --> 00:26:45,900
With PBS Passport,

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00:26:45,900 --> 00:26:48,333
you'll also be able to 
stream a treasure trove

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00:26:48,333 --> 00:26:50,433
of your favorite 
dramas, history,

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00:26:50,433 --> 00:26:52,233
arts, music, and more.

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00:26:52,233 --> 00:26:57,300
So don't wait, go to 
pbs.org/rick to give now.

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00:26:57,800 --> 00:26:58,500
Thank you.

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00:26:59,566 --> 00:27:00,966
- As you can see,

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00:27:00,966 --> 00:27:03,800
it's easy to donate to 
support public television.

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00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:05,866
Whether you're watching 
the station on the air

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00:27:05,866 --> 00:27:08,866
or streaming shows 
like this right here,

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00:27:08,866 --> 00:27:11,933
please, take a moment 
to make your donation.

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00:27:11,933 --> 00:27:14,566
Doing so, you'll support 
your local station

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00:27:14,566 --> 00:27:17,333
and the great programming 
it brings your way.

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00:27:17,333 --> 00:27:19,200
And again, as a bonus,

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00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,666
you'll enjoy great benefits 
including Passport.

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00:27:22,666 --> 00:27:23,566
Thanks a lot.

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(pensive music)

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(bricks thudding)

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(door creaks) 
(door slams)

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00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:00,766
(birds chirping)

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(bright music)