WEBVTT 00:01.466 --> 00:02.700 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% - Hi, I'm Rick Steves, 00:02.700 --> 00:04.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% back with more of the best of Europe. 00:04.800 --> 00:07.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% This time, rather than a particular place, 00:07.233 --> 00:08.800 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% we're going thematic 00:08.800 --> 00:11.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and traveling anywhere that theme takes us. 00:11.633 --> 00:14.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% This time, it's the art of the Florentine Renaissance, 00:14.933 --> 00:18.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% with a star-studded cast from art-loving princes and popes 00:18.500 --> 00:21.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to "Mona Lisa" to Michelangelo's "David." 00:21.500 --> 00:22.666 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Thanks for joining us. 00:23.533 --> 00:26.166 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (upbeat music) 00:55.466 --> 00:57.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% After centuries of medieval struggles, 00:57.500 --> 00:59.300 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Europe enjoyed a reawakening 00:59.300 --> 01:00.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to the enlightened ways 01:00.366 --> 01:02.066 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% of ancient Greece and Rome. 01:02.066 --> 01:03.200 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% For two centuries, 01:03.200 --> 01:05.400 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% roughly 1400 to 1600, 01:05.400 --> 01:08.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% there was an explosion of art, learning, and culture. 01:08.733 --> 01:12.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% This rebirth was known as the Renaissance. 01:12.333 --> 01:14.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% We'll focus on Florence, 01:14.300 --> 01:18.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% the birthplace and epicenter of that cultural big bang. 01:18.700 --> 01:21.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% We'll see the dramatic revolution in art, 01:21.233 --> 01:24.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% revel in the bold spirit of the times, 01:24.100 --> 01:27.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and meet the artistic geniuses who made it possible. 01:28.566 --> 01:30.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Celebrating the art of the Early Renaissance, 01:30.500 --> 01:32.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% we'll admire the works of Ghiberti, 01:32.300 --> 01:33.833 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% who merged art and mathematics 01:33.833 --> 01:35.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to show the illusion of depth, 01:36.733 --> 01:39.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Brunelleschi, who built the greatest dome yet, 01:39.800 --> 01:44.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and Donatello, who gave his statues emotion and life. 01:44.366 --> 01:48.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Then we'll meet the three greats of the High Renaissance: 01:48.033 --> 01:51.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Leonardo, the quintessential Renaissance genius, 01:51.533 --> 01:54.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Raphael, a master of grace who decorated the Vatican 01:54.633 --> 01:57.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% with pre-Christian and very Renaissance themes, 01:58.966 --> 02:02.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and Michelangelo, with his beloved art, statues, 02:02.333 --> 02:05.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and paintings that inspire to this day. 02:05.100 --> 02:07.733 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (gentle music) 02:12.000 --> 02:13.666 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Though best known for its art, 02:13.666 --> 02:16.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the Renaissance would change Europe in every way 02:16.533 --> 02:20.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% from politics to economics to religion. 02:20.000 --> 02:23.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Most of all, it was a whole new attitude toward life, 02:23.400 --> 02:26.066 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% a new optimism and confidence. 02:26.066 --> 02:28.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% It was humanism. 02:28.566 --> 02:31.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Humanism focused not on our sinfulness, 02:31.133 --> 02:33.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% as dominated the Middle Ages, 02:33.466 --> 02:35.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% but in our essential goodness. 02:37.033 --> 02:38.333 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% People worked hard, 02:38.333 --> 02:40.733 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% making money was respectable, 02:40.733 --> 02:43.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and excellence was rewarded. 02:43.233 --> 02:44.500 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Real-life people, 02:44.500 --> 02:47.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% not just saints and kings, were worthy, 02:47.433 --> 02:50.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% worthy of being portrayed realistically 02:50.000 --> 02:53.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% in all their human glory: humanism. 02:53.366 --> 02:55.900 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (bright music) 02:57.866 --> 03:00.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% In politics, the Renaissance meant budding democracy. 03:00.700 --> 03:02.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It was people power, not kings. 03:02.733 --> 03:04.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% This was the city hall. 03:04.333 --> 03:05.666 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% In economics, 03:05.666 --> 03:07.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% merchants were developing modern capitalism, 03:07.900 --> 03:09.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% like banking and loans. 03:11.266 --> 03:13.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Scientists were delving into nature, 03:13.933 --> 03:16.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% artists were employing new techniques to show depth 03:16.966 --> 03:19.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and to portray things more realistically, 03:20.966 --> 03:23.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and architects were going forward by going back 03:23.866 --> 03:25.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to ancient Greek-style columns 03:25.900 --> 03:28.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and Roman-style arches. 03:30.466 --> 03:32.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% If the Renaissance was the foundation of our modern world, 03:32.966 --> 03:35.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% a foundation for the Renaissance was classical art. 03:35.833 --> 03:39.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Sculptors, painters, and poets alike turned to ancient work 03:39.100 --> 03:40.766 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% for inspiration. 03:40.766 --> 03:42.133 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% For example, 03:42.133 --> 03:44.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% this Renaissance portrayal of the three Graces 03:44.433 --> 03:48.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was inspired by ancient versions from 1500 years earlier. 03:50.333 --> 03:51.966 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% This Renaissance goddess? 03:51.966 --> 03:54.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Clearly modeled on works done in ancient times. 03:54.833 --> 03:57.433 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (gentle music) 03:57.433 --> 04:00.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% And this Holy Virgin Mary looks suspiciously 04:00.300 --> 04:03.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% like this very pagan ancient goddess of love. 04:05.566 --> 04:07.500 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% The great pre-Christian thinkers, 04:07.500 --> 04:10.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% like Plato and Aristotle, were back in vogue. 04:11.400 --> 04:13.033 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% And in architecture, 04:13.033 --> 04:16.733 align:left position:35% line:77% size:55% the ultimate Renaissance-designed church was essentially 04:16.733 --> 04:21.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% this ancient dome placed upon this ancient basilica. 04:28.766 --> 04:31.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The city of Florence was the epicenter of the Renaissance 04:31.666 --> 04:33.000 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and, in so many ways, 04:33.000 --> 04:35.166 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the birthplace of our modern Western world, 04:35.166 --> 04:36.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% and for good reason. 04:36.533 --> 04:39.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% This was where capitalism was replacing feudalism. 04:39.666 --> 04:40.733 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% The city had money, 04:40.733 --> 04:43.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and it knew what to do with it. 04:43.133 --> 04:45.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Florence was a prosperous city, 04:45.200 --> 04:47.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% a producer of wool and fancy clothes, 04:47.633 --> 04:49.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% well located along a busy river. 04:50.733 --> 04:52.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Trade brought bankers who brought money, 04:54.000 --> 04:56.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and wealthy businessmen showed their civic pride 04:56.666 --> 04:59.066 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% by investing in their city, 04:59.066 --> 05:02.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% commissioning splendid art from talented artists, 05:02.600 --> 05:06.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% artists who were now respected and well paid. 05:06.800 --> 05:08.366 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% With all this going for it, 05:08.366 --> 05:13.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Florence of the early 1400s unleashed a cultural explosion. 05:14.133 --> 05:16.966 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% (inspirational music) 05:18.800 --> 05:20.900 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Three works by pioneering geniuses 05:20.900 --> 05:22.600 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% helped launch the Renaissance, 05:22.600 --> 05:24.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the towering dome of its cathedral, 05:24.533 --> 05:26.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the groundbreaking statues that decorated it, 05:26.966 --> 05:29.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the doors of its baptistry. 05:29.133 --> 05:31.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Excitement over these bold projects 05:31.433 --> 05:33.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% by three greats of the Early Renaissance, 05:33.266 --> 05:35.666 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Ghiberti, 05:35.666 --> 05:39.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% sparked a citywide boom in art and creativity. 05:39.866 --> 05:41.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% To better understand the groundbreaking art 05:41.866 --> 05:43.266 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% of the Early Renaissance, 05:43.266 --> 05:45.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% we are joined by my friend and fellow tour guide, 05:45.800 --> 05:47.600 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% Elena Fulceri. 05:47.600 --> 05:49.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - Well, some say that the Renaissance 05:49.200 --> 05:51.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% truly started here in 1401 05:51.766 --> 05:55.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% when the city arranged a competition to select an artist 05:55.100 --> 05:58.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% for the bronze casting of a new door of the Baptistry. 05:58.100 --> 05:59.500 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% And the winning panel was made 05:59.500 --> 06:02.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% by a brilliant goldsmith named Lorenzo Ghiberti. 06:03.433 --> 06:05.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Rick] Ghiberti, this is a self-portrait, 06:05.266 --> 06:07.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% won the competition with this panel. 06:07.733 --> 06:10.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% He then completed the north doors of the Baptistry 06:10.200 --> 06:12.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% with additional panels like this. 06:12.766 --> 06:14.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So the competition doors were on the north side? 06:14.933 --> 06:16.133 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% - Exactly. 06:16.133 --> 06:17.366 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% And later on, Ghiberti was in charge 06:17.366 --> 06:19.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% of another wonderful project. 06:19.433 --> 06:22.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% He cast in bronze the eastern door of the Baptistry, 06:22.533 --> 06:24.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% which ended up being so revolutionary 06:24.466 --> 06:26.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and so spectacular that it was nicknamed 06:26.666 --> 06:28.300 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% the Gate of Paradise. 06:28.300 --> 06:29.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And as you can see here, 06:29.833 --> 06:33.166 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Ghiberti was able to use also the rules of prospettiva, 06:33.166 --> 06:34.366 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% perspective, 06:34.366 --> 06:36.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% mathematical laws that help defining 06:36.000 --> 06:37.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% the three dimensionality. 06:37.300 --> 06:39.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% And as you can see, there is a foreground, 06:39.766 --> 06:42.133 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% middle ground, and background. 06:42.133 --> 06:43.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - [Rick] By doing this, 06:43.233 --> 06:45.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Ghiberti creates a vanishing point 06:45.100 --> 06:47.166 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% that gives the illusion of depth, 06:47.166 --> 06:50.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% a believable 3D scene on a 2D surface. 06:50.533 --> 06:52.466 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - [Elena] They were considered revolutionary 06:52.466 --> 06:55.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% for the three-dimensionality that they offered. 06:55.000 --> 06:57.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - [Rick] It's like now the viewer is involved in the art. 06:57.833 --> 07:00.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - Exactly, we feel a part of the artwork. 07:00.100 --> 07:01.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It's three dimensional, 07:01.466 --> 07:03.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% it goes way beyond the shape of the panel, 07:03.233 --> 07:05.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and it's achieved by mathematical laws. 07:07.466 --> 07:09.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% And the next great Renaissance achievement 07:09.100 --> 07:12.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was the construction of the dome for the cathedral. 07:12.433 --> 07:14.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% It was a huge medieval church 07:14.200 --> 07:19.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that, after 120 years, was left incomplete with a huge hole. 07:19.066 --> 07:21.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% So the city really needed the proper technology 07:21.833 --> 07:23.533 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and the right genius, 07:23.533 --> 07:26.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and this genius was Filippo Brunelleschi. 07:27.733 --> 07:30.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% With his innovative eight-sided design, 07:30.100 --> 07:33.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Brunelleschi was able to finish the largest dome 07:33.000 --> 07:34.633 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% in a thousand years. 07:34.633 --> 07:36.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And this is the essence of the Renaissance. 07:36.233 --> 07:40.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You can see how art and science can create great beauty. 07:41.733 --> 07:44.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - The cathedral and its soaring bell tower 07:44.066 --> 07:47.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% were landmark accomplishments in architecture, 07:47.233 --> 07:49.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and they were to be decorated inside and out 07:49.500 --> 07:51.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% with wonderful statues. 07:54.300 --> 07:57.300 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% For this, Florence turned to Brunelleschi's good friend 07:57.300 --> 07:58.900 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and Ghiberti's assistant, 07:58.900 --> 08:00.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% the sculptor Donatello. 08:01.933 --> 08:04.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% An eccentric, innovative, workaholic master, 08:04.733 --> 08:08.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Donatello lit up his statues with an inner soul, 08:08.433 --> 08:12.566 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% giving his subjects unprecedented realism and emotion. 08:14.066 --> 08:16.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% This balcony from where the choir sang 08:16.166 --> 08:19.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% captures the exuberance of the Renaissance. 08:19.800 --> 08:22.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Dancing and swirling in a real space, 08:22.466 --> 08:24.500 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% unconstrained by columns, 08:24.500 --> 08:28.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Donatello's happy angels celebrate the freedom and spirit 08:28.733 --> 08:30.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% of this new age. 08:31.400 --> 08:34.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% His Mary Magdalene, carved out of wood, 08:34.100 --> 08:37.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% is provocative, shockingly realistic. 08:37.566 --> 08:39.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Rather than a saint in glory, 08:39.466 --> 08:41.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Donatello portrays a real person 08:41.966 --> 08:44.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% whose entire being is about the spiritual 08:44.766 --> 08:46.666 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% rather than the physical. 08:46.666 --> 08:48.400 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Hands folded in prayer 08:48.400 --> 08:50.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and emaciated from fasting, 08:50.333 --> 08:52.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% she's repentant. 08:52.366 --> 08:55.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% While her neglected physical body seems fragile, 08:55.500 --> 08:57.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% she exudes strength in spirit, 08:57.966 --> 09:01.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% with a faith that salvation will be hers. 09:04.633 --> 09:06.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Before the Renaissance, 09:06.033 --> 09:08.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% church architecture, because it was the house of God, 09:08.500 --> 09:10.566 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% was the most noble art form. 09:10.566 --> 09:11.800 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% Other arts, 09:11.800 --> 09:13.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% like statues, paintings, and stained glass, 09:13.633 --> 09:17.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% were especially worthwhile if they ornamented the church. 09:17.400 --> 09:20.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% (lighthearted music) 09:21.433 --> 09:23.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% With his bronze "David," 09:23.033 --> 09:25.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Donatello helped revolutionize sculpture. 09:25.966 --> 09:28.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Renaissance man now stands on his own. 09:31.566 --> 09:34.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% This is one of the first freestanding nudes sculpted 09:34.266 --> 09:35.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% in Europe in a thousand years. 09:39.100 --> 09:41.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% While the formal subject is still biblical, 09:41.466 --> 09:43.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% David slaying the giant, 09:43.200 --> 09:46.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% truth be told, it's a classical nude, 09:46.133 --> 09:49.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% a celebration of the human body. 09:49.400 --> 09:52.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Driven in part by artists, society was changing. 09:52.933 --> 09:54.366 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% A generation before, 09:54.366 --> 09:56.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% this would've been shocking. 09:56.500 --> 10:00.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% But with the Renaissance, it's art for art's sake, 10:00.100 --> 10:01.933 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% adorning not a church 10:01.933 --> 10:04.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but a noble family's courtyard. 10:09.433 --> 10:10.833 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% By the late 1400s, 10:10.833 --> 10:13.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the Florentine Renaissance was in full bloom, 10:13.433 --> 10:15.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and that exuberant spirit is best found 10:15.700 --> 10:19.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% in the big colorful paintings of Sandro Botticelli. 10:19.433 --> 10:21.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% As a member of the Medici circle, 10:21.266 --> 10:23.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% he was even a friend of Lorenzo the Magnificent, 10:23.633 --> 10:26.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% he studied their collection of ancient statues. 10:26.500 --> 10:28.066 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (gentle music) 10:28.066 --> 10:31.600 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Botticelli found inspiration in the balanced compositions, 10:31.600 --> 10:35.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the naked beauty, and secular humanistic outlook. 10:36.333 --> 10:37.500 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% As he painted, 10:37.500 --> 10:39.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% he created visions of pure beauty 10:39.633 --> 10:42.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that captured the optimistic springtime, 10:42.433 --> 10:45.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% or primavera, of the Renaissance. 10:48.466 --> 10:50.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The epitome of Early Renaissance beauty 10:50.800 --> 10:53.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% may be Botticelli's "Birth of Venus," 10:53.733 --> 10:56.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the first large-scale depiction of a naked woman 10:56.400 --> 10:58.066 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% in a thousand years. 10:59.733 --> 11:01.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Born from the foam of a wave, 11:01.533 --> 11:04.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Venus is just waking up. 11:04.066 --> 11:07.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The world itself seems fresh and newly born. 11:09.533 --> 11:12.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The god of the wind sets the whole scene in motion. 11:13.733 --> 11:15.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Floating ashore on her scallop shell, 11:15.800 --> 11:18.533 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Venus takes center stage. 11:18.533 --> 11:21.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Botticelli creates an ideal world, 11:21.333 --> 11:22.733 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% perfectly lit. 11:22.733 --> 11:25.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The bodies curve harmoniously, 11:25.300 --> 11:27.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% the faces are idealized, 11:27.866 --> 11:31.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and their gestures exude grace. 11:31.133 --> 11:32.733 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Naked as a newborn, 11:32.733 --> 11:36.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Venus symbolized the optimism of the Renaissance. 11:38.666 --> 11:40.000 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% By the year 1500, 11:40.000 --> 11:42.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% what had begun in Florence a century earlier 11:42.233 --> 11:43.633 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% was coming to a peak, 11:43.633 --> 11:46.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% an exciting time known as the High Renaissance. 11:46.666 --> 11:49.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Italy was thriving, with a huge appetite for art. 11:49.633 --> 11:51.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Artists who in earlier times had toiled 11:51.600 --> 11:55.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% as anonymous craftsmen were now famous and well paid. 11:55.100 --> 11:56.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Three towering artists, 11:56.800 --> 11:58.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% all with Florence connections, 11:58.366 --> 12:00.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% brought the Renaissance to its culmination 12:00.266 --> 12:03.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and then helped spread it throughout Italy and beyond: 12:03.666 --> 12:06.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. 12:08.533 --> 12:09.833 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Leonardo da Vinci 12:09.833 --> 12:12.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was the ultimate well-rounded Renaissance man: 12:12.833 --> 12:16.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% inventor, engineer, sculptor, and painter. 12:16.666 --> 12:18.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Always asking why and how, 12:18.866 --> 12:23.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% he filled up entire notebooks with sketches and ideas. 12:24.300 --> 12:26.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% When he was an apprentice, just a boy, 12:26.766 --> 12:30.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Leonardo painted this beautiful angel with curly hair, 12:30.800 --> 12:34.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% rosy cheeks, and innocent gaze. 12:34.633 --> 12:36.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Welcomed as a part of the elite 12:36.200 --> 12:38.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and enlightened Medici circle, 12:38.166 --> 12:41.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% young Leonardo was already developing the elements 12:41.400 --> 12:43.400 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% of his signature style: 12:43.400 --> 12:44.766 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% meditative Madonnas, 12:44.766 --> 12:46.433 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% a playful Baby Jesus 12:46.433 --> 12:49.200 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% amid a hazy, mysterious backdrop. 12:52.366 --> 12:55.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% One of Leonardo's greatest masterpieces 12:55.233 --> 12:58.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% decorates a dining hall in a Milan monastery, 12:59.633 --> 13:01.166 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% "The Last Supper." 13:02.300 --> 13:04.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% It's Jesus' last meal with his disciples 13:04.766 --> 13:07.133 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% just before He'd be crucified. 13:07.133 --> 13:10.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Leonardo packs the scene with psychological tension. 13:10.866 --> 13:13.033 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% He captures the moment Jesus says, 13:13.033 --> 13:15.533 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% "One of you will betray me." 13:15.533 --> 13:19.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% And the apostles, huddling in stressed-out groups of three, 13:19.066 --> 13:21.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% wonder, "Lord, is it I?" 13:21.833 --> 13:23.966 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% In this agitated atmosphere, 13:23.966 --> 13:25.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% only the traitor, Judas, 13:25.933 --> 13:29.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% clutching his 30 pieces of silver, is not shocked. 13:31.433 --> 13:34.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Leonardo's use of linear perspective gives the scene 13:34.800 --> 13:36.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% an extra punch. 13:36.433 --> 13:40.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% He makes the painted room an extension of the actual room, 13:40.133 --> 13:44.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% with shadows as if lit by the real room's windows. 13:44.200 --> 13:47.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% All the lines of perspective converge toward the center, 13:47.600 --> 13:49.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% subconsciously drawing you 13:49.300 --> 13:52.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% to the powerful, emotional focal point: Jesus. 13:54.100 --> 13:56.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% His calm expression makes it clear 13:56.200 --> 13:59.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% that He knows the painful sacrifice ahead 13:59.300 --> 14:00.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and accepts it. 14:04.400 --> 14:05.933 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% Constantly evolving, 14:05.933 --> 14:11.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Leonardo perfected his signature sfumato, or hazy technique. 14:11.800 --> 14:13.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The soft outlines of the faces, 14:13.900 --> 14:16.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the mysterious mountains fading in the mist. 14:17.700 --> 14:20.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Using what's called atmospheric perspective, 14:20.566 --> 14:24.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% he showed depth by understanding how colors become muted 14:24.200 --> 14:25.733 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% when more distant. 14:25.733 --> 14:27.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% He managed to create scenes 14:27.500 --> 14:29.633 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% that looked perfectly natural 14:29.633 --> 14:31.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% but had an underlying geometry 14:31.900 --> 14:35.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that reflected the order seen in nature. 14:35.400 --> 14:37.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% And with his "Mona Lisa," 14:37.366 --> 14:41.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% all these techniques came together marvelously. 14:41.033 --> 14:44.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Lisa, a woman from Florence, rests easily, 14:44.466 --> 14:47.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% as if sitting in a window looking out. 14:47.500 --> 14:49.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Remarkably realistic and relaxed, 14:49.566 --> 14:51.633 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% her body is a solid pyramid, 14:51.633 --> 14:53.400 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% turned slightly at an angle 14:53.400 --> 14:55.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% so we can appreciate its mass. 14:57.766 --> 15:00.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% With its hazy background emphasizing the depth, 15:00.466 --> 15:04.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the overall mood is one of serenity and harmony, 15:04.766 --> 15:07.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but with an element of mystery, 15:08.300 --> 15:10.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% especially the enigmatic smile. 15:11.633 --> 15:15.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Leonardo's hazy sfumato blurs the edges. 15:15.066 --> 15:17.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% That's why, try as we might, 15:17.233 --> 15:20.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we can never quite see the corners of her mouth. 15:20.533 --> 15:23.300 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% Is she happy or sad? 15:23.300 --> 15:25.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Everyone sees her differently. 15:27.566 --> 15:30.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% For me, this painting sums up the Renaissance, 15:30.033 --> 15:32.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% balance, confidence, and humanism, 15:32.466 --> 15:34.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the age when the common individual, 15:34.166 --> 15:36.666 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Mona Lisa, becomes art worthy. 15:37.700 --> 15:39.200 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% In his long career, 15:39.200 --> 15:40.600 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Leonardo da Vinci, 15:40.600 --> 15:42.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% by combining art and science, 15:42.900 --> 15:45.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% revolutionized our notion of art. 15:45.266 --> 15:46.933 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% He was the epitome 15:46.933 --> 15:50.366 align:left position:30% line:77% size:60% of perhaps the highest compliment an artist can receive, 15:50.366 --> 15:52.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% a true Renaissance genius. 15:52.866 --> 15:55.366 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% (soft music) 15:56.800 --> 16:00.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Leonardo strongly influenced another talented young artist, 16:00.033 --> 16:01.200 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% Raphael. 16:01.200 --> 16:03.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% By combining the grace of Leonardo, 16:03.400 --> 16:05.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% the power of Florentine sculpture, 16:05.266 --> 16:07.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and the humanist spirit of the age, 16:07.466 --> 16:11.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Raphael became the master of High Renaissance painting. 16:11.433 --> 16:13.500 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (gentle music) 16:13.500 --> 16:14.766 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% A true prodigy, 16:14.766 --> 16:17.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% young Raphael quickly mastered realism. 16:17.433 --> 16:20.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In these portraits, he captured the proud faces, 16:20.300 --> 16:24.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% rich clothing, and fine jewelry of this cloth merchant 16:24.066 --> 16:25.800 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% and his noble wife. 16:28.433 --> 16:31.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He gave them Leonardo's "Mona Lisa" treatment, 16:32.100 --> 16:34.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% turned at a three-quarter pose, 16:34.233 --> 16:36.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% arms and hands resting comfortably. 16:38.266 --> 16:41.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% This Madonna also pays homage to Leonardo. 16:41.666 --> 16:44.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Mary presides in a beautiful earthly setting, 16:44.433 --> 16:45.766 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% with a young Jesus 16:45.766 --> 16:48.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and curly-haired little Johnny the Baptist, 16:48.433 --> 16:51.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% washed in a warm sfumato and a golden glow 16:51.600 --> 16:54.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and posed like a pyramid. 16:54.133 --> 16:57.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% While natural, it's thoughtfully planned, symmetrical, 16:57.900 --> 17:00.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% a baby to the left, baby to the right, 17:00.700 --> 17:03.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% flanked by trees and framed with clouds, 17:03.500 --> 17:06.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% all reinforcing the atmosphere of serenity, 17:06.966 --> 17:09.666 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% order, and maternal love. 17:11.333 --> 17:14.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Raphael soon became the most sought-after painter 17:14.266 --> 17:15.800 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% of his day. 17:15.800 --> 17:19.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The pope in Rome actually hired him to decorate his palace, 17:19.200 --> 17:22.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% now the Vatican Museum, with his paintings. 17:24.666 --> 17:27.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The classical decor and ancient treasures 17:27.233 --> 17:29.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that line the halls of the Vatican Palace show 17:29.933 --> 17:32.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% how popes of this age actually embraced 17:32.666 --> 17:36.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% that Renaissance respect for pre-Christian thinking. 17:38.000 --> 17:41.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Raphael's "School of Athens" merges the ancient 17:41.266 --> 17:42.966 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and Christian worlds. 17:42.966 --> 17:44.500 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Here in the pope's study, 17:44.500 --> 17:46.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% the heart of Christian Europe, 17:46.366 --> 17:48.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% he painted not only Christian saints 17:48.866 --> 17:52.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% but, so radical, so shocking for the age, 17:52.533 --> 17:54.233 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% pagan philosophers: 17:54.233 --> 17:56.600 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Plato, Aristotle. 17:56.600 --> 17:58.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Again, in good Renaissance style, 17:58.866 --> 18:01.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Raphael balances everything symmetrically, 18:01.900 --> 18:04.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% with all the lines of perspective leading your eye 18:04.400 --> 18:05.800 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% to dead center, 18:05.800 --> 18:07.733 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% two secular saints 18:07.733 --> 18:11.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% framed with a Renaissance arch as their halo. 18:11.200 --> 18:13.233 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% This is humanism, 18:13.233 --> 18:15.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the geometrically perfect world 18:15.700 --> 18:18.000 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% created by a Christian God. 18:20.033 --> 18:22.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The ancient philosopher Plato is none other 18:22.833 --> 18:26.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% than Raphael's idol, Leonardo da Vinci. 18:26.466 --> 18:27.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% And the guy in the black cap? 18:27.966 --> 18:30.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% It's young Raphael himself. 18:30.333 --> 18:32.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Finally, there's this brooding figure, 18:32.733 --> 18:35.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the man who would take the High Renaissance 18:35.033 --> 18:39.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% to the greatest heights of all: Michelangelo Buonarroti. 18:42.100 --> 18:43.633 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% More than any previous artist, 18:43.633 --> 18:47.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Michelangelo pioneered the idea that art was not just a job 18:47.500 --> 18:49.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but a unique personal statement, 18:49.433 --> 18:52.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% an expression of his inner passion. 18:52.200 --> 18:54.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Even as he worked for the Church and wealthy patrons, 18:54.900 --> 18:57.133 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% his vision was always his own. 18:58.200 --> 19:00.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% As a multi-talented Renaissance man, 19:00.633 --> 19:04.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Michelangelo made his mark as a world-class sculptor, 19:05.333 --> 19:08.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% painter, and architect. 19:09.533 --> 19:10.800 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% As an architect, 19:10.800 --> 19:13.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% he designed and created this memorial chapel 19:13.500 --> 19:15.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% for his patrons, the Medici, 19:15.666 --> 19:19.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a harmonious ensemble of innovative architecture, 19:19.833 --> 19:23.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% tombs, and sculpture. 19:23.066 --> 19:25.800 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (pensive music) 19:27.233 --> 19:28.366 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% As a sculptor, 19:28.366 --> 19:30.266 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Michelangelo believed his figures 19:30.266 --> 19:33.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% were already divinely created within the stone. 19:33.733 --> 19:36.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He was simply chiseling away the excess. 19:39.000 --> 19:42.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% These rough and unfinished statues seem to be struggling, 19:42.866 --> 19:43.966 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% like prisoners, 19:43.966 --> 19:46.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to free themselves from the marble. 19:46.066 --> 19:49.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% They show the Renaissance love of the body as, 19:49.100 --> 19:50.466 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% with his chisel, 19:50.466 --> 19:54.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Michelangelo reveals these compelling figures. 19:56.566 --> 19:58.200 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% Barely 25 years old, 19:58.200 --> 20:02.600 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Michelangelo established his genius by sculpting this Pieta, 20:02.600 --> 20:05.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% adored by centuries of pilgrims. 20:05.600 --> 20:07.300 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% With powerful realism, 20:07.300 --> 20:10.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Michelangelo made it clear to the faithful: 20:10.033 --> 20:11.900 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% Jesus is dead. 20:11.900 --> 20:14.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% The theological point of this work: 20:14.066 --> 20:17.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% He gave His life for our salvation. 20:17.200 --> 20:21.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Mary's crumpled robe accentuates Christ's smooth body, 20:21.066 --> 20:25.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% helping make hard stone look soft as skin. 20:25.366 --> 20:29.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Great art that delivers an emotional punch is no accident, 20:29.933 --> 20:31.500 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% that's its purpose, 20:31.500 --> 20:33.833 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and it does so by design. 20:35.366 --> 20:39.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Next, Michelangelo took on the epic-scale statue of David, 20:39.833 --> 20:42.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% displayed today as if the high altar 20:42.233 --> 20:44.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in a temple to humanism. 20:45.266 --> 20:47.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The young shepherd who slew the giant 20:47.166 --> 20:49.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% turned down the armor of the day, 20:49.100 --> 20:52.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% arming himself only with stones. 20:52.666 --> 20:54.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% He throws his sling over his shoulder 20:54.766 --> 20:57.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and goes out to face the giant. 20:57.933 --> 21:00.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Michelangelo catches David at the exact moment 21:00.566 --> 21:02.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% when he's sizing up the enemy 21:02.566 --> 21:04.233 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and thinks to himself, 21:04.233 --> 21:06.033 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% "I can take this guy." 21:07.433 --> 21:10.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% This statue has come to symbolize that, 21:10.100 --> 21:11.533 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% with the Renaissance, 21:11.533 --> 21:15.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% humankind could slay the giant of medieval ignorance 21:15.000 --> 21:16.266 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% and superstition. 21:17.433 --> 21:20.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% David's oversized right hand was no accident. 21:20.933 --> 21:23.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% It represented how this shepherd boy, 21:23.666 --> 21:25.133 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% empowered by God, 21:25.133 --> 21:27.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% could slay the giant, 21:27.066 --> 21:31.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and how Florence could rise above its rival city states. 21:31.900 --> 21:33.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% When you look at David, 21:33.333 --> 21:36.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% you're looking at Renaissance man. 21:38.966 --> 21:41.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Artists now made their point using realism. 21:41.800 --> 21:44.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% They did this by merging art and science. 21:44.733 --> 21:46.066 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% For instance, 21:46.066 --> 21:48.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Michelangelo actually dissected human corpses 21:48.333 --> 21:50.500 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to better understand anatomy. 21:50.500 --> 21:53.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% This humanism was not anti-religion. 21:53.433 --> 21:55.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Now, people realize that the best way 21:55.200 --> 21:58.700 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% to glorify God was not to bow down in church all day long, 21:58.700 --> 22:02.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% but to recognize their talents and to use them. 22:02.633 --> 22:04.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Michelangelo established himself 22:04.600 --> 22:06.700 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% as Europe's greatest sculptor, 22:06.700 --> 22:10.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and he was a pretty darn good painter as well. 22:10.733 --> 22:12.233 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% This "Holy Family," 22:12.233 --> 22:15.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Michelangelo's only surviving easel painting, 22:15.600 --> 22:20.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% offers a closer look at his mastery as a painter. 22:20.000 --> 22:23.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The solid, statuesque people posed in a sculptural group 22:23.466 --> 22:26.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% show why many called Michelangelo "a sculptor 22:26.933 --> 22:28.333 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% with a paintbrush." 22:29.400 --> 22:31.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% He created perhaps his greatest work 22:31.833 --> 22:34.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% in the pope's Sistine Chapel. 22:35.066 --> 22:37.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Michelangelo depicted no less 22:37.000 --> 22:39.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% than the entire history of the Christian world, 22:39.933 --> 22:44.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% from the Creation to the first people, 22:44.233 --> 22:47.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and, much later, to the final event in history, 22:47.933 --> 22:51.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the awe-inspiring "Last Judgment." 22:51.300 --> 22:53.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Michelangelo painted God busy creating 22:53.900 --> 22:56.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% from every conceivable angle. 22:56.566 --> 22:58.133 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% And the centerpiece, 22:58.133 --> 23:00.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the central act of creation, 23:00.866 --> 23:03.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% God passing the divine spark of life 23:03.233 --> 23:06.033 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% to His greatest masterpiece: 23:06.033 --> 23:08.133 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% you and me. 23:08.133 --> 23:10.600 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% (soft music) 23:13.633 --> 23:18.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% But Michelangelo saved his most majestic work for last. 23:18.066 --> 23:19.933 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Now as a master architect, 23:19.933 --> 23:23.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% he designed the dome of the greatest church in Christendom, 23:23.766 --> 23:25.800 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% St. Peter's in Rome. 23:26.966 --> 23:29.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The dome rises up from the church's heart, 23:29.400 --> 23:30.800 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% the tomb of St. Peter, 23:30.800 --> 23:33.300 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% taller than a football field on end. 23:35.366 --> 23:38.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Enjoying the commanding view from the top is a reminder 23:38.633 --> 23:40.800 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% of how the cultural explosion 23:40.800 --> 23:43.900 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% of the Italian renaissance was destined 23:43.900 --> 23:46.966 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% to reverberate far and wide. 23:48.133 --> 23:50.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% That great awakening called the Renaissance, 23:50.966 --> 23:53.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the movement that had begun in Florence, 23:53.733 --> 23:55.900 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% would spread to Rome, 23:55.900 --> 23:56.766 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% from Italy 23:58.600 --> 23:59.500 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% to Spain 24:00.900 --> 24:02.733 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% and to the north, 24:02.733 --> 24:04.700 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% eventually infusing all Europe 24:04.700 --> 24:07.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% with an invigorating spirit of humanism 24:07.633 --> 24:09.533 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and a can-do optimism. 24:09.533 --> 24:12.766 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% (inspirational music) 24:16.566 --> 24:19.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Europe offers a lifetime of artistic treasures. 24:19.433 --> 24:21.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And the more you understand its art, 24:21.200 --> 24:24.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the more you'll appreciate the society that created it. 24:24.266 --> 24:26.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I hope you've enjoyed our sweep through the highlights 24:26.433 --> 24:28.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% of the Florentine Renaissance. 24:28.366 --> 24:30.166 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% And from this Italian springboard, 24:30.166 --> 24:33.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% this cultural explosion spread throughout Europe. 24:33.400 --> 24:34.500 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% I'm Rick Steves. 24:34.500 --> 24:36.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Until next time, keep on traveling. 24:40.100 --> 24:41.233 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Hey, I'm Rick Steves, 24:41.233 --> 24:43.133 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% host of "Rick Steves' Europe." 24:43.133 --> 24:45.866 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% As you ponder whether or not to become a supporting member 24:45.866 --> 24:47.500 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% of this great station, 24:47.500 --> 24:50.633 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% I'd like to challenge you to consider the impact of media 24:50.633 --> 24:52.466 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% in our society today, 24:52.466 --> 24:55.633 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% and consider as well the complexity and importance 24:55.633 --> 24:58.766 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% of the challenges facing our society these days. 24:58.766 --> 25:01.300 align:left position:35% line:5% size:55% We need media that's independent, 25:01.300 --> 25:03.500 align:left position:10% 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light 26:14.666 --> 26:16.666 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% and planning a smart itinerary 26:16.666 --> 26:18.100 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% to eating your way through Europe 26:18.100 --> 26:20.033 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% and finding great hotels. 26:20.033 --> 26:22.133 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% We'll also send you this map of Europe, 26:22.133 --> 26:24.033 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% which is perfect for pre-trip planning 26:24.033 --> 26:26.933 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% and using while you're on the vacation of your dreams. 26:26.933 --> 26:29.300 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% Plus, you'll receive Rick Steves' newsletter, 26:29.300 --> 26:31.033 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% which is packed full of travel tips 26:31.033 --> 26:33.066 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% about European destinations. 26:33.066 --> 26:35.900 align:left position:15% 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align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% Thanks a lot. 27:24.466 --> 27:27.200 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% (pensive music) 27:55.700 --> 27:56.933 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (bricks thudding) 27:56.933 --> 27:58.100 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% (door creaks) (door slams) 27:58.100 --> 28:00.766 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (birds chirping) 28:00.766 --> 28:03.433 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (bright music)