1
00:00:01,366 --> 00:00:02,600
- Hey, I'm Rick Steves,

2
00:00:02,600 --> 00:00:04,433
back with more of 
the best of Europe.

3
00:00:04,433 --> 00:00:07,233
In this episode, rather 
than a particular place,

4
00:00:07,233 --> 00:00:08,666
we're going thematic

5
00:00:08,666 --> 00:00:11,266
and traveling wherever 
that theme takes us.

6
00:00:11,266 --> 00:00:14,700
And this time, it's the 
art of Prehistoric Europe.

7
00:00:14,700 --> 00:00:15,533
The age?

8
00:00:15,533 --> 00:00:16,466
Stone Age.

9
00:00:16,466 --> 00:00:17,833
They were prehistoric

10
00:00:17,833 --> 00:00:19,733
because nobody could 
write about it back then,

11
00:00:19,733 --> 00:00:23,033
but they were dang good with 
massive stone calendars.

12
00:00:23,033 --> 00:00:25,033
Thanks for joining us.

13
00:00:25,033 --> 00:00:27,866
(stirring music)

14
00:00:57,166 --> 00:01:00,166
A lot was going on in 
Europe in prehistoric times,

15
00:01:00,166 --> 00:01:01,700
from painted caves in France

16
00:01:01,700 --> 00:01:03,766
five times as old 
as the pyramids,

17
00:01:03,766 --> 00:01:05,133
to stone circles in England

18
00:01:05,133 --> 00:01:08,300
that still line up with 
the sun on special days.

19
00:01:08,300 --> 00:01:10,133
And plenty survives.

20
00:01:11,233 --> 00:01:13,433
We'll start as if 
going to an art gallery

21
00:01:13,433 --> 00:01:16,666
in the caves of those 
earliest Europeans.

22
00:01:16,666 --> 00:01:19,566
After finding meaning in 
mysterious stone circles,

23
00:01:19,566 --> 00:01:22,733
we'll explore massive 
burial mounds in Ireland

24
00:01:22,733 --> 00:01:26,566
and venture north to stony 
underground villages in Orkney.

25
00:01:27,366 --> 00:01:28,800
A visit to a site that shows

26
00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:30,600
how prehistoric 
people may have lived

27
00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:32,933
humanizes those 
distant relatives.

28
00:01:32,933 --> 00:01:34,400
- That's how you get your fire.

29
00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:36,566
- We'll look into 
the long-gone eyes

30
00:01:36,566 --> 00:01:38,933
of remarkably 
preserved bog people

31
00:01:38,933 --> 00:01:41,166
and ponder how 
Prehistoric Europeans

32
00:01:41,166 --> 00:01:43,400
were fascinated with fertility,

33
00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:45,866
determined to pack 
smart for the afterlife,

34
00:01:45,866 --> 00:01:48,700
and made finely-crafted 
ornamented horns

35
00:01:48,700 --> 00:01:50,766
that still play to this day.

36
00:01:52,133 --> 00:01:53,933
While venturing all over Europe,

37
00:01:53,933 --> 00:01:57,200
we'll see Stone Age cave 
paintings in France,

38
00:01:57,200 --> 00:02:00,233
megalithic wonders 
in England, Ireland,

39
00:02:00,233 --> 00:02:01,966
and distant Orkney,

40
00:02:01,966 --> 00:02:04,533
prehistoric 
artifacts in Denmark,

41
00:02:04,533 --> 00:02:07,766
and fertility figurines 
in the Greek Isles.

42
00:02:10,333 --> 00:02:13,266
Once upon a time some 
30,000 years ago,

43
00:02:13,266 --> 00:02:15,266
when the Ice Age 
glaciers melted,

44
00:02:15,266 --> 00:02:18,233
people had time to do 
more than just survive.

45
00:02:18,233 --> 00:02:22,133
Stone Age people assembled 
rocks like these with a purpose.

46
00:02:22,133 --> 00:02:25,066
Eventually, civilization 
in Europe was born,

47
00:02:25,066 --> 00:02:27,166
and with that, so was art.

48
00:02:28,133 --> 00:02:29,633
Prehistoric Europeans,

49
00:02:29,633 --> 00:02:31,166
because they were human,

50
00:02:31,166 --> 00:02:33,300
were driven to create.

51
00:02:33,300 --> 00:02:35,400
Even before there 
was architecture,

52
00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:36,766
there were caves.

53
00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:39,233
In the south of France,

54
00:02:39,233 --> 00:02:42,000
with its honeycombed 
limestone cliffs,

55
00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:45,566
early humans painted 
surprisingly realistic scenes

56
00:02:45,566 --> 00:02:47,433
on the walls of caves.

57
00:02:47,433 --> 00:02:50,233
(plaintive music)

58
00:02:52,466 --> 00:02:55,400
From about 18,000 
until 10,000 BC,

59
00:02:55,400 --> 00:02:57,666
long before Stonehenge 
and the pyramids,

60
00:02:57,666 --> 00:02:59,566
back when mammoths 
and saber-toothed cats

61
00:02:59,566 --> 00:03:00,833
still roamed the earth,

62
00:03:00,833 --> 00:03:03,133
prehistoric people 
painted deep inside caves

63
00:03:03,133 --> 00:03:04,666
in this part of Europe.

64
00:03:04,666 --> 00:03:06,500
These weren't just 
crude doodles,

65
00:03:06,500 --> 00:03:10,200
but huge and sophisticated 
projects executed by artists

66
00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:13,400
and supported by an 
impressive culture.

67
00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:15,533
The most famous cave, Lascaux,

68
00:03:15,533 --> 00:03:18,800
now has a precisely-copied 
replica next door

69
00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:21,833
built to help 
conserve the original.

70
00:03:21,833 --> 00:03:24,833
It's easy to underestimate 
the sophistication

71
00:03:24,833 --> 00:03:27,700
of people 10,000 or 
20,000 years ago.

72
00:03:27,700 --> 00:03:31,033
These long-ago societies 
captured the world they knew

73
00:03:31,033 --> 00:03:33,266
with extraordinary skills.

74
00:03:33,266 --> 00:03:36,033
Wild animals are 
impressively realistic,

75
00:03:36,033 --> 00:03:38,100
caught in full motion,

76
00:03:38,100 --> 00:03:39,333
running,

77
00:03:39,333 --> 00:03:40,733
jumping,

78
00:03:40,733 --> 00:03:41,966
facing off.

79
00:03:41,966 --> 00:03:44,966
(plaintive music)

80
00:03:44,966 --> 00:03:48,900
The canvas for these early 
artists was enormous.

81
00:03:48,900 --> 00:03:52,066
This cavern alone is 
a football field long

82
00:03:52,066 --> 00:03:56,100
with over 600 animals, 
life size or larger.

83
00:03:56,100 --> 00:03:59,266
By torch light, they'd 
flicker to life.

84
00:03:59,266 --> 00:04:01,900
- We are in the oxen room,

85
00:04:01,900 --> 00:04:05,166
the most spectacular 
room of Lascaux.

86
00:04:05,166 --> 00:04:08,300
It's a sacred place.

87
00:04:08,300 --> 00:04:09,833
We don't live in a church.

88
00:04:09,833 --> 00:04:11,966
They never lived in the caves.

89
00:04:11,966 --> 00:04:13,666
And it's a huge composition.

90
00:04:13,666 --> 00:04:15,733
It's a calculated composition

91
00:04:15,733 --> 00:04:20,600
because they have taken 
advantage of the strip of rock

92
00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:25,666
to relate in a circle to groups 
of bulls facing each other.

93
00:04:26,766 --> 00:04:28,966
And in the center 
of this composition,

94
00:04:28,966 --> 00:04:32,466
they have united the three 
principal animals of Lascaux,

95
00:04:32,466 --> 00:04:35,266
horse, ox, and deer.

96
00:04:35,266 --> 00:04:37,666
- [Rick] Is this 
a hunting scene?

97
00:04:37,666 --> 00:04:39,700
- No, it's not a hunting scene,

98
00:04:39,700 --> 00:04:43,633
because on the walls the 
hunter doesn't exist.

99
00:04:43,633 --> 00:04:46,233
They never tell 
the everyday life.

100
00:04:46,233 --> 00:04:48,533
The meaning is more complex.

101
00:04:48,533 --> 00:04:50,233
- What is the biggest animal?

102
00:04:50,233 --> 00:04:52,166
- It's this bull.

103
00:04:52,166 --> 00:04:54,966
He's the largest 
painting in the cave,

104
00:04:54,966 --> 00:04:58,166
16 feet from the top of the horn

105
00:04:58,166 --> 00:05:00,300
to the tip of the tail.

106
00:05:00,300 --> 00:05:02,700
- While over 15,000 years old,

107
00:05:02,700 --> 00:05:05,633
this was not the work 
of crude cavemen,

108
00:05:05,633 --> 00:05:10,100
but of a complex society that 
produced skilled artists.

109
00:05:10,100 --> 00:05:12,266
Flames from these 
oil lamps flickered

110
00:05:12,266 --> 00:05:15,200
in those art-covered caverns.

111
00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,533
Think of how impressive the 
challenges must have been.

112
00:05:18,533 --> 00:05:20,233
Hauling in materials,

113
00:05:20,233 --> 00:05:21,566
grinding paints,

114
00:05:21,566 --> 00:05:23,600
erecting scaffolding,

115
00:05:23,600 --> 00:05:26,466
all before that first 
prehistoric Michelangelo

116
00:05:26,466 --> 00:05:29,233
could reach up and 
paint the first stroke.

117
00:05:31,166 --> 00:05:34,900
Surviving artifacts give 
insight into these people.

118
00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:37,200
Mourners draped delicate jewelry

119
00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:39,633
on the corpses of loved ones.

120
00:05:39,633 --> 00:05:41,633
Necklaces of stag teeth

121
00:05:41,633 --> 00:05:44,100
and tiny shells strung together.

122
00:05:45,833 --> 00:05:48,466
These barbed spearheads 
and fish hooks

123
00:05:48,466 --> 00:05:49,966
would work well today.

124
00:05:49,966 --> 00:05:53,700
Finely-carved spear throwers 
show impressive naturalism

125
00:05:53,700 --> 00:05:58,166
for something three times as 
old as the oldest pyramids.

126
00:05:59,033 --> 00:06:01,333
Art is part of being human.

127
00:06:01,333 --> 00:06:04,133
We communicate and 
tackle problems.

128
00:06:04,133 --> 00:06:06,833
We imagine and evolve.

129
00:06:06,833 --> 00:06:09,033
What did the paintings mean?

130
00:06:09,033 --> 00:06:11,166
What emotions did they trigger?

131
00:06:11,166 --> 00:06:13,100
Did they worship these animals,

132
00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:14,500
or capture them in paint

133
00:06:14,500 --> 00:06:16,933
to magically capture 
them in the hunt?

134
00:06:16,933 --> 00:06:19,366
We just don't know.

135
00:06:19,366 --> 00:06:22,166
But we do know that the 
people who painted these

136
00:06:22,166 --> 00:06:24,200
are like our close cousins.

137
00:06:24,200 --> 00:06:26,400
Compared to the 
beginning of humanity

138
00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:29,200
born in Africa 3 
million years ago,

139
00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:32,100
Lascaux was like yesterday.

140
00:06:33,466 --> 00:06:36,366
(plaintive music)

141
00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:51,766
Since early nomadic 
hunter-gatherers 
were prehistoric,

142
00:06:51,766 --> 00:06:53,400
with no written histories,

143
00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:57,200
we only know them from the 
mysterious clues they left us.

144
00:06:58,300 --> 00:07:00,400
And none are more mysterious

145
00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:04,466
than their huge stone monuments 
found all over Europe.

146
00:07:05,333 --> 00:07:08,066
This is from the Megalithic Age,

147
00:07:08,066 --> 00:07:12,566
characterized literally 
by big stones.

148
00:07:12,566 --> 00:07:14,900
At Stonehenge in England,

149
00:07:14,900 --> 00:07:16,700
huge carved stones,

150
00:07:16,700 --> 00:07:20,333
some over 20 feet tall 
and weighing 25 tons,

151
00:07:20,333 --> 00:07:22,033
stand in a circle.

152
00:07:22,033 --> 00:07:25,000
The stones were erected 
with Stone Age technology

153
00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:28,100
before the advent 
of metal tools.

154
00:07:28,100 --> 00:07:31,000
As we look at the 
museum's simple artifacts

155
00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,200
and replica thatched hut hamlet,

156
00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:34,500
it's hard to imagine

157
00:07:34,500 --> 00:07:37,066
how these humble early 
people managed it.

158
00:07:38,533 --> 00:07:40,266
Huge stones like this replica

159
00:07:40,266 --> 00:07:43,433
were quarried, carved, and 
then moved for many miles,

160
00:07:43,433 --> 00:07:45,433
some of them from as 
far away as Wales,

161
00:07:45,433 --> 00:07:47,033
200 miles to the west.

162
00:07:47,033 --> 00:07:48,600
They barged them down rivers.

163
00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:50,600
They may have rolled 
them on logs like this.

164
00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:51,766
Nobody knows for sure.

165
00:07:52,733 --> 00:07:54,433
Marveling at these stones,

166
00:07:54,433 --> 00:07:57,666
we ponder the purpose 
of these stone circles,

167
00:07:57,666 --> 00:08:01,533
perhaps sacred centers 
of ritual and worship.

168
00:08:01,533 --> 00:08:04,500
We know they functioned 
as celestial calendars.

169
00:08:06,200 --> 00:08:09,700
As this 360-degree 
theater demonstrates,

170
00:08:09,700 --> 00:08:11,900
the structure is aligned 
with the heavens,

171
00:08:13,333 --> 00:08:17,333
marking both the longest and 
the shortest days of the year.

172
00:08:17,333 --> 00:08:19,033
4,000 years ago,

173
00:08:19,033 --> 00:08:22,700
locals could tell when to 
plant and when to party

174
00:08:22,700 --> 00:08:27,266
according to where the sun 
rose and where the sun set.

175
00:08:27,266 --> 00:08:28,933
And even today,

176
00:08:28,933 --> 00:08:31,733
as the sun rises on the 
longest day of the year,

177
00:08:31,733 --> 00:08:33,733
in just the right spot,

178
00:08:33,733 --> 00:08:37,066
it casts a powerful 
spell of wonder.

179
00:08:38,300 --> 00:08:41,133
(ethereal music)

180
00:08:42,166 --> 00:08:43,633
Nearby at Avebury,

181
00:08:43,633 --> 00:08:46,233
visitors wander through 
a cohesive ensemble

182
00:08:46,233 --> 00:08:49,433
of ditches, mounds, 
and megaliths,

183
00:08:49,433 --> 00:08:52,366
the work of people 
clearly on a mission.

184
00:08:54,100 --> 00:08:55,233
The huge circle,

185
00:08:55,233 --> 00:08:57,400
while now cut in 
two by a busy road

186
00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:59,466
and so big it 
contains a village,

187
00:08:59,466 --> 00:09:01,266
retains its allure.

188
00:09:02,866 --> 00:09:04,700
Of the hundreds 
of neolithic ruins

189
00:09:04,700 --> 00:09:06,566
that dot the English landscape,

190
00:09:06,566 --> 00:09:09,100
the Scorhill Stone 
Circle in Dartmoor

191
00:09:09,100 --> 00:09:11,133
is a favorite of mine.

192
00:09:11,133 --> 00:09:13,066
Tranquil and nearly forgotten,

193
00:09:13,066 --> 00:09:15,266
erected some 4,000 years ago

194
00:09:15,266 --> 00:09:18,233
by mysterious people 
for mysterious reasons,

195
00:09:18,233 --> 00:09:20,033
it's yours alone,

196
00:09:20,033 --> 00:09:22,200
the way a stone 
circle should be.

197
00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:24,833
It's just you and 
your imagination.

198
00:09:24,833 --> 00:09:27,166
Enjoy the quiet.

199
00:09:27,166 --> 00:09:29,400
Ponder the 40 
centuries of people

200
00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:32,433
who've made this enchanting 
landscape their home

201
00:09:32,433 --> 00:09:35,466
and the wisdom of today's 
English to protect it

202
00:09:35,466 --> 00:09:36,900
and keep it pristine.

203
00:09:38,633 --> 00:09:40,800
Hundreds of these 
Stone Age calendars

204
00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,000
are scattered over 
the Isle of Britain,

205
00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:45,666
each built by people 
working together,

206
00:09:45,666 --> 00:09:48,800
people doing more 
than merely surviving.

207
00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:51,566
My favorites are the 
ones that are tranquil,

208
00:09:51,566 --> 00:09:53,666
all alone in a field

209
00:09:53,666 --> 00:09:55,933
where you can reflect 
on the mysteries

210
00:09:55,933 --> 00:09:58,466
of who built them, and why.

211
00:09:59,766 --> 00:10:02,900
These earliest manmade 
stone structures

212
00:10:02,900 --> 00:10:05,366
were for the living 
and for the dead.

213
00:10:05,366 --> 00:10:07,533
Most of what survives were tombs

214
00:10:07,533 --> 00:10:09,966
designed in a way that 
lined up with the heavens

215
00:10:09,966 --> 00:10:12,533
that seemed to indicate 
a kind of religion

216
00:10:12,533 --> 00:10:15,533
and a concern for the afterlife.

217
00:10:15,533 --> 00:10:17,633
Long before the 
pyramids of Egypt,

218
00:10:17,633 --> 00:10:21,766
the powerful had stone tombs 
built to protect their bodies.

219
00:10:21,766 --> 00:10:23,600
The soil that buried 
this structure

220
00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:25,833
has long since eroded away.

221
00:10:27,233 --> 00:10:30,933
These ancient people's lives 
were dictated by the seasons

222
00:10:30,933 --> 00:10:33,200
and the natural 
world around them.

223
00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:37,200
Again, the greatest tombs 
aligned with the rising sun.

224
00:10:38,466 --> 00:10:41,333
This is a necropolis, 
a city of the dead,

225
00:10:41,333 --> 00:10:42,766
built in Ireland

226
00:10:42,766 --> 00:10:45,800
with several grassy mounds 
around one grand tomb.

227
00:10:47,066 --> 00:10:49,733
Being a passage tomb, 
it tracked the sun,

228
00:10:49,733 --> 00:10:53,366
with one tunnel facing 
east and one facing west

229
00:10:54,833 --> 00:10:58,766
aligned so that on both the 
spring and fall equinoxes,

230
00:10:58,766 --> 00:11:01,133
rays from the rising 
and setting sun

231
00:11:01,133 --> 00:11:03,300
shine down the passageways,

232
00:11:03,300 --> 00:11:05,700
illuminating its 
central chamber.

233
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:11,966
- To give you an idea of the 
sweep of the history here,

234
00:11:11,966 --> 00:11:15,533
these sites were built 
approximately 5,300 years ago,

235
00:11:15,533 --> 00:11:19,366
approximately 3,300 BC,

236
00:11:19,366 --> 00:11:22,200
which puts them 500 years older

237
00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:24,300
than the oldest 
pyramids in Egypt,

238
00:11:24,300 --> 00:11:27,300
1,000 years older 
than Stonehenge

239
00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:29,200
in Wiltshire in England.

240
00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:33,833
So, these people put a huge 
amount of energy and resources

241
00:11:33,833 --> 00:11:37,100
and basically, a huge 
amount of their wealth,

242
00:11:37,100 --> 00:11:39,900
into constructing 
these monuments.

243
00:11:39,900 --> 00:11:43,966
They were probably thinking 
not just about survival,

244
00:11:43,966 --> 00:11:46,800
but issues around life, death,

245
00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:50,000
the story of their 
tribe, their ancestors,

246
00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:51,633
issues like rebirth.

247
00:11:51,633 --> 00:11:52,600
Where did they come from?

248
00:11:52,600 --> 00:11:53,833
Where were they going to?

249
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:58,233
- Nearby is an even 
older sacred mound,

250
00:11:58,233 --> 00:12:01,366
also built for some kind 
of ritual of the sun,

251
00:12:01,366 --> 00:12:04,533
an impressively large structure 
faced with white quartz

252
00:12:04,533 --> 00:12:07,233
and decorated with 
abstract engravings.

253
00:12:07,233 --> 00:12:10,000
It's a testament to the 
engineering abilities

254
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:11,900
and desire to ornament

255
00:12:11,900 --> 00:12:15,033
of people from over 
5,000 years ago.

256
00:12:16,366 --> 00:12:19,600
A narrow passageway leads 
to the central chamber

257
00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,366
under a 20-foot-high stone dome.

258
00:12:23,300 --> 00:12:25,533
Bones and ashes were placed here

259
00:12:25,533 --> 00:12:28,066
under a massive mound 
of stone and dirt

260
00:12:28,066 --> 00:12:30,300
to wait for that 
special moment when,

261
00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:33,666
as the sun rises on the 
shortest day of the year,

262
00:12:33,666 --> 00:12:36,800
a ray of light shines 
into the passageway.

263
00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:38,733
And for 17 minutes,

264
00:12:38,733 --> 00:12:41,800
it lights the center 
of the sacred chamber.

265
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:47,100
Perhaps this was the moment 
when the souls of the dead

266
00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:49,366
would be transported 
to the afterlife

267
00:12:49,366 --> 00:12:51,466
via that mysterious 
ray of life-giving

268
00:12:51,466 --> 00:12:53,200
and life-taking sunlight.

269
00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:56,600
Long before the earliest 
pyramids of Egypt,

270
00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:59,000
across Europe, the last 
part of the Stone Age

271
00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:01,966
was marked by tribes 
settling down,

272
00:13:01,966 --> 00:13:05,500
shifting from 
hunter-gatherers to farmers.

273
00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:07,733
This was called 
the Late Stone Age,

274
00:13:07,733 --> 00:13:09,733
also called the Neolithic Age,

275
00:13:09,733 --> 00:13:12,066
still before the 
advent of metalworking.

276
00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:16,766
You'll find wonders 
from our distant past,

277
00:13:16,766 --> 00:13:20,600
both Stone and the later 
Metal Ages, far and wide.

278
00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:22,833
About as far south as 
you can go in Europe

279
00:13:22,833 --> 00:13:24,833
on the Mediterranean 
island of Malta,

280
00:13:24,833 --> 00:13:26,933
the landscape seems timeless

281
00:13:26,933 --> 00:13:29,100
and is dotted with 
prehistoric ruins

282
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:32,900
dating back an 
astounding 5,000 years.

283
00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:35,800
Megalithic sites like 
Hagar Qim are evidence

284
00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:38,400
that in roughly 3000 BC,

285
00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:42,500
settlers from Sicily arrived 
here in search of arable land.

286
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:44,166
While the humble 
mud brick village

287
00:13:44,166 --> 00:13:46,733
that once surrounded 
this temple is long gone,

288
00:13:46,733 --> 00:13:49,466
stones from the 
temple still stand.

289
00:13:49,466 --> 00:13:51,966
Archeologists believe 
this was a temple

290
00:13:51,966 --> 00:13:53,933
to a fertility goddess

291
00:13:53,933 --> 00:13:57,200
and that it functioned 
as a celestial calendar.

292
00:13:57,200 --> 00:13:59,733
(bright music)

293
00:14:00,866 --> 00:14:03,633
But it seems most of 
Europe's oldest wonders

294
00:14:03,633 --> 00:14:05,900
are in Britain and Ireland.

295
00:14:08,033 --> 00:14:12,200
Scotland is littered with 
reminders of prehistoric people.

296
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:15,700
At Clava Cairns, three 
Bronze Age burial chambers

297
00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:18,233
date from about 4,000 years ago.

298
00:14:19,533 --> 00:14:22,300
Each was once buried 
under turf-covered mounds

299
00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:24,433
and surrounded by 
a stone circle.

300
00:14:26,366 --> 00:14:30,833
The central ring cairn has 
an open space in its middle.

301
00:14:30,833 --> 00:14:34,133
The two passage cairns 
each have an entrance shaft

302
00:14:34,133 --> 00:14:38,233
that, on the winter solstice, 
lines up with the setting sun.

303
00:14:38,233 --> 00:14:41,066
(peaceful music)

304
00:14:42,933 --> 00:14:46,200
Visitors are caught up 
in the peaceful wonder

305
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:49,366
of this ancient and sacred site.

306
00:14:51,766 --> 00:14:53,933
Enjoy the mystery of this place.

307
00:14:53,933 --> 00:14:57,233
Were these stone circles 
part of a celestial calendar?

308
00:14:57,233 --> 00:15:00,700
Was the soul of the deceased 
transported into the next life

309
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:02,800
when the sun was just right?

310
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:04,333
Nobody really knows.

311
00:15:05,733 --> 00:15:08,900
On the remote Aran Islands 
off the west coast of Ireland,

312
00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:10,233
a main attraction

313
00:15:10,233 --> 00:15:14,366
is the 2,000-year-old 
fortress of Dun Aengus,

314
00:15:14,366 --> 00:15:17,333
which hangs precariously 
on the edge of a cliff

315
00:15:17,333 --> 00:15:19,766
300 feet above the Atlantic.

316
00:15:19,766 --> 00:15:23,366
(suspenseful music)

317
00:15:23,366 --> 00:15:26,633
The concentric walls of 
this mysterious Celtic fort

318
00:15:26,633 --> 00:15:29,700
are 13 feet thick 
and 10 feet high.

319
00:15:30,866 --> 00:15:33,766
As an added defense 
effective even today,

320
00:15:33,766 --> 00:15:36,800
the fort is ringed with a 
commotion of spiky stones

321
00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:40,600
called Frisian soldiers 
sticking up like lances.

322
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:42,500
They're named after 
the ancient soldiers

323
00:15:42,500 --> 00:15:46,900
who used a wall of spears 
to stop a charging cavalry.

324
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:49,100
Little by little, 
as the cliff erodes,

325
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:52,733
the walls of this circular 
fort fall into the sea below.

326
00:15:53,833 --> 00:15:56,666
Dun Aengus can be 
mobbed by day-trippers.

327
00:15:56,666 --> 00:15:59,633
I make a point to 
be all alone her,

328
00:15:59,633 --> 00:16:02,300
where the crashing 
waves below seem to say,

329
00:16:02,300 --> 00:16:05,666
"You've come to the 
very edge of Europe."

330
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:14,800
And on Scotland's 
dramatic Isle of Skye,

331
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:16,366
if you know where to look,

332
00:16:16,366 --> 00:16:20,166
you can also find the scant 
remains of past civilizations.

333
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:23,666
Just a short hike from 
a handy parking lot

334
00:16:23,666 --> 00:16:26,633
is Skye's best 
preserved Iron Age Fort,

335
00:16:26,633 --> 00:16:27,633
Dun Beag.

336
00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:31,533
Exploring this 
prehistoric stone tower

337
00:16:31,533 --> 00:16:34,666
connects us with 
Skye's distant past.

338
00:16:34,666 --> 00:16:36,133
Judging from these stones,

339
00:16:36,133 --> 00:16:39,033
the tower once 
stood much taller.

340
00:16:39,033 --> 00:16:41,800
I love scrambling 
through ruined castles,

341
00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:45,000
and this one is 
particularly evocative.

342
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:46,533
- Well, people have been 
living on the Isle of Skye

343
00:16:46,533 --> 00:16:48,000
for thousands of years.

344
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:49,333
And this place, if you imagine,

345
00:16:49,333 --> 00:16:51,233
it probably had a 
timber frame inside

346
00:16:51,233 --> 00:16:52,566
three stories high.

347
00:16:52,566 --> 00:16:54,200
They would get in here 
under times of attack.

348
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:55,333
They could gather in here,

349
00:16:55,333 --> 00:16:56,833
the community, men, 
women, children,

350
00:16:56,833 --> 00:16:58,400
and their domesticated animals,

351
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:02,033
and we think this was built 
around about 2,000 years ago.

352
00:17:02,033 --> 00:17:04,866
(peaceful music)

353
00:17:07,966 --> 00:17:11,033
- On the Isle of Orkney at 
the far north of Scotland

354
00:17:11,033 --> 00:17:13,366
in what seems like 
just another field

355
00:17:13,366 --> 00:17:16,733
is a remarkable burial 
mound or chambered tomb.

356
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:19,266
For 5,000 years,

357
00:17:19,266 --> 00:17:23,400
people have lowered their heads 
to enter this sacred space.

358
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,300
(plaintive music)

359
00:17:30,266 --> 00:17:32,333
Wow, this is great!

360
00:17:32,333 --> 00:17:33,333
Tell me about this place.

361
00:17:33,333 --> 00:17:35,433
- This is a burial chamber,

362
00:17:35,433 --> 00:17:38,533
and to our right and 
our left and behind you

363
00:17:38,533 --> 00:17:40,200
are three tombs.

364
00:17:41,033 --> 00:17:43,400
On winter solstice, at sunset,

365
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,200
the sun streams through 
this position here

366
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:48,466
and illuminates 
the back chamber.

367
00:17:48,466 --> 00:17:49,300
- Wow!

368
00:17:49,300 --> 00:17:51,700
- The stone is sandstone

369
00:17:51,700 --> 00:17:54,400
and it's been 
hand-carved and corbeled,

370
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:58,133
vaulted into position to 
make this beautiful chamber.

371
00:17:58,133 --> 00:18:02,166
And how Neolithic man managed 
to build this structure,

372
00:18:02,166 --> 00:18:03,300
no one really knows.

373
00:18:06,966 --> 00:18:08,733
- [Rick] Orkney is 
dotted with monuments

374
00:18:08,733 --> 00:18:11,966
recalling when it was a 
center of civilization

375
00:18:11,966 --> 00:18:13,500
back in the Stone Age,

376
00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:17,100
with more people then than 
there are on the island today.

377
00:18:18,233 --> 00:18:20,066
Imagine a community here,

378
00:18:20,066 --> 00:18:24,833
hunkered down in subterranean 
homes connected by tunnels.

379
00:18:24,833 --> 00:18:26,033
- There was a big community,

380
00:18:26,033 --> 00:18:28,433
150 people living 
here at one stage.

381
00:18:28,433 --> 00:18:30,200
A third of the village remains.

382
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:33,666
Two-thirds were taken away 
by the North Atlantic.

383
00:18:33,666 --> 00:18:35,133
People lived under the ground

384
00:18:35,133 --> 00:18:39,100
in stone-type igloo 
buildings with turf roofs,

385
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:40,366
and they lived under the ground

386
00:18:40,366 --> 00:18:42,533
to keep the weather 
out, to keep them warm.

387
00:18:42,533 --> 00:18:44,700
They were powered by oil lamps

388
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:48,233
with whale oil and 
whalebone bases,

389
00:18:48,233 --> 00:18:50,333
and a very 
nice-looking community.

390
00:18:50,333 --> 00:18:53,133
(peaceful music)

391
00:18:57,633 --> 00:19:00,500
- While little remains from 
these prehistoric people,

392
00:19:00,500 --> 00:19:03,200
it seems clear the 
timeless mysteries

393
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,466
of life, birth, death, 
and what lies beyond

394
00:19:06,466 --> 00:19:07,966
were on their minds.

395
00:19:08,933 --> 00:19:11,033
From the very earliest times,

396
00:19:11,033 --> 00:19:14,733
the most common art created 
was small statues of women.

397
00:19:16,333 --> 00:19:19,433
They have long been 
called Venus figurines.

398
00:19:19,433 --> 00:19:20,900
Across many ages,

399
00:19:20,900 --> 00:19:23,033
whether lean or bountiful,

400
00:19:23,033 --> 00:19:25,000
these have similar features.

401
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:27,766
Arms folded, generic faces,

402
00:19:27,766 --> 00:19:30,400
and stylized breasts 
and pubic area.

403
00:19:31,533 --> 00:19:34,433
By emphasizing a woman's 
life-giving traits,

404
00:19:34,433 --> 00:19:36,766
they were likely 
fertility symbols,

405
00:19:36,766 --> 00:19:40,166
perhaps worshiped as a way 
to gain mother nature's favor

406
00:19:40,166 --> 00:19:44,400
for having a child, a 
good harvest, or rebirth.

407
00:19:46,133 --> 00:19:48,533
Amazingly, early 
people created such art

408
00:19:48,533 --> 00:19:51,266
before writing and 
before metal tools.

409
00:19:51,266 --> 00:19:53,966
The prehistoric era 
is divided into ages

410
00:19:53,966 --> 00:19:57,166
defined by 
ever-more-sophisticated 
technology,

411
00:19:57,166 --> 00:19:58,433
from the Stone Age,

412
00:19:58,433 --> 00:20:00,833
to early metalworking 
in the Bronze Age,

413
00:20:00,833 --> 00:20:03,433
to stronger objects 
of the Iron Age.

414
00:20:03,433 --> 00:20:05,133
It's by their tools and weapons

415
00:20:05,133 --> 00:20:07,766
that we know how 
advanced a society was.

416
00:20:07,766 --> 00:20:11,266
And as prehistory progressed 
from stone to metal,

417
00:20:11,266 --> 00:20:13,466
art also took a step forward.

418
00:20:14,233 --> 00:20:15,833
The so-called bog people,

419
00:20:15,833 --> 00:20:17,966
whose bodies, 
weapons, and treasures

420
00:20:17,966 --> 00:20:19,733
were preserved in peat bogs,

421
00:20:19,733 --> 00:20:23,166
give us an intimate peek 
at prehistoric lives.

422
00:20:24,433 --> 00:20:27,366
As early people believed 
the gods lived in the bogs,

423
00:20:27,366 --> 00:20:31,100
that's where they tossed 
their sacrificial offerings.

424
00:20:31,100 --> 00:20:32,666
After defeating your enemy,

425
00:20:32,666 --> 00:20:34,866
logically, you'd sacrifice him

426
00:20:34,866 --> 00:20:37,866
and toss his weapons 
to the bog gods.

427
00:20:37,866 --> 00:20:40,333
Because of the 
oxygen-free environment,

428
00:20:40,333 --> 00:20:43,133
this 2,300-year-old bog man

429
00:20:43,133 --> 00:20:45,800
looks like a fellow 
half his age.

430
00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:48,200
Archeologists think 
he looked like this

431
00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:50,633
in happier times.

432
00:20:50,633 --> 00:20:53,033
He sprawls out in his glass tomb

433
00:20:53,033 --> 00:20:55,266
as if to welcome 
visitors young and old

434
00:20:55,266 --> 00:20:57,933
to marvel at his skin,

435
00:20:57,933 --> 00:20:59,566
nails,

436
00:20:59,566 --> 00:21:02,300
and even the slit 
throat he was given

437
00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:04,666
back at his sacrificial banquet.

438
00:21:06,133 --> 00:21:08,566
This elderly woman from Denmark

439
00:21:08,566 --> 00:21:10,833
whose coffin, carved 
out of an oak tree,

440
00:21:10,833 --> 00:21:13,133
was preserved in a peaty bog,

441
00:21:13,133 --> 00:21:15,800
must have believed 
in an afterlife.

442
00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:17,266
Imagine her loved ones

443
00:21:17,266 --> 00:21:20,533
tenderly placing these 
precious possessions with her.

444
00:21:20,533 --> 00:21:23,066
Still wearing her 
original wool blouse,

445
00:21:23,066 --> 00:21:25,733
she packed a 
finely-carved horn comb,

446
00:21:25,733 --> 00:21:28,500
bronze jewelry, and a dagger.

447
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:30,766
(gentle music)

448
00:21:30,766 --> 00:21:31,800
Back in Britain,

449
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:33,633
we're driving deep into Scotland

450
00:21:33,633 --> 00:21:36,833
to learn how some of the 
original highlanders lived.

451
00:21:36,833 --> 00:21:37,966
Across Scotland,

452
00:21:37,966 --> 00:21:39,866
little round islands on lakes

453
00:21:39,866 --> 00:21:43,066
are the remains of 
prehistoric fortified homes.

454
00:21:43,066 --> 00:21:45,000
These are called crannogs

455
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,600
and date back centuries 
before Christ.

456
00:21:48,833 --> 00:21:50,833
Here at the Crannog 
Centre on Loch Tay,

457
00:21:50,833 --> 00:21:54,100
one's been rebuilt using 
mostly traditional methods,

458
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:56,766
and now welcomes visitors.

459
00:21:56,766 --> 00:21:58,733
- This is the Scottish 
Crannog Center.

460
00:21:58,733 --> 00:22:01,166
It's a reproduction of 
a 2,500-year-old crannog

461
00:22:01,166 --> 00:22:03,466
that the archeologists 
are excavating

462
00:22:03,466 --> 00:22:05,966
as we speak in 
Loch Tay right now.

463
00:22:05,966 --> 00:22:08,666
It was built out 
in the loch itself

464
00:22:08,666 --> 00:22:10,200
for defensive purposes.

465
00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:12,233
In Scotland, then, you 
had bears, you had wolves,

466
00:22:12,233 --> 00:22:15,066
you had big cats called lynx,

467
00:22:15,066 --> 00:22:16,700
other people roaming 
the countryside.

468
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:18,100
And if you're out 
here in the water,

469
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:19,933
there's only one way in and out,

470
00:22:19,933 --> 00:22:20,866
and that's the walkway.

471
00:22:20,866 --> 00:22:22,566
So, if you can keep that secure,

472
00:22:22,566 --> 00:22:25,566
you yourself in here are 
going to feel a lot safer.

473
00:22:25,566 --> 00:22:29,033
- [Rick] Guides demonstrate 
Iron Age technology.

474
00:22:29,033 --> 00:22:30,300
Turning a lathe.

475
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:33,533
(lathe scratching)

476
00:22:33,533 --> 00:22:34,900
Grinding flour.

477
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:36,800
- [Guide] These two 
stones against each other

478
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:38,133
with the grain.

479
00:22:38,133 --> 00:22:39,866
- [Rick] And even 
starting a fire

480
00:22:39,866 --> 00:22:42,566
the really old-fashioned way.

481
00:22:42,566 --> 00:22:43,766
- [Guide] Watch that.

482
00:22:43,766 --> 00:22:46,400
(bright music)

483
00:22:51,566 --> 00:22:52,533
- Cool!

484
00:22:52,533 --> 00:22:54,266
- That's how you get your fire.

485
00:22:54,266 --> 00:22:56,600
- You can give the 
tools a try yourself

486
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,233
and discover how easy 
the guides make it look.

487
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:02,833
Despite their simple technology,

488
00:23:02,833 --> 00:23:06,700
early people created some 
richly-decorated objects.

489
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:08,133
All of these artifacts

490
00:23:08,133 --> 00:23:11,900
are unnecessarily 
beautiful and ornate.

491
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:15,033
The creative spirit of 
humankind becomes evident

492
00:23:15,033 --> 00:23:16,366
very early on.

493
00:23:18,166 --> 00:23:21,900
These were ritual objects 
made by sun worshipers.

494
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:24,366
This chariot of the 
sun from Denmark

495
00:23:24,366 --> 00:23:27,133
illustrates how the sun 
was dragged across the sky

496
00:23:27,133 --> 00:23:29,300
by a divine horse.

497
00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:30,833
These horned helmets

498
00:23:30,833 --> 00:23:33,466
were worn by the 
ancestors of the Vikings

499
00:23:33,466 --> 00:23:36,500
as pagan priests 
sounded these horns,

500
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:40,700
adding atmosphere to 
this now eerie ritual.

501
00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:44,800
Well 3,000 years 
old, they still play.

502
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:47,433
The ornamental disc 
is a sun symbol,

503
00:23:47,433 --> 00:23:49,133
perhaps as if these horns played

504
00:23:49,133 --> 00:23:51,566
the magical music of the sun.

505
00:23:51,566 --> 00:23:54,300
(horns blaring)

506
00:23:55,833 --> 00:23:57,566
From Ireland to Greece,

507
00:23:57,566 --> 00:24:01,133
these early societies 
invested in art.

508
00:24:01,133 --> 00:24:02,766
These precious artifacts,

509
00:24:02,766 --> 00:24:04,133
from golden jewelry

510
00:24:04,133 --> 00:24:07,100
to finely decorated 
implements of daily life,

511
00:24:07,100 --> 00:24:10,066
are more reminders that 
those earliest Europeans

512
00:24:10,066 --> 00:24:13,633
had an eye for beauty 
and a passion for art.

513
00:24:17,233 --> 00:24:20,033
Europe offers a lifetime 
of artistic treasures,

514
00:24:20,033 --> 00:24:21,700
and the more you 
understand its art,

515
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:25,000
the more you'll appreciate 
the people who created it.

516
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:26,433
I hope you've enjoyed our sweep

517
00:24:26,433 --> 00:24:28,966
through the highlights 
of Prehistoric Europe,

518
00:24:28,966 --> 00:24:31,133
and Prehistoric Europe 
is just the beginning

519
00:24:31,133 --> 00:24:33,100
of a fascinating story.

520
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:34,233
I'm Rick Steves.

521
00:24:34,233 --> 00:24:36,766
Until next time, 
keep on traveling.

522
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:41,333
Hey, I'm Rick Steves,

523
00:24:41,333 --> 00:24:43,266
host of "Rick Steves' Europe".

524
00:24:43,266 --> 00:24:44,733
As you ponder whether or not

525
00:24:44,733 --> 00:24:47,600
to become a supporting 
member of this great station,

526
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:49,300
I'd like to challenge 
you to consider

527
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:52,600
the impact of media 
in our society today,

528
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,733
and consider as well the 
complexity and importance

529
00:24:55,733 --> 00:24:58,866
of the challenges facing 
our society these days.

530
00:24:58,866 --> 00:25:01,433
We need media 
that's independent,

531
00:25:01,433 --> 00:25:03,600
that inspires us to be smarter.

532
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:05,500
Media that doesn't 
make us afraid,

533
00:25:05,500 --> 00:25:07,400
but that engages us.

534
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,266
That's what this 
station is all about.

535
00:25:10,266 --> 00:25:13,900
Your financial support has 
never been more important,

536
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:17,033
and that's why we're asking 
you to join us right now.

537
00:25:17,033 --> 00:25:19,833
When you support this 
public television station,

538
00:25:19,833 --> 00:25:22,166
you're supporting quality media.

539
00:25:22,166 --> 00:25:24,566
And you get great benefits, 
including Passport,

540
00:25:24,566 --> 00:25:26,333
which offers access to even more

541
00:25:26,333 --> 00:25:28,800
of your favorite public 
television shows.

542
00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:31,733
Whether it's my programs 
or enlightening history

543
00:25:31,733 --> 00:25:34,766
or the compelling dramas 
you love right here,

544
00:25:34,766 --> 00:25:37,600
consider the value that the 
programming you enjoy here

545
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:39,100
adds to your life.

546
00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:42,866
And then, scan or go online 
to make your donation now.

547
00:25:42,866 --> 00:25:44,166
(upbeat music)

548
00:25:44,166 --> 00:25:46,266
- [Announcer] Invest in 
your local PBS station

549
00:25:46,266 --> 00:25:48,733
by becoming an $8 
monthly sustainer,

550
00:25:48,733 --> 00:25:52,033
or make a $96 annual 
contribution right now

551
00:25:52,033 --> 00:25:53,166
and we'll say thanks

552
00:25:53,166 --> 00:25:55,233
with a wonderful 
collection of gifts.

553
00:25:55,233 --> 00:25:58,166
You'll receive Rick Steves' 
book "For the Love of Europe",

554
00:25:58,166 --> 00:25:59,933
which shares his 
favorite memories

555
00:25:59,933 --> 00:26:02,933
from decades of 
travel in 100 essays.

556
00:26:02,933 --> 00:26:06,866
It's 400 pages of fun and 
inspirational travel stories.

557
00:26:06,866 --> 00:26:08,266
On top of that,

558
00:26:08,266 --> 00:26:10,633
you'll receive a copy of 
"Europe Through the Back Door".

559
00:26:10,633 --> 00:26:13,166
This book is packed 
with practical tips,

560
00:26:13,166 --> 00:26:14,800
from chapters on packing light

561
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:16,733
and planning a smart itinerary,

562
00:26:16,733 --> 00:26:20,133
to eating your way through 
Europe and finding great hotels.

563
00:26:20,133 --> 00:26:22,200
We'll also send you 
this map of Europe,

564
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,133
which is perfect for 
pre-trip planning

565
00:26:24,133 --> 00:26:27,000
and using while you're on 
the vacation of your dreams.

566
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,400
Plus, you'll receive 
Rick Steves' newsletter,

567
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:31,133
which is packed 
full of travel tips

568
00:26:31,133 --> 00:26:33,200
about European destinations.

569
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:34,366
And don't forget,

570
00:26:34,366 --> 00:26:36,000
with your qualifying 
contribution,

571
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:39,000
you'll be able to enjoy a 
terrific member benefit,

572
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:40,366
PBS Passport,

573
00:26:40,366 --> 00:26:42,500
which lets you watch 
every one of Rick's shows

574
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:44,633
that's available on the PBS App.

575
00:26:44,633 --> 00:26:46,000
With PBS Passport,

576
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,466
you'll also be able to 
stream a treasure trove

577
00:26:48,466 --> 00:26:52,333
of your favorite dramas, 
history, arts, music, and more.

578
00:26:52,333 --> 00:26:53,500
So, don't wait.

579
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:57,633
Go to pbs.org/rick to give now.

580
00:26:57,633 --> 00:26:58,600
Thank you.

581
00:26:59,666 --> 00:27:01,133
- As you can see,

582
00:27:01,133 --> 00:27:03,866
it's easy to donate to 
support public television,

583
00:27:03,866 --> 00:27:05,966
whether you're watching 
the station on the air

584
00:27:05,966 --> 00:27:08,966
or streaming shows 
like this right here.

585
00:27:08,966 --> 00:27:12,066
Please take a moment 
to make your donation.

586
00:27:12,066 --> 00:27:13,200
Doing so,

587
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:14,666
you'll support 
your local station

588
00:27:14,666 --> 00:27:17,433
and the great programming 
it brings your way.

589
00:27:17,433 --> 00:27:19,333
And again, as a bonus,

590
00:27:19,333 --> 00:27:20,966
you'll enjoy great benefits,

591
00:27:20,966 --> 00:27:22,733
including Passport.

592
00:27:22,733 --> 00:27:23,633
Thanks a lot.

593
00:27:24,633 --> 00:27:27,433
(stirring music)

594
00:27:56,233 --> 00:27:57,733
(stones clattering)

595
00:27:57,733 --> 00:28:00,500
(door slamming)

596
00:28:01,333 --> 00:28:03,966
(stirring music)