WEBVTT 00:00.500 --> 00:01.900 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% - Fascism. 00:01.900 --> 00:04.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% We hear this word a lot lately, but just what is it? 00:04.133 --> 00:07.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The word comes from the Latin word for this, a fasces. 00:07.233 --> 00:08.466 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% The idea? 00:08.466 --> 00:10.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Well, you can break one stick easily, 00:10.733 --> 00:14.233 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% but when you bundle them together, they become very strong. 00:14.233 --> 00:16.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% And when a dictator convinces an entire nation 00:16.733 --> 00:20.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% to march together in lockstep, they feel strong, too. 00:20.133 --> 00:24.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% And in fascism an ax symbolizes that it's unity 00:24.000 --> 00:27.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% with discipline, brutal if necessary. 00:27.200 --> 00:28.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% I'm Rick Steves, 00:28.700 --> 00:30.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and in this special program we'll learn from the hard 00:30.966 --> 00:34.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% lessons of fascism in 20th century Europe. 00:34.133 --> 00:35.200 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Thanks for joining us. 00:36.466 --> 00:39.633 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 00:39.633 --> 00:41.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (speakers yell indistinctly) 00:41.866 --> 00:45.666 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% (group chanting indistinctly) 00:48.233 --> 00:49.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% (group chanting indistinctly) 00:49.533 --> 00:52.833 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% (footsteps stomping) 00:52.833 --> 00:55.466 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (group yelling) 00:57.166 --> 01:00.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (dramatic music continues) 01:00.133 --> 01:03.300 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (ceramic clinking) 01:03.300 --> 01:06.466 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% (footsteps stomping) 01:07.266 --> 01:08.700 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% With some thoughtful travel, 01:08.700 --> 01:11.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% we'll see how entire nations were first mesmerized 01:11.733 --> 01:14.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and then led astray by their fascist leaders. 01:14.400 --> 01:16.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Our journey will take us back nearly a century 01:16.733 --> 01:20.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to learn how in Europe, fascism rose and then fell, 01:20.466 --> 01:22.866 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% taking millions of people with it. 01:22.866 --> 01:26.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% We'll trace fascism's roots during the turbulent aftermath 01:26.166 --> 01:30.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of World War I as masses of angry people rose up. 01:30.133 --> 01:33.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The rise of charismatic leaders who manipulated that anger, 01:33.833 --> 01:36.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the totalitarian societies they built, 01:36.633 --> 01:40.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% and the brutal measures they used to enforce their ideology. 01:40.533 --> 01:42.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% We'll see the horrific consequences, 01:42.900 --> 01:45.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% genocide, and total war. 01:45.733 --> 01:47.466 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (plane buzzing) 01:47.466 --> 01:49.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Along the way, we'll talk with Europeans 01:49.566 --> 01:51.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% whose families lived through those times. 01:51.666 --> 01:53.133 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% - And we have to be vigilant. 01:53.133 --> 01:55.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - And visit sites related to fascism. 01:58.833 --> 02:01.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% In 1918, world War I ended, 02:01.100 --> 02:04.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% leaving 10 million dead and Europe in ruins. 02:04.366 --> 02:07.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The chaotic aftermath of the war created fertile ground 02:07.666 --> 02:09.866 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% for the seeds of fascism. 02:09.866 --> 02:12.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Nowhere was that more true than in defeated 02:12.533 --> 02:14.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and devastated Germany. 02:14.666 --> 02:15.933 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 02:15.933 --> 02:19.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Imagine Germany after 1918. 02:19.233 --> 02:21.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% For four long years, they'd fought bravely, 02:21.900 --> 02:25.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% lost over 2 million men, and then surrendered. 02:26.733 --> 02:30.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Veterans limped home to a country in shambles. 02:30.266 --> 02:31.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (people speak indistinctly) 02:31.500 --> 02:33.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Their emperor had been toppled, 02:33.066 --> 02:35.900 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% replaced by a weak democracy. 02:35.900 --> 02:39.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Their nation was humiliated with especially harsh terms 02:39.366 --> 02:42.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of surrender, including an Allied demand for Germany 02:42.566 --> 02:45.066 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to pay costly war reparations. 02:46.333 --> 02:48.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Cynical Germans were convinced their own leaders 02:48.866 --> 02:52.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% had sold them out and surrendered too early. 02:52.366 --> 02:54.466 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% They called it the stab-in-the-back. 02:55.800 --> 02:59.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The economy was horrible, people needed jobs. 02:59.000 --> 03:02.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Terrible inflation wiped out savings. 03:02.133 --> 03:05.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It took literally a wheelbarrow of nearly worthless currency 03:05.633 --> 03:07.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to buy a loaf of bread. 03:08.266 --> 03:09.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Germans had no faith in their government 03:09.866 --> 03:12.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to get society back on track. 03:17.133 --> 03:20.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In this vacuum of power, a fringe movement claiming 03:20.033 --> 03:22.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% to be the champion of the oppressed emerged. 03:22.900 --> 03:25.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% They dressed in intimidating brown shirt uniforms, 03:25.800 --> 03:27.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% roamed the streets in gangs, 03:27.500 --> 03:30.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and wanted to restore Germany's national pride. 03:30.466 --> 03:33.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They called themselves the National Socialists 03:33.066 --> 03:36.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% or Nazis, their leader, Adolf Hitler. 03:36.166 --> 03:37.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% (dramatic music) 03:37.666 --> 03:41.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Those early Nazis found a natural base here in Munich. 03:43.800 --> 03:46.166 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% While a pleasant and idyllic city today, 03:46.166 --> 03:49.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% this capital of Bavaria was known for it's conservative 03:49.266 --> 03:51.133 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and nationalistic passions. 03:52.500 --> 03:56.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Nazi street gang violently attacked unwanted outsiders, 03:56.466 --> 03:58.833 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% Jews and communists. 03:58.833 --> 04:02.400 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (dramatic music continues) 04:03.933 --> 04:06.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% In 1923, in a beer hall like this, 04:06.900 --> 04:10.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% the original Nazi leadership gathered their followers, 04:10.100 --> 04:12.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they were impatient and eager to take power. 04:12.900 --> 04:15.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Hitler waved his pistol in the air 04:15.266 --> 04:17.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and called for the revolution to begin. 04:17.900 --> 04:20.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (intense music) 04:22.533 --> 04:25.966 align:left position:22.5% line:77% size:67.5% Hitler led the ragtag revolutionaries in the beer hall into 04:25.966 --> 04:29.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the streets of Munich, planning to overthrow the government. 04:32.533 --> 04:35.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But that attempted revolt called the Beer Hall Putsch, 04:35.300 --> 04:38.466 align:left position:22.5% line:77% size:67.5% failed after a bloody confrontation, the police crushed it, 04:38.466 --> 04:40.433 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% here at Odeonsplatz. 04:40.433 --> 04:42.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Hitler was arrested and sent to jail. 04:42.666 --> 04:46.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% And it seemed that Germany's fascist movement was finished 04:46.100 --> 04:48.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% before it got off the ground. 04:48.300 --> 04:50.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Unable to overthrow the government by force, 04:50.966 --> 04:55.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Hitler resolved to take it by political means. 04:55.033 --> 04:57.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% While in prison, he wrote "Mein Kampf," 04:57.633 --> 05:00.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or, "My Struggle," which preaches his message 05:00.533 --> 05:03.033 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% of uniting all ethnic Germans 05:03.033 --> 05:05.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and giving them more space to live. 05:06.600 --> 05:09.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The book remains potent to this day, 05:09.466 --> 05:13.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% particularly for Germans like Andreas Clemens. 05:13.300 --> 05:15.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Could Germans just buy this? 05:15.233 --> 05:17.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Until recently, it was illegal to buy or sell 05:17.533 --> 05:18.833 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% it in Germany. 05:18.833 --> 05:20.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - [Rick] So if I was to read "Mein Kampf," 05:20.600 --> 05:22.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% what's the writing like? 05:22.200 --> 05:24.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Well, you can see that Hitler had problems with grammar, 05:24.866 --> 05:26.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% part of it is gibberish. 05:26.066 --> 05:27.600 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% It's very hard to get through. 05:27.600 --> 05:29.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The book is one of the most published books in history. 05:29.633 --> 05:32.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% And every German household had that book 05:32.166 --> 05:33.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and they probably tried to read it, 05:33.633 --> 05:35.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% but they gave up 10, 20 pages in. 05:35.700 --> 05:38.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - And this, I would imagine, lays out the main points 05:38.500 --> 05:40.433 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% of the fascist future. 05:40.433 --> 05:41.666 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% What are those points? 05:41.666 --> 05:43.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - He's saying that democracy doesn't work. 05:43.633 --> 05:46.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% That it's a flawed system that can be manipulated 05:46.933 --> 05:49.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% by outside forces for their own gain. 05:49.466 --> 05:51.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% He's blaming communists for it. 05:51.200 --> 05:53.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Ultimately, at the end of everything, 05:53.000 --> 05:54.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is the Jewish world conspiracy. 05:54.600 --> 05:57.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% So Jews are behind everything that is wrong with the world, 05:57.633 --> 06:00.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that he has a solution for that and the solution is fascism 06:00.700 --> 06:02.700 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% or national socialism, 06:02.700 --> 06:05.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and that he can make Germany strong, 06:05.233 --> 06:08.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% he can unite the country, he can unite the master race 06:08.633 --> 06:11.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and get us back to a rightful status. 06:11.333 --> 06:13.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - Hitler may have been locked up in prison, 06:13.300 --> 06:14.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% but he was tapping into ideas 06:14.933 --> 06:17.933 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% that had already been percolating in places around Europe. 06:17.933 --> 06:19.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% One of those was the country 06:19.466 --> 06:23.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% where the fascist ideology would first come to power, Italy. 06:23.933 --> 06:26.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% In the center of Rome, capital of Italy, 06:26.133 --> 06:28.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% stands the Victor Emmanuel Monument. 06:29.800 --> 06:32.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% With its Altar of the Fatherland, 06:32.033 --> 06:35.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% it was designed to celebrate the greatness of Italy. 06:35.833 --> 06:39.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And facing this monument on Piazza Venezia, 06:39.000 --> 06:41.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% nationalists would gather to honor their nation. 06:43.066 --> 06:46.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% In the 1920s and '30s, tens of thousands 06:46.066 --> 06:47.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% of Italians would fill this square 06:47.733 --> 06:50.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to hear rousing speeches delivered from that balcony. 06:52.133 --> 06:54.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The speaker proclaimed the greatness of Italy 06:54.733 --> 06:57.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and promised them a glorious future. 06:57.933 --> 06:59.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And the people followed. 07:00.200 --> 07:03.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% (people yelling indistinctly) 07:03.266 --> 07:05.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Once a rabble-rousing journalist, 07:05.100 --> 07:08.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% this charismatic speaker became their leader, Il Duce. 07:09.833 --> 07:12.866 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The man was Benito Mussolini. 07:12.866 --> 07:16.066 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Mussolini speak in Italian) 07:16.066 --> 07:18.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Mussolini's rise, like that of Hitler, 07:18.833 --> 07:21.100 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% had its roots in World War I. 07:21.100 --> 07:23.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - 1918 is the end of World War I. 07:23.700 --> 07:27.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% There was a lot of discontent in Italy after World War I. 07:27.400 --> 07:31.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The country was in a pure chaos, very high unemployment, 07:31.433 --> 07:35.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% lot of strikes, and was almost in a verge 07:35.633 --> 07:38.133 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% of communist revolt. 07:38.133 --> 07:39.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - There was great disappointment. 07:39.400 --> 07:41.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Even the fact that Italy was on the winning side, 07:41.966 --> 07:43.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% it felt that it did not get enough 07:43.500 --> 07:44.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% out of the peace treaties. 07:44.766 --> 07:46.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% They talked about the mutilated victory, 07:46.533 --> 07:48.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that is the equivalent of a German stab-in-the-back. 07:48.966 --> 07:51.400 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% And so there's that and all these veterans coming back, 07:51.400 --> 07:53.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% having fought in the trenches, for what? 07:53.200 --> 07:56.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - All of the soldiers coming back from the battlefields 07:56.600 --> 07:58.866 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% were not really welcomed back. 07:58.866 --> 08:01.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% So there were a lot of street fights 08:01.033 --> 08:03.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and basically the soldiers came together 08:03.966 --> 08:07.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% in this party called Fasci di Combattimento, 08:08.633 --> 08:11.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they had a leader, which was Benito Mussolini. 08:16.433 --> 08:18.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Mussolini capitalized on a deep-seated 08:18.766 --> 08:20.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% frustration among Italians. 08:20.666 --> 08:24.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Italy was still a young nation having only united in 1871. 08:24.833 --> 08:27.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The surge of nationalism that came with unification 08:27.766 --> 08:29.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% left Italians hungry for greatness, 08:29.933 --> 08:31.733 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% but feeling disappointed. 08:31.733 --> 08:34.866 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Its parliamentary democracy was weak and ineffectual 08:34.866 --> 08:36.833 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and the economy was terrible. 08:36.833 --> 08:39.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And as with Germany, the Italians had just suffered 08:39.733 --> 08:41.200 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% through World War I 08:41.200 --> 08:43.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and people were angry about the way it was fought 08:43.400 --> 08:44.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and the way it was finished. 08:46.233 --> 08:49.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Mussolini seized this moment to launch a new movement, 08:49.200 --> 08:51.400 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% the fascist party. 08:51.400 --> 08:54.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% While fascists won only a handful of seats, 08:54.533 --> 08:57.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% they were a potent political force 08:57.133 --> 08:59.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and a paramilitary one. 08:59.633 --> 09:00.866 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (tense music) 09:00.866 --> 09:03.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Fascism was not just an ideology, 09:03.300 --> 09:05.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% but a campaign of physical intimidation. 09:07.400 --> 09:10.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Gangs of armed black-clad war veterans called Squadristi, 09:10.933 --> 09:12.733 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% nicknamed the Blackshirts, 09:12.733 --> 09:16.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% wielded violence against their political opponents. 09:16.633 --> 09:18.800 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% - Fascism starts as violence. 09:18.800 --> 09:20.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% I mean, how did fascism start? 09:20.300 --> 09:24.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% These were gangs of, in most cases, veterans of the war 09:24.266 --> 09:27.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% who went around the streets, beating workers up, 09:27.133 --> 09:29.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% beating up the socialists, this is how it started. 09:29.400 --> 09:31.766 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% - The Communist Party was a threat 09:31.766 --> 09:35.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% during the end of World War I. 09:35.266 --> 09:38.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And actually, the Fascist Party was formed 09:38.466 --> 09:40.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% because of the clashes. 09:40.233 --> 09:42.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Rick] The Blackshirts broke strikes, 09:42.200 --> 09:44.166 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% expelled socialist mayors, 09:44.166 --> 09:47.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and gave their base the promise of action. 09:47.266 --> 09:49.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (tense music continues) 09:49.833 --> 09:54.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% In 1922, some 30,000 fascists descended 09:54.066 --> 09:57.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on the nation's capital in a show of force, 09:57.066 --> 09:59.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the so-called March on Rome. 10:00.133 --> 10:01.500 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Without firing a shot, 10:01.500 --> 10:04.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Mussolini was handed the reigns of power. 10:04.600 --> 10:07.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Suddenly, Italy was under fascist rule 10:07.433 --> 10:11.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% with a bold if politically inexperienced, new leader. 10:12.066 --> 10:14.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Piazza Venezia became the stage 10:14.100 --> 10:17.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% for a new amped up kind of nationalism. 10:17.333 --> 10:19.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Mussolini loved big rallies, 10:19.333 --> 10:22.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and from his balcony offering big promises 10:22.200 --> 10:25.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and simple solutions to complex problems, 10:25.133 --> 10:28.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% he whipped his followers into a mass frenzy. 10:29.200 --> 10:32.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (Mussolini speaking in Italian) 10:32.633 --> 10:35.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd roaring) 10:38.733 --> 10:40.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% They interrupted his speeches with chants of, 10:40.900 --> 10:44.300 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% "Duce, duce, duce," leader. 10:45.300 --> 10:47.933 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd roaring) 10:51.200 --> 10:52.433 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% - What I understand now is 10:52.433 --> 10:54.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% that it was like a collective dream. 10:54.633 --> 10:58.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% It was like hypnosis, standing in a crowd with thousands 10:58.433 --> 11:00.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% of people, all focused on one man 11:00.500 --> 11:04.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% who was terrific at using his body, his facial expressions, 11:04.833 --> 11:07.300 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and language to reach their hearts. 11:08.200 --> 11:12.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (Mussolini speaking in Italian) 11:12.533 --> 11:16.166 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% - They were going ballistic, 11:16.166 --> 11:21.000 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% even for a hand gesture or a facial expression of Mussolini. 11:21.000 --> 11:22.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Mussolini was an actor, 11:23.700 --> 11:26.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and when he eventually show up in that window 11:26.533 --> 11:30.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and he stood in his typical posture 11:30.333 --> 11:33.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% with his imposing chin, for the Italians, 11:33.633 --> 11:37.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% it was the personification of a greater Italy. 11:37.666 --> 11:41.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - He promised an Italy that would be great, 11:41.966 --> 11:45.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% that would be modern, that would be finally unified 11:45.633 --> 11:47.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% where there would be work for everybody. 11:49.300 --> 11:51.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Rick] For his first 15 years, Mussolini ruled 11:51.633 --> 11:55.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with dictatorial power and impressive success. 11:55.400 --> 11:58.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% He pumped up the economy, created jobs, 11:58.500 --> 12:00.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and invested in infrastructure. 12:00.800 --> 12:02.533 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Alfio speaking in Italian) 12:02.533 --> 12:04.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% - Build, build, and build. 12:04.133 --> 12:08.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - In the beginning, I think Mussolini was able to garner 12:08.166 --> 12:10.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% so much favor because it really did seem 12:10.833 --> 12:13.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that he was making this a modern country, a lot of building, 12:13.733 --> 12:16.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% a lot of modern infrastructure jobs, homes. 12:16.866 --> 12:18.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% So on the surface at least it did seem 12:18.800 --> 12:20.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that he was actually getting things done. 12:20.333 --> 12:22.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - So Italians are happy at the moment, 12:22.166 --> 12:26.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% 'cause they come from the pure chaos of 1918, 1919, 12:26.333 --> 12:28.333 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% to having jobs 12:28.333 --> 12:32.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and having a society that apparently works. 12:32.666 --> 12:34.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% - [Rick] He energized Rome 12:34.100 --> 12:37.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with grand projects like this Olympic stadium, 12:37.066 --> 12:38.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% which is still in use today. 12:39.666 --> 12:42.100 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 12:42.100 --> 12:43.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - And stopped using steel and cement- 12:43.800 --> 12:47.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - [Rick] Francesca grew up hearing stories of Mussolini. 12:47.033 --> 12:49.733 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% She shares some local insight. 12:49.733 --> 12:51.766 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% This is an impressive stadium. 12:51.766 --> 12:54.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - Mussolini built the stadium to promote Rome 12:54.200 --> 12:57.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% for the Olympic games, but also to promote sports 12:57.333 --> 13:01.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and physical prowess as key elements of fascist ideology. 13:01.433 --> 13:03.466 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% These statues represent athletes, 13:03.466 --> 13:06.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but they also represent new fascist man. 13:06.133 --> 13:10.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% A man who is physically strong, proud, disciplined, 13:10.333 --> 13:13.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% but who is also willing to support the fascist dogma. 13:13.733 --> 13:15.600 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Believe, obey, fight. 13:16.700 --> 13:19.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Believe, obey, fight. 13:19.166 --> 13:21.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - So these mosaics are inspired by ancient Rome 13:21.633 --> 13:23.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and they proclaim the greatness of the leader 13:23.566 --> 13:25.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and the achievements of the fascist regime. 13:25.466 --> 13:28.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Military events, Roman salutes. 13:28.266 --> 13:29.566 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% - Oh, yeah. - And for emphasis, 13:29.566 --> 13:32.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% things are repeated, duce, duce, duce, duce. 13:32.366 --> 13:34.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Rick] Look at that, 10 duces. 13:35.166 --> 13:37.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - In fascism belligerence is celebrated. 13:37.966 --> 13:39.266 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% Look at this. 13:39.266 --> 13:41.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% (Francesca speaks in Italian) 13:41.933 --> 13:44.566 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Many enemies, much honor. 13:46.033 --> 13:50.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% - Mussolini's ego is immense. 13:50.400 --> 13:55.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% In fact, one of the motto was. (speaks in Italian) 13:55.466 --> 13:57.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% "Mussolini is always right." 13:57.733 --> 14:01.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - He certainly had a vision of himself as a man of genius 14:01.100 --> 14:04.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with a capital G, a man who had a superior vision 14:04.833 --> 14:06.533 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% of society and the world. 14:06.533 --> 14:10.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - He truly believed he was a new Roman emperor. 14:10.533 --> 14:15.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% He wanted to somehow recreate this new Roman empire 14:15.400 --> 14:18.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and he couldn't stand that 14:18.333 --> 14:21.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Italy was not important anymore 14:21.666 --> 14:23.100 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% in Europe. 14:23.100 --> 14:24.366 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (tense music) 14:24.366 --> 14:26.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - [Rick] Mussolini championed the revival 14:26.033 --> 14:27.800 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% of the glory of ancient Rome. 14:27.800 --> 14:31.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% He created this grand boulevard of the Imperial Forum 14:31.233 --> 14:34.966 align:left position:30% line:77% size:60% for stately and military processions between the Colosseum 14:34.966 --> 14:37.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and his office in Piazza Venezia. 14:37.633 --> 14:41.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% He lined it with imposing statues of emperors. 14:44.200 --> 14:47.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Absolute rulers enjoy each other's company. 14:50.566 --> 14:53.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Mussolini built a futuristic city at the edge 14:53.266 --> 14:54.366 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% of Rome called EUR. 14:56.000 --> 14:58.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% This planned city is the architectural 14:58.600 --> 15:00.433 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% embodiment of fascism. 15:02.333 --> 15:06.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The uniform buildings and the rigid grid-planned streets 15:06.066 --> 15:10.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% celebrate order and conformity while echoing a powerful past 15:10.066 --> 15:12.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and promising a glorious future. 15:14.700 --> 15:17.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The centerpiece is called the Palace 15:17.033 --> 15:18.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% of Italian Civilization. 15:20.200 --> 15:22.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - So the Palace of Italian Civilization was intended 15:22.833 --> 15:25.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% as a celebration of the Italian people 15:25.100 --> 15:26.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and their many talents. 15:26.666 --> 15:28.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But there's something about it, 15:28.066 --> 15:31.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% this monolithic starkness it has that also seems 15:31.366 --> 15:34.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% to remind us that fascist ideology requires individuals 15:34.600 --> 15:36.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to give everything up for the state. 15:38.300 --> 15:39.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 15:39.866 --> 15:41.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% - [Rick] With a populous tired of dysfunctional government, 15:41.900 --> 15:45.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Mussolini rose to power with the promise of action. 15:45.466 --> 15:48.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% And throughout Italy, imposing architecture like this train 15:48.733 --> 15:52.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% station in Milan seemed designed to remind all 15:52.566 --> 15:56.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% that the state is more important than the individual. 15:56.266 --> 15:58.400 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% The state gets things done, 15:58.400 --> 16:01.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and of course, with the leadership of Il Duce, 16:01.500 --> 16:04.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the trains will run on time. 16:04.100 --> 16:05.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (train rattling) 16:05.400 --> 16:08.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - This famous sentence, "Trains run on time." 16:08.100 --> 16:11.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% So an appearance of success at what cost? 16:11.433 --> 16:13.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% At the cost of personal freedom. 16:13.200 --> 16:17.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - People didn't have a choice to accept Mussolini 16:17.333 --> 16:18.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% as their leader. 16:18.866 --> 16:23.400 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% It was against the law to talk against the Fascist Party. 16:23.400 --> 16:25.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Not even journalists were independent 16:25.433 --> 16:26.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% to write exactly what they want to. 16:26.966 --> 16:29.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - There was this famous fascist motto, 16:29.166 --> 16:32.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% "Everything for the state, everything within the state, 16:32.166 --> 16:33.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% nothing against the state." 16:35.166 --> 16:37.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% - While Mussolini was forging the first fascist state 16:37.466 --> 16:39.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in Italy, back here in Germany, 16:39.266 --> 16:41.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Hitler was taking notes. 16:41.000 --> 16:43.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Once out of prison, he played on many of the same themes 16:43.800 --> 16:47.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% as Mussolini, rousing a disillusioned workforce, 16:47.033 --> 16:49.033 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% reviving a struggling economy 16:49.033 --> 16:51.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and fixing what was considered a weak government. 16:51.433 --> 16:54.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% At first, the boom times of the Roaring Twenties 16:54.066 --> 16:55.866 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% blunted his populist message. 16:55.866 --> 16:59.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% But then the Great Depression hit in 1929, 16:59.200 --> 17:01.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the working masses were angry again, 17:01.400 --> 17:03.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and Hitler's promises gained traction. 17:03.600 --> 17:07.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Fascism was now taking root in Germany. 17:07.433 --> 17:11.933 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 17:11.933 --> 17:14.833 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd roaring) 17:14.833 --> 17:17.966 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% - So Hitler promised 17:17.966 --> 17:21.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% jobs, jobs, jobs to everybody. 17:22.933 --> 17:25.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% And of course, people needed jobs. 17:25.533 --> 17:28.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% That was exactly that what they wanted to hear. 17:28.133 --> 17:30.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - Hitler promised the people everything, 17:30.733 --> 17:32.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% everything they wanted. 17:32.033 --> 17:34.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% He promised them a bright future. 17:34.700 --> 17:38.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He promised them work, he promised them (speaks in German) 17:38.433 --> 17:40.000 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% living space. 17:40.000 --> 17:41.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 17:41.466 --> 17:44.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - [Rick] Hitler was a powerful, mesmerizing speaker. 17:44.833 --> 17:48.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 17:48.666 --> 17:50.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - People were taken by Hitler's speech, 17:50.933 --> 17:53.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% not so much by the beauty of his arguments, 17:53.866 --> 17:56.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% but by his sheer fanaticism, by his anger, 17:56.500 --> 18:00.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% by his rage, and his repetitive rhetoric. 18:00.500 --> 18:04.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And people, eyewitness accounts describe it as a barbaric, 18:04.733 --> 18:06.066 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% primitive effect. 18:06.066 --> 18:09.300 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - What he was telling people was a disaster, 18:09.300 --> 18:13.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but the performance he delivered was a big artistic show. 18:13.500 --> 18:15.833 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% - He repeated a lie endlessly, 18:15.833 --> 18:17.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and he didn't make it a small lie. 18:17.366 --> 18:19.433 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% He made it a big lie 18:19.433 --> 18:21.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and he kept hammering it into their heads. 18:21.966 --> 18:24.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% He also dumped it down as much as possible. 18:24.533 --> 18:27.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Rick] His simplistic promises were made to order 18:27.600 --> 18:29.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for his political base. 18:29.500 --> 18:32.033 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (people clapping) 18:32.033 --> 18:34.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% More prosperity and expanded borders 18:34.600 --> 18:38.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for more room in which to live, or. (speaks in German) 18:38.466 --> 18:40.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 18:40.100 --> 18:43.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - Fascism is perceived as a strong movement 18:43.266 --> 18:46.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with simple answers for complicated problems. 18:46.066 --> 18:48.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Giving simple answers and simple solutions. 18:48.866 --> 18:51.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% That's exactly what people wanted to hear, 18:51.566 --> 18:55.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% because that gave them the hope that it'll change soon, 18:55.766 --> 18:59.066 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% not in 10 years, but now. 18:59.066 --> 19:01.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - He blamed Germany's problems on scapegoats 19:01.700 --> 19:04.000 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% like Jews and communists. 19:05.133 --> 19:07.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Fears that the Communist Revolution in Russia 19:07.200 --> 19:08.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% would spread to Germany. 19:10.166 --> 19:13.066 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% People were singing "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles," 19:13.066 --> 19:16.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Germany, Germany above all, above all the world. 19:16.566 --> 19:17.933 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (Germans singing) 19:17.933 --> 19:21.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And they trusted Hitler to take them there. 19:21.433 --> 19:25.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In 1932, the Nazi party won only about a third 19:25.133 --> 19:26.900 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% of the seats in parliament, 19:26.900 --> 19:28.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% but Hitler managed to take power. 19:28.900 --> 19:31.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He put together a ruling coalition partnering 19:31.500 --> 19:33.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% with conventional conservative politicians 19:33.666 --> 19:35.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% who figured they could control him. 19:35.800 --> 19:37.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% After struggling to find an alternative. 19:37.966 --> 19:41.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% German president von Hindenburg reluctantly appointed Hitler 19:41.400 --> 19:44.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% chancellor in January, 1933. 19:44.833 --> 19:47.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It was the only way he could form a government 19:47.133 --> 19:48.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% with a parliamentary majority. 19:50.300 --> 19:54.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Suddenly, Adolf Hitler was heading a new German government. 19:55.600 --> 19:58.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Then just a few weeks into Hitler's rule, 19:58.266 --> 20:00.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% under mysterious circumstances, 20:00.666 --> 20:03.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% there was a fire in Germany's parliament building, 20:03.833 --> 20:05.333 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% or Reichstag. 20:11.500 --> 20:13.100 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% A disaster like this, 20:13.100 --> 20:15.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% which many historians believe was actually the work 20:15.433 --> 20:17.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of Hitler's people, is an answer 20:17.566 --> 20:19.900 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% to an aspiring dictator's prayer. 20:19.900 --> 20:22.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% With this national security emergency, 20:22.733 --> 20:26.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Hitler now had his excuse to crush the communists, 20:26.066 --> 20:27.400 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% silence moderates, 20:27.400 --> 20:30.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and create laws giving him sweeping new powers. 20:30.666 --> 20:33.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Suddenly in Germany there was no middle ground. 20:33.266 --> 20:36.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% You were either with Hitler or against him. 20:36.400 --> 20:37.933 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Hitler followed a playbook 20:37.933 --> 20:42.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% that has inspired autocrats left and right ever since. 20:42.566 --> 20:45.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Hitler proceeded to consolidate his power 20:45.000 --> 20:47.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% in the most ruthless ways, 20:47.100 --> 20:49.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% he locked up the few courageous politicians 20:49.333 --> 20:51.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% who voted against him 20:51.066 --> 20:54.733 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% and established his total control of the German government. 20:54.733 --> 20:57.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This poignant memorial remembers those who tried 20:57.800 --> 21:00.300 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to resist Hitler's power grab. 21:00.300 --> 21:03.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The German equivalent of congressmen and senators, 21:03.033 --> 21:05.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% they were quickly silenced. 21:05.200 --> 21:07.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% You can see the dates they were arrested sent 21:07.666 --> 21:10.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% to concentration camps and executed. 21:10.966 --> 21:13.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - I think the rise of Hitler was done 21:13.100 --> 21:14.400 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% with a mix of two things. 21:14.400 --> 21:17.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% One is fascination and the other is terror. 21:17.333 --> 21:20.966 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% So basically give people something that they can believe in 21:20.966 --> 21:22.633 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% by false promises. 21:22.633 --> 21:25.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The other thing is whoever does not fit in 21:25.633 --> 21:29.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% will get beaten up or put in prison or killed. 21:29.033 --> 21:32.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - A lot of the (indistinct) was actually based on violence 21:32.000 --> 21:34.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or at least the implied threat of violence. 21:34.366 --> 21:35.700 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% - There was a private army. 21:35.700 --> 21:38.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Hitler had, he had terror on the streets. 21:38.566 --> 21:41.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% He had a big protection of his political movement. 21:41.966 --> 21:44.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - And of course, people knew about concentration camps 21:44.800 --> 21:47.133 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% in Germany for political enemies, 21:47.133 --> 21:48.366 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and they were supposed to know 21:48.366 --> 21:50.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% so they would keep their mouth shut. 21:50.666 --> 21:53.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - [Rick] Hitler had hijacked Germany's democracy. 21:53.433 --> 21:55.566 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% He was given extraordinary powers 21:55.566 --> 21:58.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% to temporarily suspend democratic procedures 21:58.666 --> 22:00.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% in order to get things done. 22:00.833 --> 22:04.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% A dictator now in charge of a mighty industrial nation, 22:04.600 --> 22:08.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Hitler and his team began to lay out his plan for Germany 22:08.333 --> 22:09.500 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% and the world. 22:12.133 --> 22:14.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Inheriting a German economy suffering 22:14.166 --> 22:15.533 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% from the Great Depression, 22:15.533 --> 22:18.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% including an unemployment rate of nearly 30%, 22:18.300 --> 22:22.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Hitler quickly turned to improving the economy. 22:22.100 --> 22:24.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% He accelerated the previous government's policy 22:24.366 --> 22:27.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of large public works and infrastructure projects 22:27.033 --> 22:29.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% financed with deficit spending. 22:29.633 --> 22:32.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% As a result, employment increased dramatically 22:32.733 --> 22:35.966 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% from 1933 to 1936. 22:35.966 --> 22:40.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - The Autobahn is probably the best known example, 22:40.300 --> 22:43.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the highway construction program of Adolf Hitler, 22:43.733 --> 22:45.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% that gave a lot of jobs to people. 22:45.333 --> 22:48.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - The Autobahn was actually invented before the Nazis, 22:48.733 --> 22:50.333 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% one or two years before that. 22:50.333 --> 22:52.966 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% But the Nazis accelerated the construction of the Autobahn 22:52.966 --> 22:56.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to bring Germany to a more modern age. 22:56.400 --> 22:58.800 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% - We didn't have the money. 22:58.800 --> 23:03.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% It was all financed on credits on a future war. 23:03.433 --> 23:04.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - Of course, these Autobahn were empty 23:04.900 --> 23:06.833 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% because until the war started, 23:06.833 --> 23:08.766 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% hardly anybody could afford the cars. 23:10.900 --> 23:12.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 23:12.233 --> 23:14.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - [Rick] Despite this new focus on jobs 23:14.533 --> 23:17.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and the German worker, the Nazis had no use 23:17.233 --> 23:18.700 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% for labor unions. 23:18.700 --> 23:21.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Well, fascism basically hates everything communist 23:21.766 --> 23:23.500 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% or Bolshevik, as they call it. 23:23.500 --> 23:26.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% So they would not like trade unions. 23:26.533 --> 23:29.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They were not within the frame of the fascist movement. 23:29.466 --> 23:33.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - And so what the Nazis did one year into their government, 23:33.566 --> 23:35.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they declared May Day a holiday, 23:35.533 --> 23:38.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% for the first time, the union celebrated, 23:38.600 --> 23:42.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% the next day when they were hungover, more or less. 23:42.166 --> 23:43.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% They smashed the unions. 23:43.533 --> 23:45.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - [Rick] They replaced the now abolished unions 23:45.833 --> 23:48.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% with the Nazi party controlled German Labor Front, 23:48.600 --> 23:50.800 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% which all workers had to join. 23:50.800 --> 23:51.766 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 23:51.766 --> 23:53.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Hitler spent large amounts 23:53.366 --> 23:55.966 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% of state money on a comprehensive state welfare program 23:55.966 --> 23:59.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% called the National Socialist People's Welfare. 23:59.233 --> 24:02.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Despite having the term socialist in the party name, 24:02.133 --> 24:04.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Hitler was a friend of industry. 24:04.500 --> 24:07.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% He privatized many industries and the corporations 24:07.366 --> 24:10.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% that had supported his candidacy continued to back him. 24:10.433 --> 24:13.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - Corporations would support the Nazi government of Germany 24:13.700 --> 24:15.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% because it was good for their profits. 24:15.433 --> 24:18.600 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% - I think you know, bigger corporations, the steel industry, 24:18.600 --> 24:21.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% for example in Germany as a big one, they were afraid 24:21.533 --> 24:24.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of communism for sure, but they also actually supported 24:24.166 --> 24:28.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Hitler because it was easier for them to kind 24:28.000 --> 24:30.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of make their business within a stable government. 24:30.700 --> 24:32.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - [Rick] One German industry that boomed 24:32.333 --> 24:34.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% was the auto industry and one of the world's 24:34.833 --> 24:37.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% most famous cars was born during the Nazi era. 24:37.866 --> 24:41.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - The VW was the idea that it's an affordable car 24:41.000 --> 24:44.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% for everybody that then would fill these Autobahn. 24:45.866 --> 24:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Rick] With all this economic activity and employment, 24:48.533 --> 24:50.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Hitler re-energized Germany. 24:50.733 --> 24:54.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 24:54.666 --> 24:58.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (dramatic patriotic music) 25:04.933 --> 25:06.500 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd roaring) 25:06.500 --> 25:09.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Much of Germany was swept up in Hitler's charismatic vision 25:09.633 --> 25:11.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and the country had a common purpose. 25:11.900 --> 25:14.066 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (crowd chanting in German) 25:14.066 --> 25:17.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Everywhere he went, crowds adored him. 25:17.033 --> 25:20.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Women swooned when his car drove by. 25:20.066 --> 25:23.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 25:23.400 --> 25:25.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% In clubs called The Hitler Youth, 25:25.600 --> 25:28.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% boys and girls pledged their allegiance to him. 25:30.100 --> 25:32.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - A little boy in 1945 when he looked at Hitler, 25:32.633 --> 25:34.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% he would see a God-like person. 25:34.666 --> 25:37.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He was somebody who would elevate the German people, 25:37.100 --> 25:40.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% who would elevate the people of this boy 25:40.233 --> 25:43.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% to become the perfect master race running the planet. 25:43.666 --> 25:45.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - [Rick] Hitler became known by a new title, 25:45.766 --> 25:49.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which meant he was their leader, their Fuhrer. 25:49.166 --> 25:52.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - He coined himself the phrase the Fuhrer, the leader 25:52.700 --> 25:55.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% as also establishing himself as a bit 25:55.466 --> 25:57.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% of a new God for Germany. 25:57.100 --> 25:59.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% So he was not part of democracy anymore. 25:59.000 --> 26:00.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% He was a godlike figure. 26:00.566 --> 26:05.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - A fascist system needs a fuhrer, it's the big hero. 26:05.366 --> 26:09.300 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% It's a saint, it's the one and only people believe in. 26:09.300 --> 26:11.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - He has the vision for everybody 26:11.966 --> 26:14.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the others will follow him. 26:14.433 --> 26:16.366 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 26:16.366 --> 26:17.600 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (crowd roaring in German) 26:17.600 --> 26:19.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Fascists believed in a fascist system 26:19.533 --> 26:24.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you can unite everybody that believes in the system 26:25.700 --> 26:27.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and it will be a strong, a powerful system 26:27.366 --> 26:29.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that can achieve complicated goals. 26:29.833 --> 26:33.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - The idea about fascism is to have a big community 26:33.766 --> 26:37.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that all operates exactly the same way 26:37.133 --> 26:39.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and to have a common opinion that covers all. 26:39.833 --> 26:44.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - There was one phrase that was called (speaks in German) 26:44.800 --> 26:48.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "One people, one empire, one leader," full stop. 26:48.800 --> 26:50.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd roaring) 26:50.366 --> 26:52.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% - [Rick] There was a dark side to all this Nazi conformity. 26:52.266 --> 26:54.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Individuality was lost. 26:54.300 --> 26:57.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Individualism doesn't even exist in fascism. 26:57.400 --> 27:01.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It doesn't exist in any aspect, it doesn't exist in art. 27:01.333 --> 27:04.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% It doesn't exist in lectures at university. 27:04.566 --> 27:08.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% It doesn't exist in newspapers and press. 27:08.033 --> 27:09.333 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% - Individuality was something 27:09.333 --> 27:13.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that was deemed unfit for a German, basically. 27:13.100 --> 27:16.000 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% So what mattered was the (speaks in German) 27:16.000 --> 27:21.066 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% the society, the common denominator of the German people. 27:21.866 --> 27:23.400 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% - All people who tried 27:23.400 --> 27:26.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to make it any different in their private life, 27:26.333 --> 27:28.600 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% in their professions, 27:28.600 --> 27:32.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% in their way to to express their opinions, 27:32.533 --> 27:35.000 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% they all had to be stopped 27:35.000 --> 27:36.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - For the Nazis, 27:36.233 --> 27:38.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the city that most embodied their sense 27:38.033 --> 27:40.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of national unity was Nuremberg. 27:40.933 --> 27:43.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Nuremberg, so steeped in German history, 27:43.533 --> 27:46.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% was nicknamed the most German of German cities. 27:46.933 --> 27:49.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% That's one reason it was a favorite of Hitler's 27:49.066 --> 27:51.266 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% to showcase his nationalistic pump 27:51.266 --> 27:56.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and pageantry to inspire all of Germany to get on board. 27:56.866 --> 27:59.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd roaring) 28:00.833 --> 28:03.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% There were three German Reichs, or empires. 28:03.366 --> 28:06.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The first was medieval, it was called the Holy Roman Empire. 28:06.533 --> 28:09.600 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% In fact, the emperor's castle still towers above Nuremberg. 28:09.600 --> 28:12.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The second Reich was 19th century the creation 28:12.433 --> 28:14.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% of the modern German state by Prussia, 28:14.600 --> 28:16.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% under the leadership of Bismarck. 28:16.400 --> 28:18.033 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% And it was here in Nuremberg 28:18.033 --> 28:20.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that Hitler declared the Third Reich, 28:20.566 --> 28:24.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% a powerful German empire to last a thousand years. 28:24.400 --> 28:25.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% When Hitler took power, 28:25.700 --> 28:28.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% he made Nuremberg's Zeppelinfeld the site 28:28.233 --> 28:31.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% of his enormous Nazi Party rallies. 28:31.433 --> 28:34.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Today, the stark remains of this massive gathering place 28:34.866 --> 28:36.533 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% are thought provoking. 28:36.533 --> 28:38.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% German tour guide Thomas Schmechtig 28:38.400 --> 28:40.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is joining me for some insight. 28:40.733 --> 28:42.166 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 28:42.166 --> 28:45.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% For several years, increasingly elaborate celebrations 28:45.233 --> 28:50.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% of Nazi culture, ideology, and power took place right here. 28:50.100 --> 28:53.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Fascist dictators understood the propaganda power 28:53.766 --> 28:57.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of big rallies where they can manufacture the adoration 28:57.400 --> 28:59.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% of their people, bask in it, 28:59.200 --> 29:02.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and then broadcast it to the rest of the population, 29:02.733 --> 29:05.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% as Hitler said, turning the little man 29:05.600 --> 29:07.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% into part of a great dragon. 29:07.833 --> 29:09.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Hitler speaking in German) 29:09.733 --> 29:12.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (crowd yelling in German) 29:12.133 --> 29:14.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - Imagine Hitler stepping out of that door, 29:14.500 --> 29:17.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% overlooking the masses, 200,000 people being lined up. 29:17.866 --> 29:20.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% He used propaganda to create a new community. 29:20.433 --> 29:22.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% In fact, we even have a word for it. 29:22.000 --> 29:24.100 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% It's called Volksgemeinschaft. 29:24.100 --> 29:26.633 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% - [Rick] Inspirational images from Leni Riefenstahl's 29:26.633 --> 29:28.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% propaganda movie, "Triumph of the Will," 29:28.766 --> 29:32.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% were filmed at the 1934 Nuremberg rallies 29:32.033 --> 29:33.666 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and then shown in theaters 29:33.666 --> 29:35.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and school rooms throughout the country. 29:35.833 --> 29:37.066 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% The goal? 29:37.066 --> 29:39.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% To bring a visual celebration of the power 29:39.033 --> 29:43.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% of the Nazi state to all 70 million Germans. 29:43.433 --> 29:45.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Nuremberg shows the enormous power 29:45.533 --> 29:48.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% of fascism's secret weapon, propaganda. 29:50.533 --> 29:52.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - The media in Nazi Germany were controlled 29:52.900 --> 29:55.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% by the government, by the Ministry for Propaganda 29:55.866 --> 29:59.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and Enlightenment in Berlin headed by Joseph Goebbels. 29:59.933 --> 30:02.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So everything that was distributed to the people 30:02.733 --> 30:05.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% through the media was controlled from Berlin. 30:05.900 --> 30:09.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - [Rick] Goebbels used every means available to him 30:09.000 --> 30:12.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% along with the new and powerful media of movies, 30:12.133 --> 30:16.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% he used traditional formats such as newspapers, 30:16.133 --> 30:20.033 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% posters, and even postcards. 30:20.033 --> 30:22.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And perhaps the most far reaching 30:22.133 --> 30:24.966 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% was the new medium of radio. 30:24.966 --> 30:27.166 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - Hitler was one of the earlier politicians 30:27.166 --> 30:30.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to really make use of a mass media 30:30.333 --> 30:32.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% that was just coming on, which was the radio. 30:32.566 --> 30:36.033 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% So every German had in a household 30:36.033 --> 30:38.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the Volksempfänger people's radio, 30:38.500 --> 30:41.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% so his speeches would get into every 30:41.666 --> 30:44.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% German's living room, basically. 30:44.600 --> 30:47.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Within something like six years, the number 30:47.100 --> 30:51.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of radios in Germany went from 4 million to 17 million. 30:51.833 --> 30:54.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% So they could really reach almost every household 30:54.133 --> 30:55.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and people listen to the radio 30:55.466 --> 30:57.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% differently than they do today. 30:57.266 --> 30:59.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% If there was an important radio report, 30:59.833 --> 31:02.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it wouldn't just be two people doing housework 31:02.500 --> 31:04.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% or one person doing housework next to it. 31:04.733 --> 31:06.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% You would have the entire family there. 31:06.266 --> 31:08.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Maybe the neighbors if they couldn't yet afford a radio. 31:08.633 --> 31:12.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% So those were special events that appealed 31:12.733 --> 31:16.300 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% to the family community that would appeal to the neighbors, 31:16.300 --> 31:20.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% so you would reach a lot of people through only one medium. 31:21.700 --> 31:23.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Rick] Looming over now peaceful lake in Nuremberg 31:23.633 --> 31:26.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% is another remnant of the dictator's megalomania, 31:26.633 --> 31:30.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% his huge yet unfinished Nazi Congress Hall. 31:30.666 --> 31:32.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Hitler, who believed he would create 31:32.366 --> 31:35.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a new civilization based upon fascist values, 31:35.666 --> 31:39.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% modeled this building after the ancient Roman Colosseum, 31:39.366 --> 31:41.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% but even more colossal. 31:41.500 --> 31:44.333 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - Imagine 50,000 leading Nazis in here, 31:44.333 --> 31:46.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% one third higher covered by a roof, 31:46.833 --> 31:48.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% a window inside the ceiling. 31:48.666 --> 31:51.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Sunshine would've fallen down to the podium, 31:51.400 --> 31:55.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% once a year, one speech of Adolf Hitler. 31:55.066 --> 31:58.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Another stage set for this propaganda show 31:58.000 --> 32:00.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% was Hitler's mountain capping Eagle's Nest. 32:00.833 --> 32:02.866 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% This alpine getaway just south 32:02.866 --> 32:05.266 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% of Munich in Berchtesgaden was used 32:05.266 --> 32:08.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to soften Hitler's image against a majestic, 32:08.333 --> 32:10.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% almost theatrical backdrop. 32:12.566 --> 32:15.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% His visits were lovingly filmed to show him 32:15.400 --> 32:19.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as the embodiment of all that was good about Germany. 32:19.033 --> 32:21.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Healthy, vigorous, respectable, 32:21.566 --> 32:23.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% everyone's favorite uncle. 32:24.900 --> 32:27.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Set in the scenic foothills of the Alps, 32:27.400 --> 32:30.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% it was built in 1938 as a mountain retreat 32:30.533 --> 32:32.200 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% for Hitler and his guests. 32:32.200 --> 32:35.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% A stone tunnel crafted with fascist precision 32:35.233 --> 32:37.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% leads to Hitler's plush elevator, 32:37.433 --> 32:40.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% which still whisks visitors to the top. 32:40.133 --> 32:43.266 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Because it was in this corner of Bavaria that Hitler claimed 32:43.266 --> 32:46.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to be inspired and laid out his dark vision, 32:46.100 --> 32:50.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% some called Berchtesgaden the cradle of the Third Reich. 32:52.833 --> 32:56.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% By the mid-1930s, fascism was well established in two 32:56.066 --> 32:58.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% of Europe's leading nations, Germany and Italy. 32:58.800 --> 33:00.066 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Germany was booming 33:00.066 --> 33:02.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and building up its massive military, 33:02.000 --> 33:03.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% blatantly breaking the Treaty of Versailles, 33:03.833 --> 33:05.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% which ended World War I. 33:05.633 --> 33:07.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The ideology of fascism was spreading 33:07.700 --> 33:10.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the rest of the world was viewing it with alarm. 33:10.866 --> 33:13.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Expansionism was a key tenant of fascism. 33:13.833 --> 33:16.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Germany first annexed neighboring Austria, 33:16.333 --> 33:19.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% then the German speaking region of Czechoslovakia, 33:19.000 --> 33:21.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the Sudetenland, followed shortly after that, 33:21.366 --> 33:23.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% by the rest of the country, 33:23.333 --> 33:27.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Italy under Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and Albania. 33:27.233 --> 33:30.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% In 1939, Hitler and Mussolini signed a treaty 33:30.733 --> 33:33.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% creating what they called the Pact of Steel. 33:33.533 --> 33:35.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Further west, Spain and Portugal 33:35.466 --> 33:37.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% were also flirting with fascism. 33:40.000 --> 33:42.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Spain, like other nations at the time, 33:42.033 --> 33:45.733 align:left position:22.5% line:77% size:67.5% was making the awkward transition from 19th century monarchy 33:45.733 --> 33:47.700 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% to 20th century democracy. 33:47.700 --> 33:50.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% By the 1930s, it was governed by a modern 33:50.266 --> 33:51.933 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% but fragile democracy. 33:51.933 --> 33:56.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% By 1936, the Spanish people had become extremely polarized 33:56.633 --> 33:59.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% as the old guard of royalty, military, 33:59.166 --> 34:01.066 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and industry pushed back. 34:01.066 --> 34:05.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Representing this reactionary faction, a military strongman, 34:05.066 --> 34:09.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% General Francisco Franco invaded Spain from Spanish Morocco. 34:11.266 --> 34:14.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Using colonial troops and borrowed Italian planes, 34:14.466 --> 34:16.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% he attempted a coup d'état. 34:17.700 --> 34:20.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Like Mussolini and Hitler, Franco vowed a return 34:20.800 --> 34:25.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to order and to restore Spanish power and national pride. 34:25.266 --> 34:28.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% But the democratically-elected government fought back 34:28.100 --> 34:31.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the nation descended into a bloody civil war. 34:31.600 --> 34:33.533 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (explosion blasts) 34:33.533 --> 34:36.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Conservatives under Franco fought the liberal 34:36.100 --> 34:37.566 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% democratic government. 34:38.833 --> 34:42.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% It was a brutal war between classes and ideologies, 34:42.200 --> 34:45.066 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% dividing both villages and families. 34:45.066 --> 34:46.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% In three years of fighting, 34:46.433 --> 34:49.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% hundreds of thousands of Spaniards died. 34:50.533 --> 34:53.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Franco used predictable strongman tactics, 34:53.333 --> 34:56.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% including intimidation by police in the military. 34:57.766 --> 35:00.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Hitler and Mussolini, who mistakenly believed Franco 35:00.300 --> 35:04.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% would join their fascist alliance, threw gas on the fire. 35:04.100 --> 35:06.600 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (explosions blast) 35:06.600 --> 35:08.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% One of the most tragic episodes 35:08.400 --> 35:11.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% of this tragic war was in Guernica, 35:11.000 --> 35:14.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% a workaday town in the Basque region of northern Spain. 35:14.866 --> 35:18.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% It was here that the world first witnessed the terrible 35:18.000 --> 35:22.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% power of the fascist state, a prelude to World War II. 35:23.166 --> 35:25.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Guernica was the capital of an independent-minded 35:25.500 --> 35:28.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Basque community that stood up to Franco. 35:28.366 --> 35:30.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% (person speaks in foreign language) 35:30.666 --> 35:31.966 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% To break their spirit, 35:31.966 --> 35:34.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Franco enlisted the help of Germany's air force 35:34.833 --> 35:38.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the defiant town was decimated in the world's first 35:38.433 --> 35:40.700 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% saturation aerial bombardment. 35:41.800 --> 35:44.600 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 35:55.766 --> 35:59.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The Spanish artist, Pablo Picasso, heard the shocking news 35:59.300 --> 36:02.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and immediately set to work sketching the destruction 36:02.200 --> 36:03.666 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% as he imagined it. 36:03.666 --> 36:04.800 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% In a matter of weeks, 36:04.800 --> 36:07.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% he wove these bomb shattered shards 36:07.033 --> 36:10.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% into a large mural called "Guernica." 36:10.666 --> 36:14.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% In Picasso's masterpiece, a woman looks to the sky, 36:15.500 --> 36:16.666 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% horses scream, 36:17.833 --> 36:20.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% a soldier falls, body shattered, sword broken. 36:22.366 --> 36:25.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% A wounded woman flees a burning house. 36:26.266 --> 36:29.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% A bull, symbol of Spain, ponders it all, 36:29.000 --> 36:32.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% watching over a mother and her dead baby, 36:32.000 --> 36:33.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% a modern pieta. 36:34.966 --> 36:38.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Picasso's painting put a human face on the horror of war 36:38.866 --> 36:41.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and threw a stark light on the brutality 36:41.033 --> 36:42.666 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% of Franco and Hitler. 36:42.666 --> 36:46.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% To this day, "Guernica" remains the iconic depiction 36:46.933 --> 36:49.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% of fascist crimes against humanity. 36:51.766 --> 36:53.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Hitler may have stoked Germany's economy 36:53.800 --> 36:55.433 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and put people back to work, 36:55.433 --> 36:56.733 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% but it was becoming clear 36:56.733 --> 36:59.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% that whatever benefits fascism might bring 36:59.000 --> 37:01.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% to its political base, it had a darker side 37:01.800 --> 37:04.266 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and it came at a huge cost. 37:04.266 --> 37:06.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Despite its veneer of respectability 37:06.366 --> 37:08.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and its popularity among ordinary people, 37:08.700 --> 37:11.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the thriving fascist state relied on 37:11.333 --> 37:13.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% increasingly brutal repression. 37:13.833 --> 37:16.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Hitler continued his ruthless creation 37:16.400 --> 37:18.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of a totalitarian fascist state. 37:18.833 --> 37:20.400 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% The free press was silenced, 37:20.400 --> 37:23.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% as were intellectuals and universities. 37:23.333 --> 37:26.633 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65% - The Nazis approach to intellectuals was to dismiss them. 37:26.633 --> 37:28.100 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% They played no role. 37:28.100 --> 37:31.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% A good way to describe it is if you compare Nazis 37:31.066 --> 37:34.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and communists, a communist needs an enormous bookshelf. 37:34.566 --> 37:36.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% He needs to start with Marx and Engels, 37:36.333 --> 37:39.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% he goes through Lenin, he has dozens of books up 37:39.600 --> 37:41.133 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% until the present day. 37:41.133 --> 37:43.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% A Nazi's bookshelf has "Mein Kampf" 37:43.533 --> 37:44.933 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and that is basically it. 37:44.933 --> 37:47.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - [Rick] The Nazi approach to art was the same. 37:47.400 --> 37:49.633 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Only one style was acceptable. 37:49.633 --> 37:53.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - The Nazis or Hitler's approach to art was quite simple. 37:53.833 --> 37:58.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Their idea of art was to be as naturalistic as possible. 37:58.066 --> 38:01.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Basically blonde, blue-eyed people doing field work. 38:01.233 --> 38:03.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% When you look at these pictures, 38:03.533 --> 38:06.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% you see the perfect German family , according to the Nazis. 38:06.766 --> 38:08.933 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Everybody is tall, blonde, 38:08.933 --> 38:12.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% blue-eyed, beautiful, great shape, 38:12.500 --> 38:15.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and this is the idealist version of the German people. 38:15.566 --> 38:17.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - Anything else that would question society 38:17.866 --> 38:22.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or bring society forward, which art is quite well able 38:22.300 --> 38:26.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% to do, would just be deemed like unnatural 38:26.466 --> 38:28.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or un-German. (speaks in German) 38:28.400 --> 38:30.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - What they did not like was complicated modern art, 38:30.866 --> 38:32.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% what they call degenerate art. 38:32.933 --> 38:35.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% That is something that they either destroyed, 38:35.600 --> 38:40.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% sold off to make some money, or kept under wraps. 38:40.433 --> 38:43.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - In May, 1933, Hitler was chancellor 38:43.466 --> 38:45.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% for just a couple of months, we had the burning 38:45.833 --> 38:48.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% of books in Berlin, in (speaks in German) everywhere. 38:49.766 --> 38:51.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% - [Rick] Books that caused people 38:51.066 --> 38:53.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% to question the Nazi agenda were forbidden 38:53.833 --> 38:57.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and publicly burned with delight by Hitler's supporters. 38:57.866 --> 39:01.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% - The books of left wingers, psychologists, for some reason, 39:01.133 --> 39:03.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the Nazis hated psychology. 39:03.333 --> 39:04.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Books by Jewish writers, of course, 39:04.933 --> 39:08.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they would be publicly banned in big ceremonies. 39:08.433 --> 39:12.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - If you have some books, titles of those books 39:12.800 --> 39:15.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% that were burned the night before 39:15.000 --> 39:17.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and you invite some people, they can argue against you 39:17.900 --> 39:20.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% because you have those books in your private library 39:20.966 --> 39:23.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and even your roommate has an argument against you. 39:23.933 --> 39:26.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% You do not trust in anybody any longer 39:26.966 --> 39:29.300 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% after the burning of books. 39:29.300 --> 39:32.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% One famous German writer and author said, 39:32.966 --> 39:34.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% "Once you're burning books, 39:34.733 --> 39:37.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% very soon you're going to burn people." 39:37.666 --> 39:39.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - [Rick] Artifacts and posters illustrate 39:39.633 --> 39:42.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the Nazi notion of a master race. 39:42.866 --> 39:45.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Anyone who didn't fit into their model could be viewed 39:45.633 --> 39:50.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% as an enemy of the state and sent to concentration camps. 39:50.233 --> 39:53.566 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The Nazis required those they imprisoned to wear badges 39:53.566 --> 39:55.700 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% that identified their status, 39:55.700 --> 39:59.600 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% political traitor, lawbreaker, foreigner, homosexual, 39:59.600 --> 40:01.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and a catchall, asocial. 40:01.766 --> 40:04.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Anyone who would not conform. 40:04.433 --> 40:07.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% A special badge, the yellow star of David 40:07.333 --> 40:11.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% went to Hitler's lowest of the low, the Jews. 40:11.033 --> 40:13.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - The Nazis believed that the German people 40:13.666 --> 40:15.900 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% were the master race, the toughest, 40:15.900 --> 40:18.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the strongest, the bravest, the smartest. 40:18.600 --> 40:20.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% They said, "We should be running the planet. 40:20.700 --> 40:22.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% We just can't do it because this conspiracy, 40:22.833 --> 40:24.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the Jewish world conspiracy's in the way 40:24.933 --> 40:27.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and without them, if we deal with that conspiracy, 40:27.633 --> 40:31.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% then we will achieve our rightful status again." 40:31.266 --> 40:34.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% (Germans yelling in German) 40:34.200 --> 40:37.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - [Rick] The Nazis started putting their anti-Semitic ideas 40:37.100 --> 40:40.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% into action as early as April of 1933, 40:40.100 --> 40:44.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% when they organized a boycott of Jewish businesses. 40:44.000 --> 40:48.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - He specifically blamed one group, the Jewish people, 40:48.633 --> 40:51.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% for ruining things for everybody else. 40:51.533 --> 40:55.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - For him, it was clear his scapegoat was the Jews. 40:55.266 --> 40:57.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% They were the source of all evil in Germany 40:57.800 --> 41:00.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and in the world, and he wanted to kind of get rid of 41:00.633 --> 41:02.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% that evil, and that's what he worked for. 41:02.933 --> 41:05.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% - Then in November of 1938, 41:05.333 --> 41:09.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% the Nazis led a pogrom against Jews throughout Germany. 41:09.133 --> 41:12.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% During Kristallnacht, or the Night of the Broken Glass, 41:12.433 --> 41:15.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% as it was called, Jewish homes, hospitals, 41:15.066 --> 41:17.333 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and schools were ransacked. 41:17.333 --> 41:21.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed, 41:21.666 --> 41:24.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and over a thousand synagogues were burned, 41:25.033 --> 41:27.600 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and 30,000 Jews were arrested 41:27.600 --> 41:29.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and put in concentration camps. 41:31.566 --> 41:35.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% This was a turning point from earlier, economic, political, 41:35.066 --> 41:39.200 align:left position:22.5% line:77% size:67.5% and social persecution to physical beatings, incarceration, 41:39.200 --> 41:41.166 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and even murder. 41:41.166 --> 41:44.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% It was the beginning of Hitler's Final Solution. 41:46.033 --> 41:49.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Today, Berlin's Topography of Terror exhibit stands 41:49.233 --> 41:51.766 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% on the rubble of what was once the most feared 41:51.766 --> 41:53.733 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% address in Berlin, 41:53.733 --> 41:56.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the headquarters of the Gestapo Secret Police, 41:56.800 --> 41:59.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the elite SS Force. 41:59.133 --> 42:00.566 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (somber music) 42:00.566 --> 42:03.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% It was from here that government employees managed 42:03.500 --> 42:06.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the Nazi state and dispassionately coordinated 42:06.800 --> 42:09.166 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% it's most ruthless activities. 42:09.166 --> 42:11.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The efficient and heartless bureaucracy 42:11.333 --> 42:13.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% behind Hitler's crimes gave rise 42:13.633 --> 42:17.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% to the expression, "The banality of evil." 42:20.233 --> 42:22.400 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Fascism continued to spread 42:22.400 --> 42:25.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and its militarism threatened peace in Europe, 42:25.100 --> 42:27.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% while the whole world had gotten a preview of the horrors 42:27.766 --> 42:31.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of modern warfare in Spain, that was just the beginning. 42:31.366 --> 42:33.166 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (explosion blasts) 42:33.166 --> 42:35.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 42:35.000 --> 42:38.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% In 1939, Germany invaded Poland, 42:38.300 --> 42:40.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and World War II began. 42:40.300 --> 42:43.900 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The military might of Germany seemed unstoppable, 42:43.900 --> 42:46.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% employing their fast lightning war technique 42:46.366 --> 42:47.933 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% called blitzkrieg. 42:47.933 --> 42:50.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Hitler's mighty tanks and high-tech air force, 42:50.533 --> 42:53.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% the Luftwaffe, swept across Europe. 42:53.000 --> 42:56.200 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (explosion blasts) 42:56.200 --> 42:59.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% France fell quickly and suddenly Hitler was playing tourist 42:59.400 --> 43:00.900 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% at the Eiffel Tower. 43:00.900 --> 43:03.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Soon, nearly all of the continent was under direct 43:03.966 --> 43:06.600 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% or indirect fascist rule. 43:06.600 --> 43:09.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% With their final victory seemingly inevitable, 43:09.566 --> 43:13.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% the Nazis tightened the screws within their own society. 43:13.333 --> 43:15.266 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (footsteps thump) 43:15.266 --> 43:17.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The evils of fascism were incremental. 43:17.933 --> 43:20.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% As its small evils became big evils, 43:20.566 --> 43:22.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% German society managed to be oblivious 43:22.866 --> 43:24.833 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% to its own atrocities. 43:24.833 --> 43:27.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% At first, concentration camps contained 43:27.300 --> 43:29.000 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% people who didn't conform. 43:29.000 --> 43:31.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Then they became forced labor camps. 43:31.466 --> 43:34.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Eventually, the Nazis built death camps 43:34.200 --> 43:35.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% which were located outside of Germany, 43:35.933 --> 43:38.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and therefore farther from public view. 43:38.200 --> 43:40.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% With what the Nazis called the Final Solution, 43:40.866 --> 43:44.966 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% the entire Jewish population was targeted for extermination. 43:44.966 --> 43:48.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In total, approximately 6 million Jews died 43:48.400 --> 43:50.066 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% from Nazi persecution. 43:50.066 --> 43:54.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% 2.7 million of those died in death camps. 43:54.066 --> 43:57.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Auschwitz-Birkenau in Poland was the biggest 43:57.100 --> 44:00.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and most notorious concentration camp in the Nazi system. 44:00.900 --> 44:03.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Seeing the camp can be difficult, 44:03.000 --> 44:06.666 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% but Auschwitz survivors want tourists to come here 44:06.666 --> 44:09.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% to try to appreciate the scale and the monstrosity 44:09.600 --> 44:11.300 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% of the place in human terms, 44:11.300 --> 44:14.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% in hopes that this horror known as the Holocaust, 44:14.600 --> 44:16.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% will never be forgotten. 44:16.600 --> 44:18.200 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (somber music) 44:18.200 --> 44:21.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% As they entered these work camps, prisoners were greeted 44:21.433 --> 44:23.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% with a sign over the entrance, 44:23.200 --> 44:26.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% "Arbeit macht frei," "Work makes you free." 44:26.933 --> 44:28.533 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% A cynical lie. 44:28.533 --> 44:29.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (somber music continues) 44:29.933 --> 44:33.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Once inside, inmates were either worked to death 44:33.800 --> 44:35.100 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% or executed. 44:36.233 --> 44:38.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% New arrivals were sorted into two categories. 44:38.966 --> 44:42.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Those who would be sent to the gas chambers immediately 44:42.333 --> 44:44.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and those who could work would live, 44:44.666 --> 44:47.233 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% at least a little longer. 44:47.233 --> 44:49.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Halls are lined with photographs of victims, 44:49.866 --> 44:53.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% each marked with dates of arrival and dates of death. 44:53.366 --> 44:56.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Inmates rarely survived more than a couple of months. 44:56.900 --> 45:00.166 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Up to a thousand people, each tattooed with an ID number 45:00.166 --> 45:03.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% were packed into each of these buildings. 45:03.433 --> 45:05.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The gas chambers where the mass killing was done 45:05.933 --> 45:08.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% were disguised as showers. 45:08.333 --> 45:10.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% People were given hooks to hang their clothes on, 45:10.733 --> 45:13.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% conned into thinking they were coming back. 45:13.566 --> 45:16.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The Nazis didn't want a panic. 45:16.433 --> 45:19.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Then the inmates piled into the shower room. 45:19.366 --> 45:21.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% In this facility, the Nazis gassed 45:21.500 --> 45:24.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and cremated over 4,000 people per day. 45:31.600 --> 45:33.233 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% To finally defeat fascism, 45:33.233 --> 45:35.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the alliance of Hitler and Mussolini, 45:35.266 --> 45:39.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% it took a massive and heroic Allied effort led by Britain, 45:39.066 --> 45:41.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% America, and the Soviet Union. 45:41.466 --> 45:42.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music) 45:42.433 --> 45:44.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Germany had seemed invincible. 45:44.266 --> 45:46.266 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (explosion blasts) 45:46.266 --> 45:47.200 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (gunfire popping) 45:47.200 --> 45:49.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But after his ill-fated decision 45:49.300 --> 45:52.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% to invade the Soviet Union, Hitler was on his heels 45:52.700 --> 45:54.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and the tide was beginning to turn. 45:56.966 --> 45:58.500 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (explosion blasts) 45:58.500 --> 46:01.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% From the frozen eastern front, the Soviet Red Army began 46:01.733 --> 46:03.133 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% closing in on Germany. 46:04.433 --> 46:07.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% From Britain, Allied planes bombed German cities. 46:09.166 --> 46:11.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (bombs blasting) 46:11.900 --> 46:15.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% American troops swept up from the south through Italy. 46:17.766 --> 46:20.100 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd roaring) 46:20.100 --> 46:23.133 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Italian partisans overthrew their fascist government, 46:23.133 --> 46:26.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% switched sides and joined the Allies. 46:26.433 --> 46:28.133 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (gunfire pops) 46:28.133 --> 46:31.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Defeating a totalitarian society like fascist Germany 46:31.166 --> 46:34.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% took total war and victory came at great cost. 46:34.800 --> 46:37.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% To remember the final chapter of this story, 46:37.133 --> 46:40.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% we visit Normandy in France. 46:40.233 --> 46:43.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% On June 6th, 1944, called D-Day, 46:43.733 --> 46:46.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the Allies landed on the beaches of northern France 46:46.466 --> 46:49.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and began fighting their way to Berlin. 46:49.133 --> 46:53.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% D-Day marked the biggest amphibious invasion in history. 46:53.333 --> 46:55.200 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% After a furious and bloody battle, 46:55.200 --> 46:57.600 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% they established first a beachhead, 46:57.600 --> 46:59.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% then a makeshift harbor. 46:59.300 --> 47:03.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% And the long battle to reach Berlin was underway. 47:03.233 --> 47:06.166 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The war raged on even after it was clear 47:06.166 --> 47:08.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that Germany would lose. 47:08.000 --> 47:10.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Death camps sped up the mass murder, 47:11.333 --> 47:14.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% millions of German civilians as if hypnotized, 47:14.133 --> 47:17.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% continued to support their Fuhrer, 47:17.200 --> 47:20.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and great German cities like Hamburg and Dresden 47:20.000 --> 47:23.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% were destroyed under massive aerial bombardments 47:23.200 --> 47:25.733 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% with huge civilian losses, 47:25.733 --> 47:28.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as the Allies attempted to break the spirit 47:28.066 --> 47:31.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the German people who fueled the Nazi war machine. 47:32.733 --> 47:36.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Germany was overwhelmed as the combined military might 47:36.066 --> 47:38.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% of the Allies closed in on the Third Reich. 47:38.633 --> 47:40.400 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (explosion blasts) 47:40.400 --> 47:42.200 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% From the west, 47:42.200 --> 47:43.400 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% south, 47:43.400 --> 47:45.033 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% and east. 47:45.033 --> 47:47.200 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% (gunfire popping) 47:47.200 --> 47:50.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Finally, the Nazi capital of Berlin was liberated 47:50.500 --> 47:52.133 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% by Soviet troops. 47:52.133 --> 47:55.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (crowd cheering) 47:55.133 --> 47:59.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And both great fascist commanders met gruesome ends. 47:59.033 --> 48:02.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In Italy, angry citizens turned on their dictator 48:02.266 --> 48:06.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% with fury, executing Mussolini by firing squad, 48:06.200 --> 48:09.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% then hanging his body upside down for all to see. 48:11.466 --> 48:14.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And Hitler finished his life here in Berlin, 48:14.200 --> 48:16.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% deep underground, in a bunker below my feet, 48:16.533 --> 48:18.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% with his capital smoldering in ruins, 48:18.633 --> 48:20.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the dictator committed suicide. 48:20.666 --> 48:25.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Finally in the spring of 1945, the war in Europe ended. 48:25.566 --> 48:28.233 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The death toll was staggering. 48:28.233 --> 48:32.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% In addition to 6 million Jews, the Nazis killed hundreds 48:32.433 --> 48:35.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% of thousands of so-called undesirables, 48:37.133 --> 48:41.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% over a million political and religious prisoners, 48:41.200 --> 48:45.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and nearly 9 million Soviet and Polish citizens. 48:45.600 --> 48:48.066 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (somber music) 48:48.066 --> 48:50.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% With fascism defeated, many of its leaders 48:50.700 --> 48:54.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and supporters had to account for their deeds. 48:54.133 --> 48:56.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% In Italy, there were violent reprisals against former 48:56.833 --> 49:00.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fascists, but few formal trials. 49:00.133 --> 49:03.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% In Germany, Nazi criminals had to face trial. 49:03.800 --> 49:06.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The most famous were the Nuremberg Trials 49:06.133 --> 49:09.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% where 22 major Nazi criminals had to face justice 49:09.433 --> 49:11.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% from the Allied Powers. 49:11.666 --> 49:15.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (somber music continues) 49:15.866 --> 49:17.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Europe's experiment with fascism 49:17.566 --> 49:19.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% left the continent devastated, 49:19.400 --> 49:22.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% with entire societies needing to be rebuilt. 49:22.566 --> 49:26.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Germany had to be reconstructed inside and out. 49:27.366 --> 49:30.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Italy was left bloodied and weak. 49:33.500 --> 49:35.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% While Spain stayed out of the war, 49:35.133 --> 49:37.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and its dictator Franco would remain in power 49:37.266 --> 49:39.100 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% for the next decades, 49:39.100 --> 49:43.566 align:left position:25% line:77% size:65% it also paid dearly, left isolated from the world community 49:43.566 --> 49:45.366 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and behind the times. 49:49.866 --> 49:52.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The sweeping impact of fascism can be felt 49:52.433 --> 49:55.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to this day, in the many memorials across Europe 49:55.433 --> 49:58.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% that remind us of those horrific years. 49:58.833 --> 50:02.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's felt in the German concentration camp memorials. 50:02.733 --> 50:04.600 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (somber music) 50:04.600 --> 50:06.066 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% They make us pause 50:06.066 --> 50:10.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and attempt to comprehend the unthinkable numbers. 50:10.166 --> 50:13.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam humanizes the horror 50:13.533 --> 50:16.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of the Holocaust through the story of just one 50:16.400 --> 50:18.800 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% of its 6 million victims. 50:20.500 --> 50:23.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% At the D-Day Memorials in northern France, 50:23.033 --> 50:26.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% we try to appreciate the sacrifice it took to defeat 50:26.533 --> 50:29.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the hateful ideology and reestablish freedom. 50:30.900 --> 50:32.566 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% In Spain near Madrid, 50:32.566 --> 50:36.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% a towering granite cross marks the Valley of the Fallen. 50:37.633 --> 50:41.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Originally famous as the site of Francisco Franco's tomb, 50:41.333 --> 50:44.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% today it's considered a memorial to all the victims 50:44.666 --> 50:47.100 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5% of Spain's devastating civil war. 50:48.400 --> 50:51.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In Berlin, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews 50:51.266 --> 50:54.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of Europe is a touching and evocative field 50:54.300 --> 50:56.766 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% of gravestone-like pillars. 50:56.766 --> 50:59.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% It's designed to cause people to think 50:59.266 --> 51:03.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and to ponder this horrible chapter in human history. 51:06.233 --> 51:08.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% A common refrain at many of these memorials 51:08.566 --> 51:10.200 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% is, "Never again." 51:10.200 --> 51:13.433 align:left position:30% line:77% size:60% But even today in well-established democracies throughout 51:13.433 --> 51:17.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% the West, societies are facing many of the same emotions, 51:17.266 --> 51:19.666 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% frustrations, and inequities 51:19.666 --> 51:24.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% that a century ago opened the door to fascism in Europe. 51:24.033 --> 51:26.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - If I asked myself, could it happen again? 51:26.266 --> 51:27.800 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% I would say no. 51:27.800 --> 51:32.300 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% But it has happened in Germany and it might happen again. 51:33.433 --> 51:34.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So if you bring all of these elements together, 51:34.566 --> 51:36.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% a moment of crisis, a strong leader 51:36.666 --> 51:38.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% who knows how to take advantage of the fear, 51:38.800 --> 51:41.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and you don't have a really true press 51:41.833 --> 51:44.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% where there is no exchange of opinions, 51:44.633 --> 51:46.066 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% I think there's a possibility 51:46.066 --> 51:47.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% for these things to happen again. 51:47.566 --> 51:49.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% - Fascism happened here in Germany, 51:49.966 --> 51:51.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the center of civilization, 51:51.866 --> 51:54.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% in the land of Beethoven, (speaks in German) 51:54.566 --> 51:57.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and if it could have happened here, 51:57.600 --> 52:00.233 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% it can happen anywhere in the world. 52:00.233 --> 52:03.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% - [Rick] Today, Germany deals responsibly with the legacy 52:03.366 --> 52:05.333 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% of pain it brought Europe. 52:05.333 --> 52:09.533 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Germany knows the importance of a well-informed electorate. 52:09.533 --> 52:12.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Every school child learns of the Holocaust 52:12.133 --> 52:14.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% with a visit to a concentration camp 52:14.533 --> 52:17.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and Nazi documentation centers in major cities 52:17.700 --> 52:19.100 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% tell the story. 52:19.100 --> 52:21.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% It's all part of an educational program to teach 52:21.666 --> 52:24.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% how fascism took hold here and how it led to some 52:24.266 --> 52:27.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the worst horrors in history. 52:27.033 --> 52:29.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - In Germany, we definitely believe that education 52:29.600 --> 52:31.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% is one of the main ways 52:31.366 --> 52:33.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% to make sure that something like this will not be repeated. 52:33.933 --> 52:36.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - Because if you know what mechanisms were working 52:36.800 --> 52:40.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% and what mechanisms of economy and politics were at play 52:40.533 --> 52:44.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% in the 1920s and '30s, then you can see 52:44.066 --> 52:47.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% what is happening today and try to prevent it. 52:47.900 --> 52:49.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% - Education is everything, 52:49.766 --> 52:52.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% even further there to be an electorate that is capable 52:52.966 --> 52:57.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of thinking independently, you need that electorate 52:57.200 --> 52:58.500 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% to be educated. 52:58.500 --> 53:00.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Focus on the education system, 53:01.466 --> 53:04.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% make citizen more than consumers, 53:05.500 --> 53:07.933 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and very importantly, 53:07.933 --> 53:13.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% having media that are not biased, independent information. 53:14.400 --> 53:17.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - [Rick] But perhaps most important is the preservation 53:17.033 --> 53:20.266 align:left position:30% line:77% size:60% of government by the constitution and the rule of law, 53:20.266 --> 53:23.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and not by the dictates of a charismatic, 53:23.000 --> 53:24.566 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% all powerful leader. 53:24.566 --> 53:26.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% - When there's great fear of the future where 53:26.633 --> 53:29.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% what people have feels threatened 53:29.500 --> 53:31.633 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and they're afraid to lose it, 53:31.633 --> 53:35.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% then it's easy for populism to come into play 53:35.333 --> 53:37.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and it's easy for leaders who present themselves 53:37.900 --> 53:42.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% as interpreters of that to take hold. 53:42.166 --> 53:45.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - One of the things that you can do to make sure 53:45.000 --> 53:47.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that something like this will not happen here 53:47.166 --> 53:50.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% or in other countries is not trust people 53:50.833 --> 53:53.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% that promise you very easy answers 53:53.033 --> 53:55.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% for very complicated problems. 53:55.266 --> 53:57.100 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% It never works. 53:57.100 --> 53:58.566 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% - Democracy is fragile 53:58.566 --> 54:00.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and it should not be taken for granted. 54:00.266 --> 54:02.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% So to defend it, I think, is important. 54:04.200 --> 54:07.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% I think we can learn not to follow leaders into the abyss 54:08.800 --> 54:12.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and to maintain critical independent thinking. 54:12.733 --> 54:15.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - As we've seen through the story of fascism in Europe, 54:15.500 --> 54:17.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% charismatic leaders rose to power 54:17.533 --> 54:19.500 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% through the democratic process 54:19.500 --> 54:22.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and then seized extra constitutional power 54:22.733 --> 54:24.766 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% by unlawful means. 54:24.766 --> 54:27.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% When citizens allowed leaders to do this, 54:27.033 --> 54:30.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% individual freedoms and rights soon fell by the wayside, 54:30.466 --> 54:32.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and democracy was lost. 54:32.833 --> 54:35.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% While democracy was restored to Western Europe, 54:35.333 --> 54:37.600 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% it easily could have been lost forever, 54:37.600 --> 54:40.866 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and the cost was millions of lives. 54:40.866 --> 54:43.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% As history continues to unfold around us today, 54:43.733 --> 54:45.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% it's important to remember that freedom 54:45.566 --> 54:48.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and democracy are not guaranteed. 54:48.433 --> 54:50.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% We are all participants 54:51.433 --> 54:53.766 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and we are all responsible. 54:56.666 --> 54:59.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The story of fascism in Europe has taught us that strong 54:59.866 --> 55:03.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and charismatic leaders can capitalize on fear 55:03.166 --> 55:05.266 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% to lead a society astray. 55:05.266 --> 55:07.133 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Democracy is fragile. 55:07.133 --> 55:10.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% It requires a vigilant and engaged populace, 55:10.400 --> 55:13.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% and if you take freedom for granted, you can lose it. 55:13.566 --> 55:15.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Thanks for joining us, I'm Rick Steves. 55:15.500 --> 55:18.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Until next time, travel thoughtfully. 55:21.066 --> 55:23.033 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Hey, I'm Rick Steves. 55:23.033 --> 55:26.400 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Remember, this station is unique on the dial, 55:26.400 --> 55:30.666 align:left position:22.5% line:5% 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align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% that would find it convenient, more profitable, frankly, 55:56.033 --> 56:00.133 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% if we were all just disengaged, dumbed down. 56:00.133 --> 56:03.100 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% Commercial stations seem to do just that, 56:03.100 --> 56:07.000 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% but here in public television, the programming is positive, 56:07.000 --> 56:10.600 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% it's uplifting, and it expands our horizons. 56:10.600 --> 56:14.633 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Public media inspires us to be not afraid, 56:14.633 --> 56:17.766 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% but to be confident, not disillusioned, 56:17.766 --> 56:21.733 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% but engaged, not discouraged, but encouraged, 56:21.733 --> 56:25.866 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% and it only happens with support from 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align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% This book is packed with practical tips from chapters 57:15.666 --> 57:18.600 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% on packing light and planning a smart itinerar, 57:18.600 --> 57:21.966 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% to eating your way through Europe and finding great hotels. 57:21.966 --> 57:24.066 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% We'll also send you this map of Europe, 57:24.066 --> 57:25.966 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% which is perfect for pre-trip planning 57:25.966 --> 57:28.866 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% and using while you're on the vacation of your dreams. 57:28.866 --> 57:31.233 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% Plus, you'll receive Rick Steves' newsletter, 57:31.233 --> 57:32.933 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% which is packed full of travel tips 57:32.933 --> 57:35.033 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% about European destinations. 57:35.033 --> 57:37.866 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% And don't forget, with your qualifying contribution, 57:37.866 --> 57:40.866 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% you'll be able to enjoy a terrific member benefit, 57:40.866 --> 57:44.333 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% PBS Passport, which lets you watch every one of Rick's shows 57:44.333 --> 57:46.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% that's available on the PBS app. 57:46.466 --> 57:49.366 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% With PBS Passport, you'll also be able to stream 57:49.366 --> 57:52.400 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% a treasure trove of your favorite dramas, history, 57:52.400 --> 57:54.233 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% arts, music, and more. 57:54.233 --> 57:59.300 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% So don't wait, go to pbs.org/rick to give now. 57:59.800 --> 58:00.533 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5% Thank you. 58:01.766 --> 58:04.433 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% (uplifting music continues) 58:04.433 --> 58:06.900 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% - As you can see, it's easy to donate 58:06.900 --> 58:08.600 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% to support public television. 58:08.600 --> 58:10.566 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Whether you're watching the station on the air 58:10.566 --> 58:13.433 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% or streaming shows like this right here. 58:13.433 --> 58:16.366 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% Please, take a moment to make your donation. 58:16.366 --> 58:18.966 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Doing so, you'll support your local station 58:18.966 --> 58:21.666 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% and the great programming it brings your way. 58:21.666 --> 58:23.433 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% And again, as a bonus, 58:23.433 --> 58:27.233 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% you'll enjoy great benefits including Passport. 58:27.233 --> 58:28.133 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% Thanks a lot. 58:29.166 --> 58:32.000 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% (dramatic music) 58:52.166 --> 58:55.800 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (dramatic music continues) 59:13.033 --> 59:16.700 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% (dramatic music continues) 59:21.000 --> 59:23.666 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (gentle music) 59:25.900 --> 59:27.933 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (dramatic music)