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- Fascism.

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We hear this word a lot 
lately, but just what is it?

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The word comes from the Latin 
word for this, a fasces.

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The idea?

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Well, you can break 
one stick easily,

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but when you bundle 
them together, they 
become very strong.

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And when a dictator 
convinces an entire nation

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to march together in lockstep, 
they feel strong, too.

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And in fascism an ax 
symbolizes that it's unity

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with discipline, 
brutal if necessary.

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I'm Rick Steves,

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and in this special program 
we'll learn from the hard

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lessons of fascism in 
20th century Europe.

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Thanks for joining us.

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(dramatic music)

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(speakers yell indistinctly)

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(group chanting indistinctly)

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(group chanting indistinctly)

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(footsteps stomping)

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(group yelling)

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(dramatic music continues)

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(ceramic clinking)

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(footsteps stomping)

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With some thoughtful travel,

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we'll see how entire nations 
were first mesmerized

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and then led astray by 
their fascist leaders.

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Our journey will take 
us back nearly a century

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to learn how in Europe, 
fascism rose and then fell,

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taking millions 
of people with it.

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We'll trace fascism's roots 
during the turbulent aftermath

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of World War I as masses 
of angry people rose up.

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The rise of charismatic leaders 
who manipulated that anger,

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the totalitarian 
societies they built,

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and the brutal measures they 
used to enforce their ideology.

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We'll see the 
horrific consequences,

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genocide, and total war.

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(plane buzzing)

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Along the way, we'll 
talk with Europeans

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whose families lived 
through those times.

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- And we have to be vigilant.

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- And visit sites 
related to fascism.

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In 1918, world War I ended,

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leaving 10 million dead 
and Europe in ruins.

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The chaotic aftermath of the 
war created fertile ground

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for the seeds of fascism.

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Nowhere was that more 
true than in defeated

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and devastated Germany.

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(dramatic music)

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Imagine Germany after 1918.

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For four long years, 
they'd fought bravely,

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lost over 2 million men, 
and then surrendered.

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Veterans limped home to 
a country in shambles.

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(people speak indistinctly)

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Their emperor had been toppled,

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replaced by a weak democracy.

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Their nation was humiliated 
with especially harsh terms

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of surrender, including an 
Allied demand for Germany

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to pay costly war reparations.

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Cynical Germans were 
convinced their own leaders

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had sold them out and 
surrendered too early.

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They called it the 
stab-in-the-back.

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The economy was horrible, 
people needed jobs.

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Terrible inflation 
wiped out savings.

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It took literally a wheelbarrow 
of nearly worthless currency

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to buy a loaf of bread.

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Germans had no faith 
in their government

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to get society back on track.

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In this vacuum of power, 
a fringe movement claiming

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to be the champion of 
the oppressed emerged.

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They dressed in intimidating 
brown shirt uniforms,

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roamed the streets in gangs,

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and wanted to restore 
Germany's national pride.

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They called themselves 
the National Socialists

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or Nazis, their 
leader, Adolf Hitler.

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(dramatic music)

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Those early Nazis found a 
natural base here in Munich.

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While a pleasant and 
idyllic city today,

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this capital of Bavaria was 
known for it's conservative

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and nationalistic passions.

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Nazi street gang violently 
attacked unwanted outsiders,

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Jews and communists.

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(dramatic music continues)

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In 1923, in a beer 
hall like this,

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the original Nazi leadership 
gathered their followers,

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they were impatient and 
eager to take power.

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Hitler waved his 
pistol in the air

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and called for the 
revolution to begin.

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(intense music)

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Hitler led the ragtag 
revolutionaries in 
the beer hall into

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the streets of Munich, planning 
to overthrow the government.

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But that attempted revolt 
called the Beer Hall Putsch,

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failed after a bloody 
confrontation, the 
police crushed it,

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here at Odeonsplatz.

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Hitler was arrested 
and sent to jail.

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And it seemed that Germany's 
fascist movement was finished

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before it got off the ground.

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Unable to overthrow the 
government by force,

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Hitler resolved to take 
it by political means.

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While in prison, he 
wrote "Mein Kampf,"

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or, "My Struggle," which 
preaches his message

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of uniting all ethnic Germans

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and giving them 
more space to live.

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The book remains 
potent to this day,

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particularly for Germans 
like Andreas Clemens.

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Could Germans just buy this?

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- Until recently, it was 
illegal to buy or sell

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it in Germany.

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- [Rick] So if I was 
to read "Mein Kampf,"

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what's the writing like?

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- Well, you can see that Hitler 
had problems with grammar,

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part of it is gibberish.

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It's very hard to get through.

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The book is one of the most 
published books in history.

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And every German 
household had that book

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and they probably 
tried to read it,

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but they gave up 
10, 20 pages in.

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- And this, I would imagine, 
lays out the main points

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of the fascist future.

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What are those points?

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- He's saying that 
democracy doesn't work.

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That it's a flawed system 
that can be manipulated

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by outside forces 
for their own gain.

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He's blaming communists for it.

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Ultimately, at the 
end of everything,

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is the Jewish world conspiracy.

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So Jews are behind everything 
that is wrong with the world,

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that he has a solution for that 
and the solution is fascism

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or national socialism,

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and that he can 
make Germany strong,

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he can unite the country, 
he can unite the master race

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and get us back to 
a rightful status.

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- Hitler may have been 
locked up in prison,

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but he was tapping into ideas

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that had already 
been percolating in 
places around Europe.

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One of those was the country

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where the fascist ideology would 
first come to power, Italy.

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In the center of Rome, 
capital of Italy,

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stands the Victor 
Emmanuel Monument.

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With its Altar of 
the Fatherland,

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it was designed to celebrate 
the greatness of Italy.

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And facing this monument 
on Piazza Venezia,

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nationalists would gather 
to honor their nation.

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In the 1920s and '30s, 
tens of thousands

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of Italians would 
fill this square

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to hear rousing speeches 
delivered from that balcony.

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The speaker proclaimed 
the greatness of Italy

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and promised them 
a glorious future.

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And the people followed.

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(people yelling indistinctly)

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Once a rabble-rousing 
journalist,

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this charismatic speaker 
became their leader, Il Duce.

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The man was Benito Mussolini.

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(Mussolini speak in Italian)

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Mussolini's rise, 
like that of Hitler,

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had its roots in World War I.

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- 1918 is the end 
of World War I.

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There was a lot of discontent 
in Italy after World War I.

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The country was in a pure 
chaos, very high unemployment,

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lot of strikes, and 
was almost in a verge

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of communist revolt.

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- There was great 
disappointment.

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Even the fact that Italy 
was on the winning side,

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it felt that it 
did not get enough

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out of the peace treaties.

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They talked about the 
mutilated victory,

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that is the equivalent of 
a German stab-in-the-back.

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And so there's that and all 
these veterans coming back,

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having fought in the 
trenches, for what?

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- All of the soldiers coming 
back from the battlefields

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were not really welcomed back.

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So there were a lot 
of street fights

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and basically the 
soldiers came together

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in this party called 
Fasci di Combattimento,

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and they had a leader, 
which was Benito Mussolini.

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- Mussolini capitalized 
on a deep-seated

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frustration among Italians.

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Italy was still a young nation 
having only united in 1871.

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The surge of nationalism 
that came with unification

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left Italians hungry 
for greatness,

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but feeling disappointed.

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Its parliamentary democracy 
was weak and ineffectual

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and the economy was terrible.

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And as with Germany, the 
Italians had just suffered

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through World War I

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and people were angry 
about the way it was fought

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and the way it was finished.

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Mussolini seized this moment 
to launch a new movement,

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the fascist party.

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While fascists won only 
a handful of seats,

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they were a potent 
political force

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and a paramilitary one.

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(tense music)

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Fascism was not 
just an ideology,

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but a campaign of 
physical intimidation.

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Gangs of armed black-clad war 
veterans called Squadristi,

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nicknamed the Blackshirts,

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wielded violence against 
their political opponents.

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- Fascism starts as violence.

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I mean, how did fascism start?

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These were gangs of, in most 
cases, veterans of the war

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who went around the 
streets, beating workers up,

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beating up the socialists, 
this is how it started.

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- The Communist 
Party was a threat

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during the end of World War I.

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And actually, the 
Fascist Party was formed

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because of the clashes.

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- [Rick] The Blackshirts 
broke strikes,

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expelled socialist mayors,

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and gave their base 
the promise of action.

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(tense music continues)

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In 1922, some 30,000 
fascists descended

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on the nation's capital 
in a show of force,

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the so-called March on Rome.

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Without firing a shot,

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Mussolini was handed 
the reigns of power.

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Suddenly, Italy was 
under fascist rule

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with a bold if politically 
inexperienced, new leader.

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Piazza Venezia became the stage

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for a new amped up 
kind of nationalism.

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Mussolini loved big rallies,

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and from his balcony 
offering big promises

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and simple solutions 
to complex problems,

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he whipped his followers 
into a mass frenzy.

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(Mussolini speaking in Italian)

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(crowd roaring)

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They interrupted his 
speeches with chants of,

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"Duce, duce, duce," leader.

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(crowd roaring)

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- What I understand now is

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that it was like a 
collective dream.

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It was like hypnosis, standing 
in a crowd with thousands

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of people, all 
focused on one man

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who was terrific at using his 
body, his facial expressions,

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and language to 
reach their hearts.

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(Mussolini speaking in Italian)

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- They were going ballistic,

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even for a hand gesture or a 
facial expression of Mussolini.

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Mussolini was an actor,

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and when he eventually 
show up in that window

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and he stood in 
his typical posture

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with his imposing 
chin, for the Italians,

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it was the personification 
of a greater Italy.

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- He promised an Italy 
that would be great,

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that would be modern, that 
would be finally unified

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where there would be 
work for everybody.

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- [Rick] For his first 
15 years, Mussolini ruled

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with dictatorial power 
and impressive success.

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He pumped up the 
economy, created jobs,

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and invested in infrastructure.

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(Alfio speaking in Italian)

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- Build, build, and build.

252
00:12:04,133 --> 00:12:08,166
- In the beginning, I think 
Mussolini was able to garner

253
00:12:08,166 --> 00:12:10,833
so much favor because 
it really did seem

254
00:12:10,833 --> 00:12:13,733
that he was making this a modern 
country, a lot of building,

255
00:12:13,733 --> 00:12:16,866
a lot of modern 
infrastructure jobs, homes.

256
00:12:16,866 --> 00:12:18,800
So on the surface 
at least it did seem

257
00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:20,333
that he was actually 
getting things done.

258
00:12:20,333 --> 00:12:22,166
- So Italians are 
happy at the moment,

259
00:12:22,166 --> 00:12:26,333
'cause they come from the 
pure chaos of 1918, 1919,

260
00:12:26,333 --> 00:12:28,333
to having jobs

261
00:12:28,333 --> 00:12:32,666
and having a society 
that apparently works.

262
00:12:32,666 --> 00:12:34,100
- [Rick] He energized Rome

263
00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:37,066
with grand projects like 
this Olympic stadium,

264
00:12:37,066 --> 00:12:38,733
which is still in use today.

265
00:12:39,666 --> 00:12:42,100
(dramatic music)

266
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:43,800
- And stopped using 
steel and cement-

267
00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:47,033
- [Rick] Francesca grew up 
hearing stories of Mussolini.

268
00:12:47,033 --> 00:12:49,733
She shares some local insight.

269
00:12:49,733 --> 00:12:51,766
This is an impressive stadium.

270
00:12:51,766 --> 00:12:54,200
- Mussolini built the 
stadium to promote Rome

271
00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,333
for the Olympic games, 
but also to promote sports

272
00:12:57,333 --> 00:13:01,433
and physical prowess as key 
elements of fascist ideology.

273
00:13:01,433 --> 00:13:03,466
These statues 
represent athletes,

274
00:13:03,466 --> 00:13:06,133
but they also represent 
new fascist man.

275
00:13:06,133 --> 00:13:10,333
A man who is physically 
strong, proud, disciplined,

276
00:13:10,333 --> 00:13:13,733
but who is also willing to 
support the fascist dogma.

277
00:13:13,733 --> 00:13:15,600
Believe, obey, fight.

278
00:13:16,700 --> 00:13:19,166
- Believe, obey, fight.

279
00:13:19,166 --> 00:13:21,633
- So these mosaics are 
inspired by ancient Rome

280
00:13:21,633 --> 00:13:23,566
and they proclaim the 
greatness of the leader

281
00:13:23,566 --> 00:13:25,466
and the achievements 
of the fascist regime.

282
00:13:25,466 --> 00:13:28,266
Military events, Roman salutes.

283
00:13:28,266 --> 00:13:29,566
- Oh, yeah. 
- And for emphasis,

284
00:13:29,566 --> 00:13:32,366
things are repeated, 
duce, duce, duce, duce.

285
00:13:32,366 --> 00:13:34,033
- [Rick] Look at that, 10 duces.

286
00:13:35,166 --> 00:13:37,966
- In fascism belligerence 
is celebrated.

287
00:13:37,966 --> 00:13:39,266
Look at this.

288
00:13:39,266 --> 00:13:41,933
(Francesca speaks in Italian)

289
00:13:41,933 --> 00:13:44,566
Many enemies, much honor.

290
00:13:46,033 --> 00:13:50,400
- Mussolini's ego is immense.

291
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:55,466
In fact, one of the motto 
was. (speaks in Italian)

292
00:13:55,466 --> 00:13:57,733
"Mussolini is always right."

293
00:13:57,733 --> 00:14:01,100
- He certainly had a vision 
of himself as a man of genius

294
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:04,833
with a capital G, a man 
who had a superior vision

295
00:14:04,833 --> 00:14:06,533
of society and the world.

296
00:14:06,533 --> 00:14:10,533
- He truly believed he 
was a new Roman emperor.

297
00:14:10,533 --> 00:14:15,400
He wanted to somehow recreate 
this new Roman empire

298
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,333
and he couldn't stand that

299
00:14:18,333 --> 00:14:21,666
Italy was not important anymore

300
00:14:21,666 --> 00:14:23,100
in Europe.

301
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:24,366
(tense music)

302
00:14:24,366 --> 00:14:26,033
- [Rick] Mussolini 
championed the revival

303
00:14:26,033 --> 00:14:27,800
of the glory of ancient Rome.

304
00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:31,233
He created this grand 
boulevard of the Imperial Forum

305
00:14:31,233 --> 00:14:34,966
for stately and 
military processions 
between the Colosseum

306
00:14:34,966 --> 00:14:37,633
and his office in 
Piazza Venezia.

307
00:14:37,633 --> 00:14:41,366
He lined it with imposing 
statues of emperors.

308
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,400
Absolute rulers enjoy 
each other's company.

309
00:14:50,566 --> 00:14:53,266
Mussolini built a 
futuristic city at the edge

310
00:14:53,266 --> 00:14:54,366
of Rome called EUR.

311
00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:58,600
This planned city 
is the architectural

312
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:00,433
embodiment of fascism.

313
00:15:02,333 --> 00:15:06,066
The uniform buildings and the 
rigid grid-planned streets

314
00:15:06,066 --> 00:15:10,066
celebrate order and conformity 
while echoing a powerful past

315
00:15:10,066 --> 00:15:12,466
and promising a glorious future.

316
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:17,033
The centerpiece is 
called the Palace

317
00:15:17,033 --> 00:15:18,866
of Italian Civilization.

318
00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:22,833
- So the Palace of Italian 
Civilization was intended

319
00:15:22,833 --> 00:15:25,100
as a celebration of 
the Italian people

320
00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:26,666
and their many talents.

321
00:15:26,666 --> 00:15:28,066
But there's something about it,

322
00:15:28,066 --> 00:15:31,366
this monolithic starkness 
it has that also seems

323
00:15:31,366 --> 00:15:34,600
to remind us that fascist 
ideology requires individuals

324
00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:36,533
to give everything 
up for the state.

325
00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:39,866
(dramatic music)

326
00:15:39,866 --> 00:15:41,900
- [Rick] With a populous tired 
of dysfunctional government,

327
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:45,466
Mussolini rose to power 
with the promise of action.

328
00:15:45,466 --> 00:15:48,733
And throughout Italy, imposing 
architecture like this train

329
00:15:48,733 --> 00:15:52,566
station in Milan seemed 
designed to remind all

330
00:15:52,566 --> 00:15:56,266
that the state is more 
important than the individual.

331
00:15:56,266 --> 00:15:58,400
The state gets things done,

332
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,500
and of course, with the 
leadership of Il Duce,

333
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:04,100
the trains will run on time.

334
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:05,400
(train rattling)

335
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:08,100
- This famous sentence, 
"Trains run on time."

336
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:11,433
So an appearance of 
success at what cost?

337
00:16:11,433 --> 00:16:13,200
At the cost of personal freedom.

338
00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:17,333
- People didn't have a 
choice to accept Mussolini

339
00:16:17,333 --> 00:16:18,866
as their leader.

340
00:16:18,866 --> 00:16:23,400
It was against the law to talk 
against the Fascist Party.

341
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:25,433
Not even journalists 
were independent

342
00:16:25,433 --> 00:16:26,966
to write exactly 
what they want to.

343
00:16:26,966 --> 00:16:29,166
- There was this 
famous fascist motto,

344
00:16:29,166 --> 00:16:32,166
"Everything for the state, 
everything within the state,

345
00:16:32,166 --> 00:16:33,866
nothing against the state."

346
00:16:35,166 --> 00:16:37,466
- While Mussolini was forging 
the first fascist state

347
00:16:37,466 --> 00:16:39,266
in Italy, back here in Germany,

348
00:16:39,266 --> 00:16:41,000
Hitler was taking notes.

349
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,800
Once out of prison, he played 
on many of the same themes

350
00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:47,033
as Mussolini, rousing a 
disillusioned workforce,

351
00:16:47,033 --> 00:16:49,033
reviving a struggling economy

352
00:16:49,033 --> 00:16:51,433
and fixing what was 
considered a weak government.

353
00:16:51,433 --> 00:16:54,066
At first, the boom times 
of the Roaring Twenties

354
00:16:54,066 --> 00:16:55,866
blunted his populist message.

355
00:16:55,866 --> 00:16:59,200
But then the Great 
Depression hit in 1929,

356
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,400
the working masses 
were angry again,

357
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:03,600
and Hitler's promises 
gained traction.

358
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:07,433
Fascism was now taking 
root in Germany.

359
00:17:07,433 --> 00:17:11,933
(Hitler speaking in German)

360
00:17:11,933 --> 00:17:14,833
(crowd roaring)

361
00:17:14,833 --> 00:17:17,966
- So Hitler promised

362
00:17:17,966 --> 00:17:21,300
jobs, jobs, jobs to everybody.

363
00:17:22,933 --> 00:17:25,533
And of course, 
people needed jobs.

364
00:17:25,533 --> 00:17:28,133
That was exactly that 
what they wanted to hear.

365
00:17:28,133 --> 00:17:30,733
- Hitler promised the 
people everything,

366
00:17:30,733 --> 00:17:32,033
everything they wanted.

367
00:17:32,033 --> 00:17:34,700
He promised them 
a bright future.

368
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:38,433
He promised them work, he 
promised them (speaks in German)

369
00:17:38,433 --> 00:17:40,000
living space.

370
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:41,466
(Hitler speaking in German)

371
00:17:41,466 --> 00:17:44,833
- [Rick] Hitler was a 
powerful, mesmerizing speaker.

372
00:17:44,833 --> 00:17:48,666
(Hitler speaking in German)

373
00:17:48,666 --> 00:17:50,933
- People were taken 
by Hitler's speech,

374
00:17:50,933 --> 00:17:53,866
not so much by the 
beauty of his arguments,

375
00:17:53,866 --> 00:17:56,500
but by his sheer 
fanaticism, by his anger,

376
00:17:56,500 --> 00:18:00,500
by his rage, and his 
repetitive rhetoric.

377
00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:04,733
And people, eyewitness accounts 
describe it as a barbaric,

378
00:18:04,733 --> 00:18:06,066
primitive effect.

379
00:18:06,066 --> 00:18:09,300
- What he was telling 
people was a disaster,

380
00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:13,500
but the performance he delivered 
was a big artistic show.

381
00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:15,833
- He repeated a lie endlessly,

382
00:18:15,833 --> 00:18:17,366
and he didn't make 
it a small lie.

383
00:18:17,366 --> 00:18:19,433
He made it a big lie

384
00:18:19,433 --> 00:18:21,966
and he kept hammering 
it into their heads.

385
00:18:21,966 --> 00:18:24,533
He also dumped it down 
as much as possible.

386
00:18:24,533 --> 00:18:27,600
- [Rick] His simplistic 
promises were made to order

387
00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:29,500
for his political base.

388
00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:32,033
(people clapping)

389
00:18:32,033 --> 00:18:34,600
More prosperity and 
expanded borders

390
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:38,466
for more room in which to 
live, or. (speaks in German)

391
00:18:38,466 --> 00:18:40,100
(Hitler speaking in German)

392
00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:43,266
- Fascism is perceived 
as a strong movement

393
00:18:43,266 --> 00:18:46,066
with simple answers for 
complicated problems.

394
00:18:46,066 --> 00:18:48,866
- Giving simple answers 
and simple solutions.

395
00:18:48,866 --> 00:18:51,566
That's exactly what 
people wanted to hear,

396
00:18:51,566 --> 00:18:55,766
because that gave them the 
hope that it'll change soon,

397
00:18:55,766 --> 00:18:59,066
not in 10 years, but now.

398
00:18:59,066 --> 00:19:01,700
- He blamed Germany's 
problems on scapegoats

399
00:19:01,700 --> 00:19:04,000
like Jews and communists.

400
00:19:05,133 --> 00:19:07,200
Fears that the Communist 
Revolution in Russia

401
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:08,600
would spread to Germany.

402
00:19:10,166 --> 00:19:13,066
People were singing 
"Deutschland, 
Deutschland über alles,"

403
00:19:13,066 --> 00:19:16,566
Germany, Germany above 
all, above all the world.

404
00:19:16,566 --> 00:19:17,933
(Germans singing)

405
00:19:17,933 --> 00:19:21,433
And they trusted Hitler 
to take them there.

406
00:19:21,433 --> 00:19:25,133
In 1932, the Nazi party 
won only about a third

407
00:19:25,133 --> 00:19:26,900
of the seats in parliament,

408
00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:28,900
but Hitler managed 
to take power.

409
00:19:28,900 --> 00:19:31,500
He put together a ruling 
coalition partnering

410
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:33,666
with conventional 
conservative politicians

411
00:19:33,666 --> 00:19:35,800
who figured they 
could control him.

412
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:37,966
After struggling to 
find an alternative.

413
00:19:37,966 --> 00:19:41,400
German president von Hindenburg 
reluctantly appointed Hitler

414
00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:44,833
chancellor in January, 1933.

415
00:19:44,833 --> 00:19:47,133
It was the only way he 
could form a government

416
00:19:47,133 --> 00:19:48,933
with a parliamentary majority.

417
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:54,000
Suddenly, Adolf Hitler was 
heading a new German government.

418
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:58,266
Then just a few weeks 
into Hitler's rule,

419
00:19:58,266 --> 00:20:00,666
under mysterious circumstances,

420
00:20:00,666 --> 00:20:03,833
there was a fire in Germany's 
parliament building,

421
00:20:03,833 --> 00:20:05,333
or Reichstag.

422
00:20:11,500 --> 00:20:13,100
A disaster like this,

423
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:15,433
which many historians 
believe was actually the work

424
00:20:15,433 --> 00:20:17,566
of Hitler's people, is an answer

425
00:20:17,566 --> 00:20:19,900
to an aspiring 
dictator's prayer.

426
00:20:19,900 --> 00:20:22,733
With this national 
security emergency,

427
00:20:22,733 --> 00:20:26,066
Hitler now had his excuse 
to crush the communists,

428
00:20:26,066 --> 00:20:27,400
silence moderates,

429
00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,666
and create laws giving 
him sweeping new powers.

430
00:20:30,666 --> 00:20:33,266
Suddenly in Germany there 
was no middle ground.

431
00:20:33,266 --> 00:20:36,400
You were either with 
Hitler or against him.

432
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:37,933
Hitler followed a playbook

433
00:20:37,933 --> 00:20:42,566
that has inspired autocrats 
left and right ever since.

434
00:20:42,566 --> 00:20:45,000
Hitler proceeded to 
consolidate his power

435
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,100
in the most ruthless ways,

436
00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:49,333
he locked up the few 
courageous politicians

437
00:20:49,333 --> 00:20:51,066
who voted against him

438
00:20:51,066 --> 00:20:54,733
and established his 
total control of the 
German government.

439
00:20:54,733 --> 00:20:57,800
This poignant memorial 
remembers those who tried

440
00:20:57,800 --> 00:21:00,300
to resist Hitler's power grab.

441
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:03,033
The German equivalent of 
congressmen and senators,

442
00:21:03,033 --> 00:21:05,200
they were quickly silenced.

443
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:07,666
You can see the dates 
they were arrested sent

444
00:21:07,666 --> 00:21:10,966
to concentration 
camps and executed.

445
00:21:10,966 --> 00:21:13,100
- I think the rise 
of Hitler was done

446
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:14,400
with a mix of two things.

447
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,333
One is fascination and 
the other is terror.

448
00:21:17,333 --> 00:21:20,966
So basically give 
people something that 
they can believe in

449
00:21:20,966 --> 00:21:22,633
by false promises.

450
00:21:22,633 --> 00:21:25,633
The other thing is 
whoever does not fit in

451
00:21:25,633 --> 00:21:29,033
will get beaten up or 
put in prison or killed.

452
00:21:29,033 --> 00:21:32,000
- A lot of the (indistinct) 
was actually based on violence

453
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,366
or at least the implied 
threat of violence.

454
00:21:34,366 --> 00:21:35,700
- There was a private army.

455
00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:38,566
Hitler had, he had 
terror on the streets.

456
00:21:38,566 --> 00:21:41,966
He had a big protection 
of his political movement.

457
00:21:41,966 --> 00:21:44,800
- And of course, people knew 
about concentration camps

458
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,133
in Germany for 
political enemies,

459
00:21:47,133 --> 00:21:48,366
and they were supposed to know

460
00:21:48,366 --> 00:21:50,666
so they would keep 
their mouth shut.

461
00:21:50,666 --> 00:21:53,433
- [Rick] Hitler had hijacked 
Germany's democracy.

462
00:21:53,433 --> 00:21:55,566
He was given 
extraordinary powers

463
00:21:55,566 --> 00:21:58,666
to temporarily suspend 
democratic procedures

464
00:21:58,666 --> 00:22:00,833
in order to get things done.

465
00:22:00,833 --> 00:22:04,600
A dictator now in charge of 
a mighty industrial nation,

466
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:08,333
Hitler and his team began to 
lay out his plan for Germany

467
00:22:08,333 --> 00:22:09,500
and the world.

468
00:22:12,133 --> 00:22:14,166
Inheriting a German 
economy suffering

469
00:22:14,166 --> 00:22:15,533
from the Great Depression,

470
00:22:15,533 --> 00:22:18,300
including an unemployment 
rate of nearly 30%,

471
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:22,100
Hitler quickly turned to 
improving the economy.

472
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:24,366
He accelerated the previous 
government's policy

473
00:22:24,366 --> 00:22:27,033
of large public works and 
infrastructure projects

474
00:22:27,033 --> 00:22:29,633
financed with deficit spending.

475
00:22:29,633 --> 00:22:32,733
As a result, employment 
increased dramatically

476
00:22:32,733 --> 00:22:35,966
from 1933 to 1936.

477
00:22:35,966 --> 00:22:40,300
- The Autobahn is probably 
the best known example,

478
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:43,733
the highway construction 
program of Adolf Hitler,

479
00:22:43,733 --> 00:22:45,333
that gave a lot 
of jobs to people.

480
00:22:45,333 --> 00:22:48,733
- The Autobahn was actually 
invented before the Nazis,

481
00:22:48,733 --> 00:22:50,333
one or two years before that.

482
00:22:50,333 --> 00:22:52,966
But the Nazis accelerated the 
construction of the Autobahn

483
00:22:52,966 --> 00:22:56,400
to bring Germany to 
a more modern age.

484
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:58,800
- We didn't have the money.

485
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:03,433
It was all financed on 
credits on a future war.

486
00:23:03,433 --> 00:23:04,900
- Of course, these 
Autobahn were empty

487
00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:06,833
because until the war started,

488
00:23:06,833 --> 00:23:08,766
hardly anybody could 
afford the cars.

489
00:23:10,900 --> 00:23:12,233
(dramatic music)

490
00:23:12,233 --> 00:23:14,533
- [Rick] Despite this 
new focus on jobs

491
00:23:14,533 --> 00:23:17,233
and the German worker, 
the Nazis had no use

492
00:23:17,233 --> 00:23:18,700
for labor unions.

493
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:21,766
- Well, fascism basically 
hates everything communist

494
00:23:21,766 --> 00:23:23,500
or Bolshevik, as they call it.

495
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:26,533
So they would not 
like trade unions.

496
00:23:26,533 --> 00:23:29,466
They were not within the 
frame of the fascist movement.

497
00:23:29,466 --> 00:23:33,566
- And so what the Nazis did 
one year into their government,

498
00:23:33,566 --> 00:23:35,533
they declared May Day a holiday,

499
00:23:35,533 --> 00:23:38,600
for the first time, 
the union celebrated,

500
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:42,166
the next day when they were 
hungover, more or less.

501
00:23:42,166 --> 00:23:43,533
They smashed the unions.

502
00:23:43,533 --> 00:23:45,833
- [Rick] They replaced 
the now abolished unions

503
00:23:45,833 --> 00:23:48,600
with the Nazi party 
controlled German Labor Front,

504
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:50,800
which all workers had to join.

505
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:51,766
(Hitler speaking in German)

506
00:23:51,766 --> 00:23:53,366
Hitler spent large amounts

507
00:23:53,366 --> 00:23:55,966
of state money on a 
comprehensive state 
welfare program

508
00:23:55,966 --> 00:23:59,233
called the National 
Socialist People's Welfare.

509
00:23:59,233 --> 00:24:02,133
Despite having the term 
socialist in the party name,

510
00:24:02,133 --> 00:24:04,500
Hitler was a friend of industry.

511
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:07,366
He privatized many industries 
and the corporations

512
00:24:07,366 --> 00:24:10,433
that had supported his 
candidacy continued to back him.

513
00:24:10,433 --> 00:24:13,700
- Corporations would support 
the Nazi government of Germany

514
00:24:13,700 --> 00:24:15,433
because it was good 
for their profits.

515
00:24:15,433 --> 00:24:18,600
- I think you know, 
bigger corporations, 
the steel industry,

516
00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:21,533
for example in Germany as 
a big one, they were afraid

517
00:24:21,533 --> 00:24:24,166
of communism for sure, but 
they also actually supported

518
00:24:24,166 --> 00:24:28,000
Hitler because it was 
easier for them to kind

519
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:30,700
of make their business 
within a stable government.

520
00:24:30,700 --> 00:24:32,333
- [Rick] One German 
industry that boomed

521
00:24:32,333 --> 00:24:34,833
was the auto industry 
and one of the world's

522
00:24:34,833 --> 00:24:37,866
most famous cars was 
born during the Nazi era.

523
00:24:37,866 --> 00:24:41,000
- The VW was the idea that 
it's an affordable car

524
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,600
for everybody that then 
would fill these Autobahn.

525
00:24:45,866 --> 00:24:48,533
- [Rick] With all this economic 
activity and employment,

526
00:24:48,533 --> 00:24:50,733
Hitler re-energized Germany.

527
00:24:50,733 --> 00:24:54,666
(Hitler speaking in German)

528
00:24:54,666 --> 00:24:58,333
(dramatic patriotic music)

529
00:25:04,933 --> 00:25:06,500
(crowd roaring)

530
00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:09,633
Much of Germany was swept up 
in Hitler's charismatic vision

531
00:25:09,633 --> 00:25:11,900
and the country had 
a common purpose.

532
00:25:11,900 --> 00:25:14,066
(crowd chanting in German)

533
00:25:14,066 --> 00:25:17,033
Everywhere he went, 
crowds adored him.

534
00:25:17,033 --> 00:25:20,066
Women swooned when 
his car drove by.

535
00:25:20,066 --> 00:25:23,400
(dramatic music)

536
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:25,600
In clubs called 
The Hitler Youth,

537
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:28,466
boys and girls pledged 
their allegiance to him.

538
00:25:30,100 --> 00:25:32,633
- A little boy in 1945 
when he looked at Hitler,

539
00:25:32,633 --> 00:25:34,666
he would see a God-like person.

540
00:25:34,666 --> 00:25:37,100
He was somebody who would 
elevate the German people,

541
00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:40,233
who would elevate the 
people of this boy

542
00:25:40,233 --> 00:25:43,666
to become the perfect master 
race running the planet.

543
00:25:43,666 --> 00:25:45,766
- [Rick] Hitler became 
known by a new title,

544
00:25:45,766 --> 00:25:49,166
which meant he was their 
leader, their Fuhrer.

545
00:25:49,166 --> 00:25:52,700
- He coined himself the 
phrase the Fuhrer, the leader

546
00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:55,466
as also establishing 
himself as a bit

547
00:25:55,466 --> 00:25:57,100
of a new God for Germany.

548
00:25:57,100 --> 00:25:59,000
So he was not part 
of democracy anymore.

549
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:00,566
He was a godlike figure.

550
00:26:00,566 --> 00:26:05,366
- A fascist system needs a 
fuhrer, it's the big hero.

551
00:26:05,366 --> 00:26:09,300
It's a saint, it's the one 
and only people believe in.

552
00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:11,966
- He has the vision 
for everybody

553
00:26:11,966 --> 00:26:14,433
and the others will follow him.

554
00:26:14,433 --> 00:26:16,366
(Hitler speaking in German)

555
00:26:16,366 --> 00:26:17,600
(crowd roaring in German)

556
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:19,533
Fascists believed 
in a fascist system

557
00:26:19,533 --> 00:26:24,600
you can unite everybody 
that believes in the system

558
00:26:25,700 --> 00:26:27,366
and it will be a strong, 
a powerful system

559
00:26:27,366 --> 00:26:29,833
that can achieve 
complicated goals.

560
00:26:29,833 --> 00:26:33,766
- The idea about fascism 
is to have a big community

561
00:26:33,766 --> 00:26:37,133
that all operates 
exactly the same way

562
00:26:37,133 --> 00:26:39,833
and to have a common 
opinion that covers all.

563
00:26:39,833 --> 00:26:44,800
- There was one phrase that 
was called (speaks in German)

564
00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,800
"One people, one empire, 
one leader," full stop.

565
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:50,366
(crowd roaring)

566
00:26:50,366 --> 00:26:52,266
- [Rick] There was a dark side 
to all this Nazi conformity.

567
00:26:52,266 --> 00:26:54,300
Individuality was lost.

568
00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:57,400
- Individualism doesn't 
even exist in fascism.

569
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,333
It doesn't exist in any aspect, 
it doesn't exist in art.

570
00:27:01,333 --> 00:27:04,566
It doesn't exist in 
lectures at university.

571
00:27:04,566 --> 00:27:08,033
It doesn't exist in 
newspapers and press.

572
00:27:08,033 --> 00:27:09,333
- Individuality was something

573
00:27:09,333 --> 00:27:13,100
that was deemed unfit 
for a German, basically.

574
00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:16,000
So what mattered was 
the (speaks in German)

575
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:21,066
the society, the 
common denominator 
of the German people.

576
00:27:21,866 --> 00:27:23,400
- All people who tried

577
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,333
to make it any different 
in their private life,

578
00:27:26,333 --> 00:27:28,600
in their professions,

579
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:32,533
in their way to to 
express their opinions,

580
00:27:32,533 --> 00:27:35,000
they all had to be stopped

581
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:36,233
- For the Nazis,

582
00:27:36,233 --> 00:27:38,033
the city that most 
embodied their sense

583
00:27:38,033 --> 00:27:40,933
of national unity was Nuremberg.

584
00:27:40,933 --> 00:27:43,533
Nuremberg, so steeped 
in German history,

585
00:27:43,533 --> 00:27:46,933
was nicknamed the most 
German of German cities.

586
00:27:46,933 --> 00:27:49,066
That's one reason it was 
a favorite of Hitler's

587
00:27:49,066 --> 00:27:51,266
to showcase his 
nationalistic pump

588
00:27:51,266 --> 00:27:56,333
and pageantry to inspire all 
of Germany to get on board.

589
00:27:56,866 --> 00:27:59,133
(crowd roaring)

590
00:28:00,833 --> 00:28:03,366
There were three German 
Reichs, or empires.

591
00:28:03,366 --> 00:28:06,533
The first was medieval, it was 
called the Holy Roman Empire.

592
00:28:06,533 --> 00:28:09,600
In fact, the emperor's castle 
still towers above Nuremberg.

593
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,433
The second Reich was 
19th century the creation

594
00:28:12,433 --> 00:28:14,600
of the modern German 
state by Prussia,

595
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:16,400
under the leadership 
of Bismarck.

596
00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:18,033
And it was here in Nuremberg

597
00:28:18,033 --> 00:28:20,566
that Hitler declared 
the Third Reich,

598
00:28:20,566 --> 00:28:24,400
a powerful German empire 
to last a thousand years.

599
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:25,700
When Hitler took power,

600
00:28:25,700 --> 00:28:28,233
he made Nuremberg's 
Zeppelinfeld the site

601
00:28:28,233 --> 00:28:31,433
of his enormous 
Nazi Party rallies.

602
00:28:31,433 --> 00:28:34,866
Today, the stark remains of 
this massive gathering place

603
00:28:34,866 --> 00:28:36,533
are thought provoking.

604
00:28:36,533 --> 00:28:38,400
German tour guide 
Thomas Schmechtig

605
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:40,733
is joining me for some insight.

606
00:28:40,733 --> 00:28:42,166
(Hitler speaking in German)

607
00:28:42,166 --> 00:28:45,233
For several years, increasingly 
elaborate celebrations

608
00:28:45,233 --> 00:28:50,100
of Nazi culture, ideology, and 
power took place right here.

609
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:53,766
Fascist dictators understood 
the propaganda power

610
00:28:53,766 --> 00:28:57,400
of big rallies where they 
can manufacture the adoration

611
00:28:57,400 --> 00:28:59,200
of their people, bask in it,

612
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,733
and then broadcast it to 
the rest of the population,

613
00:29:02,733 --> 00:29:05,600
as Hitler said, 
turning the little man

614
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:07,833
into part of a great dragon.

615
00:29:07,833 --> 00:29:09,733
(Hitler speaking in German)

616
00:29:09,733 --> 00:29:12,133
(crowd yelling in German)

617
00:29:12,133 --> 00:29:14,500
- Imagine Hitler stepping 
out of that door,

618
00:29:14,500 --> 00:29:17,866
overlooking the masses, 
200,000 people being lined up.

619
00:29:17,866 --> 00:29:20,433
He used propaganda to 
create a new community.

620
00:29:20,433 --> 00:29:22,000
In fact, we even 
have a word for it.

621
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:24,100
It's called Volksgemeinschaft.

622
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:26,633
- [Rick] Inspirational images 
from Leni Riefenstahl's

623
00:29:26,633 --> 00:29:28,766
propaganda movie, 
"Triumph of the Will,"

624
00:29:28,766 --> 00:29:32,033
were filmed at the 
1934 Nuremberg rallies

625
00:29:32,033 --> 00:29:33,666
and then shown in theaters

626
00:29:33,666 --> 00:29:35,833
and school rooms 
throughout the country.

627
00:29:35,833 --> 00:29:37,066
The goal?

628
00:29:37,066 --> 00:29:39,033
To bring a visual 
celebration of the power

629
00:29:39,033 --> 00:29:43,433
of the Nazi state to 
all 70 million Germans.

630
00:29:43,433 --> 00:29:45,533
Nuremberg shows 
the enormous power

631
00:29:45,533 --> 00:29:48,766
of fascism's secret 
weapon, propaganda.

632
00:29:50,533 --> 00:29:52,900
- The media in Nazi 
Germany were controlled

633
00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:55,866
by the government, by the 
Ministry for Propaganda

634
00:29:55,866 --> 00:29:59,933
and Enlightenment in Berlin 
headed by Joseph Goebbels.

635
00:29:59,933 --> 00:30:02,733
So everything that was 
distributed to the people

636
00:30:02,733 --> 00:30:05,900
through the media was 
controlled from Berlin.

637
00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:09,000
- [Rick] Goebbels used 
every means available to him

638
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,133
along with the new and 
powerful media of movies,

639
00:30:12,133 --> 00:30:16,133
he used traditional 
formats such as newspapers,

640
00:30:16,133 --> 00:30:20,033
posters, and even postcards.

641
00:30:20,033 --> 00:30:22,133
And perhaps the 
most far reaching

642
00:30:22,133 --> 00:30:24,966
was the new medium of radio.

643
00:30:24,966 --> 00:30:27,166
- Hitler was one of 
the earlier politicians

644
00:30:27,166 --> 00:30:30,333
to really make use 
of a mass media

645
00:30:30,333 --> 00:30:32,566
that was just coming 
on, which was the radio.

646
00:30:32,566 --> 00:30:36,033
So every German 
had in a household

647
00:30:36,033 --> 00:30:38,500
the Volksempfänger 
people's radio,

648
00:30:38,500 --> 00:30:41,666
so his speeches 
would get into every

649
00:30:41,666 --> 00:30:44,600
German's living room, basically.

650
00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:47,100
- Within something like 
six years, the number

651
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:51,833
of radios in Germany went 
from 4 million to 17 million.

652
00:30:51,833 --> 00:30:54,133
So they could really reach 
almost every household

653
00:30:54,133 --> 00:30:55,466
and people listen to the radio

654
00:30:55,466 --> 00:30:57,266
differently than they do today.

655
00:30:57,266 --> 00:30:59,833
If there was an 
important radio report,

656
00:30:59,833 --> 00:31:02,500
it wouldn't just be two 
people doing housework

657
00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:04,733
or one person doing 
housework next to it.

658
00:31:04,733 --> 00:31:06,266
You would have the 
entire family there.

659
00:31:06,266 --> 00:31:08,633
Maybe the neighbors if they 
couldn't yet afford a radio.

660
00:31:08,633 --> 00:31:12,733
So those were special 
events that appealed

661
00:31:12,733 --> 00:31:16,300
to the family community that 
would appeal to the neighbors,

662
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:20,366
so you would reach a lot of 
people through only one medium.

663
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:23,633
- [Rick] Looming over now 
peaceful lake in Nuremberg

664
00:31:23,633 --> 00:31:26,633
is another remnant of the 
dictator's megalomania,

665
00:31:26,633 --> 00:31:30,666
his huge yet unfinished 
Nazi Congress Hall.

666
00:31:30,666 --> 00:31:32,366
Hitler, who believed 
he would create

667
00:31:32,366 --> 00:31:35,666
a new civilization based 
upon fascist values,

668
00:31:35,666 --> 00:31:39,366
modeled this building after 
the ancient Roman Colosseum,

669
00:31:39,366 --> 00:31:41,500
but even more colossal.

670
00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:44,333
- Imagine 50,000 
leading Nazis in here,

671
00:31:44,333 --> 00:31:46,833
one third higher 
covered by a roof,

672
00:31:46,833 --> 00:31:48,666
a window inside the ceiling.

673
00:31:48,666 --> 00:31:51,400
Sunshine would've fallen 
down to the podium,

674
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:55,066
once a year, one 
speech of Adolf Hitler.

675
00:31:55,066 --> 00:31:58,000
- Another stage set for 
this propaganda show

676
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,833
was Hitler's mountain 
capping Eagle's Nest.

677
00:32:00,833 --> 00:32:02,866
This alpine getaway just south

678
00:32:02,866 --> 00:32:05,266
of Munich in 
Berchtesgaden was used

679
00:32:05,266 --> 00:32:08,333
to soften Hitler's image 
against a majestic,

680
00:32:08,333 --> 00:32:10,500
almost theatrical backdrop.

681
00:32:12,566 --> 00:32:15,400
His visits were lovingly 
filmed to show him

682
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:19,033
as the embodiment of all 
that was good about Germany.

683
00:32:19,033 --> 00:32:21,566
Healthy, vigorous, respectable,

684
00:32:21,566 --> 00:32:23,766
everyone's favorite uncle.

685
00:32:24,900 --> 00:32:27,400
Set in the scenic 
foothills of the Alps,

686
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:30,533
it was built in 1938 
as a mountain retreat

687
00:32:30,533 --> 00:32:32,200
for Hitler and his guests.

688
00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:35,233
A stone tunnel crafted 
with fascist precision

689
00:32:35,233 --> 00:32:37,433
leads to Hitler's 
plush elevator,

690
00:32:37,433 --> 00:32:40,133
which still whisks 
visitors to the top.

691
00:32:40,133 --> 00:32:43,266
Because it was in this corner 
of Bavaria that Hitler claimed

692
00:32:43,266 --> 00:32:46,100
to be inspired and laid 
out his dark vision,

693
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:50,100
some called Berchtesgaden the 
cradle of the Third Reich.

694
00:32:52,833 --> 00:32:56,066
By the mid-1930s, fascism 
was well established in two

695
00:32:56,066 --> 00:32:58,800
of Europe's leading 
nations, Germany and Italy.

696
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:00,066
Germany was booming

697
00:33:00,066 --> 00:33:02,000
and building up its 
massive military,

698
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:03,833
blatantly breaking the 
Treaty of Versailles,

699
00:33:03,833 --> 00:33:05,633
which ended World War I.

700
00:33:05,633 --> 00:33:07,700
The ideology of 
fascism was spreading

701
00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:10,866
and the rest of the world 
was viewing it with alarm.

702
00:33:10,866 --> 00:33:13,833
Expansionism was a 
key tenant of fascism.

703
00:33:13,833 --> 00:33:16,333
Germany first annexed 
neighboring Austria,

704
00:33:16,333 --> 00:33:19,000
then the German speaking 
region of Czechoslovakia,

705
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,366
the Sudetenland, followed 
shortly after that,

706
00:33:21,366 --> 00:33:23,333
by the rest of the country,

707
00:33:23,333 --> 00:33:27,233
Italy under Mussolini 
invaded Ethiopia and Albania.

708
00:33:27,233 --> 00:33:30,733
In 1939, Hitler and 
Mussolini signed a treaty

709
00:33:30,733 --> 00:33:33,533
creating what they 
called the Pact of Steel.

710
00:33:33,533 --> 00:33:35,466
Further west, Spain and Portugal

711
00:33:35,466 --> 00:33:37,766
were also flirting with fascism.

712
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:42,033
Spain, like other 
nations at the time,

713
00:33:42,033 --> 00:33:45,733
was making the awkward 
transition from 19th 
century monarchy

714
00:33:45,733 --> 00:33:47,700
to 20th century democracy.

715
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:50,266
By the 1930s, it was 
governed by a modern

716
00:33:50,266 --> 00:33:51,933
but fragile democracy.

717
00:33:51,933 --> 00:33:56,633
By 1936, the Spanish people 
had become extremely polarized

718
00:33:56,633 --> 00:33:59,166
as the old guard of 
royalty, military,

719
00:33:59,166 --> 00:34:01,066
and industry pushed back.

720
00:34:01,066 --> 00:34:05,066
Representing this reactionary 
faction, a military strongman,

721
00:34:05,066 --> 00:34:09,466
General Francisco Franco invaded 
Spain from Spanish Morocco.

722
00:34:11,266 --> 00:34:14,466
Using colonial troops and 
borrowed Italian planes,

723
00:34:14,466 --> 00:34:16,433
he attempted a coup d'état.

724
00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:20,800
Like Mussolini and Hitler, 
Franco vowed a return

725
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:25,266
to order and to restore Spanish 
power and national pride.

726
00:34:25,266 --> 00:34:28,100
But the democratically-elected 
government fought back

727
00:34:28,100 --> 00:34:31,600
and the nation descended 
into a bloody civil war.

728
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:33,533
(explosion blasts)

729
00:34:33,533 --> 00:34:36,100
Conservatives under 
Franco fought the liberal

730
00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:37,566
democratic government.

731
00:34:38,833 --> 00:34:42,200
It was a brutal war between 
classes and ideologies,

732
00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,066
dividing both 
villages and families.

733
00:34:45,066 --> 00:34:46,433
In three years of fighting,

734
00:34:46,433 --> 00:34:49,033
hundreds of thousands 
of Spaniards died.

735
00:34:50,533 --> 00:34:53,333
Franco used predictable 
strongman tactics,

736
00:34:53,333 --> 00:34:56,433
including intimidation by 
police in the military.

737
00:34:57,766 --> 00:35:00,300
Hitler and Mussolini, who 
mistakenly believed Franco

738
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:04,100
would join their fascist 
alliance, threw gas on the fire.

739
00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:06,600
(explosions blast)

740
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:08,400
One of the most tragic episodes

741
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:11,000
of this tragic war 
was in Guernica,

742
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:14,866
a workaday town in the Basque 
region of northern Spain.

743
00:35:14,866 --> 00:35:18,000
It was here that the world 
first witnessed the terrible

744
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:22,033
power of the fascist state, 
a prelude to World War II.

745
00:35:23,166 --> 00:35:25,500
Guernica was the capital 
of an independent-minded

746
00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:28,366
Basque community that 
stood up to Franco.

747
00:35:28,366 --> 00:35:30,666
(person speaks in 
foreign language)

748
00:35:30,666 --> 00:35:31,966
To break their spirit,

749
00:35:31,966 --> 00:35:34,833
Franco enlisted the help 
of Germany's air force

750
00:35:34,833 --> 00:35:38,433
and the defiant town was 
decimated in the world's first

751
00:35:38,433 --> 00:35:40,700
saturation aerial bombardment.

752
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,600
(dramatic music)

753
00:35:55,766 --> 00:35:59,300
The Spanish artist, Pablo 
Picasso, heard the shocking news

754
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:02,200
and immediately set to work 
sketching the destruction

755
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:03,666
as he imagined it.

756
00:36:03,666 --> 00:36:04,800
In a matter of weeks,

757
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:07,033
he wove these bomb 
shattered shards

758
00:36:07,033 --> 00:36:10,666
into a large mural 
called "Guernica."

759
00:36:10,666 --> 00:36:14,166
In Picasso's masterpiece, 
a woman looks to the sky,

760
00:36:15,500 --> 00:36:16,666
horses scream,

761
00:36:17,833 --> 00:36:20,900
a soldier falls, body 
shattered, sword broken.

762
00:36:22,366 --> 00:36:25,133
A wounded woman flees 
a burning house.

763
00:36:26,266 --> 00:36:29,000
A bull, symbol of 
Spain, ponders it all,

764
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:32,000
watching over a mother 
and her dead baby,

765
00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:33,566
a modern pieta.

766
00:36:34,966 --> 00:36:38,866
Picasso's painting put a human 
face on the horror of war

767
00:36:38,866 --> 00:36:41,033
and threw a stark 
light on the brutality

768
00:36:41,033 --> 00:36:42,666
of Franco and Hitler.

769
00:36:42,666 --> 00:36:46,933
To this day, "Guernica" 
remains the iconic depiction

770
00:36:46,933 --> 00:36:49,600
of fascist crimes 
against humanity.

771
00:36:51,766 --> 00:36:53,800
Hitler may have stoked 
Germany's economy

772
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:55,433
and put people back to work,

773
00:36:55,433 --> 00:36:56,733
but it was becoming clear

774
00:36:56,733 --> 00:36:59,000
that whatever benefits 
fascism might bring

775
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,800
to its political base, 
it had a darker side

776
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,266
and it came at a huge cost.

777
00:37:04,266 --> 00:37:06,366
Despite its veneer 
of respectability

778
00:37:06,366 --> 00:37:08,700
and its popularity 
among ordinary people,

779
00:37:08,700 --> 00:37:11,333
the thriving fascist 
state relied on

780
00:37:11,333 --> 00:37:13,833
increasingly brutal repression.

781
00:37:13,833 --> 00:37:16,400
Hitler continued his 
ruthless creation

782
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:18,833
of a totalitarian fascist state.

783
00:37:18,833 --> 00:37:20,400
The free press was silenced,

784
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:23,333
as were intellectuals 
and universities.

785
00:37:23,333 --> 00:37:26,633
- The Nazis approach 
to intellectuals 
was to dismiss them.

786
00:37:26,633 --> 00:37:28,100
They played no role.

787
00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:31,066
A good way to describe it 
is if you compare Nazis

788
00:37:31,066 --> 00:37:34,566
and communists, a communist 
needs an enormous bookshelf.

789
00:37:34,566 --> 00:37:36,333
He needs to start 
with Marx and Engels,

790
00:37:36,333 --> 00:37:39,600
he goes through Lenin, 
he has dozens of books up

791
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:41,133
until the present day.

792
00:37:41,133 --> 00:37:43,533
A Nazi's bookshelf 
has "Mein Kampf"

793
00:37:43,533 --> 00:37:44,933
and that is basically it.

794
00:37:44,933 --> 00:37:47,400
- [Rick] The Nazi approach 
to art was the same.

795
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:49,633
Only one style was acceptable.

796
00:37:49,633 --> 00:37:53,833
- The Nazis or Hitler's approach 
to art was quite simple.

797
00:37:53,833 --> 00:37:58,066
Their idea of art was to be 
as naturalistic as possible.

798
00:37:58,066 --> 00:38:01,233
Basically blonde, blue-eyed 
people doing field work.

799
00:38:01,233 --> 00:38:03,533
When you look at these pictures,

800
00:38:03,533 --> 00:38:06,766
you see the perfect German 
family , according to the Nazis.

801
00:38:06,766 --> 00:38:08,933
Everybody is tall, blonde,

802
00:38:08,933 --> 00:38:12,500
blue-eyed, beautiful, 
great shape,

803
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:15,566
and this is the idealist 
version of the German people.

804
00:38:15,566 --> 00:38:17,866
- Anything else that 
would question society

805
00:38:17,866 --> 00:38:22,300
or bring society forward, 
which art is quite well able

806
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:26,466
to do, would just be 
deemed like unnatural

807
00:38:26,466 --> 00:38:28,400
or un-German. (speaks in German)

808
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:30,866
- What they did not like 
was complicated modern art,

809
00:38:30,866 --> 00:38:32,933
what they call degenerate art.

810
00:38:32,933 --> 00:38:35,600
That is something that 
they either destroyed,

811
00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:40,433
sold off to make some 
money, or kept under wraps.

812
00:38:40,433 --> 00:38:43,466
- In May, 1933, 
Hitler was chancellor

813
00:38:43,466 --> 00:38:45,833
for just a couple of 
months, we had the burning

814
00:38:45,833 --> 00:38:48,766
of books in Berlin, in 
(speaks in German) everywhere.

815
00:38:49,766 --> 00:38:51,066
- [Rick] Books 
that caused people

816
00:38:51,066 --> 00:38:53,833
to question the Nazi 
agenda were forbidden

817
00:38:53,833 --> 00:38:57,866
and publicly burned with 
delight by Hitler's supporters.

818
00:38:57,866 --> 00:39:01,133
- The books of left wingers, 
psychologists, for some reason,

819
00:39:01,133 --> 00:39:03,333
the Nazis hated psychology.

820
00:39:03,333 --> 00:39:04,933
Books by Jewish 
writers, of course,

821
00:39:04,933 --> 00:39:08,433
they would be publicly 
banned in big ceremonies.

822
00:39:08,433 --> 00:39:12,800
- If you have some books, 
titles of those books

823
00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:15,000
that were burned 
the night before

824
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,900
and you invite some people, 
they can argue against you

825
00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:20,966
because you have those books 
in your private library

826
00:39:20,966 --> 00:39:23,933
and even your roommate has 
an argument against you.

827
00:39:23,933 --> 00:39:26,966
You do not trust in 
anybody any longer

828
00:39:26,966 --> 00:39:29,300
after the burning of books.

829
00:39:29,300 --> 00:39:32,966
One famous German 
writer and author said,

830
00:39:32,966 --> 00:39:34,733
"Once you're burning books,

831
00:39:34,733 --> 00:39:37,666
very soon you're 
going to burn people."

832
00:39:37,666 --> 00:39:39,633
- [Rick] Artifacts 
and posters illustrate

833
00:39:39,633 --> 00:39:42,866
the Nazi notion 
of a master race.

834
00:39:42,866 --> 00:39:45,633
Anyone who didn't fit into 
their model could be viewed

835
00:39:45,633 --> 00:39:50,233
as an enemy of the state and 
sent to concentration camps.

836
00:39:50,233 --> 00:39:53,566
The Nazis required those they 
imprisoned to wear badges

837
00:39:53,566 --> 00:39:55,700
that identified their status,

838
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:59,600
political traitor, lawbreaker, 
foreigner, homosexual,

839
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:01,766
and a catchall, asocial.

840
00:40:01,766 --> 00:40:04,433
Anyone who would not conform.

841
00:40:04,433 --> 00:40:07,333
A special badge, the 
yellow star of David

842
00:40:07,333 --> 00:40:11,033
went to Hitler's lowest 
of the low, the Jews.

843
00:40:11,033 --> 00:40:13,666
- The Nazis believed 
that the German people

844
00:40:13,666 --> 00:40:15,900
were the master 
race, the toughest,

845
00:40:15,900 --> 00:40:18,600
the strongest, the 
bravest, the smartest.

846
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:20,700
They said, "We should 
be running the planet.

847
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:22,833
We just can't do it 
because this conspiracy,

848
00:40:22,833 --> 00:40:24,933
the Jewish world 
conspiracy's in the way

849
00:40:24,933 --> 00:40:27,633
and without them, if we 
deal with that conspiracy,

850
00:40:27,633 --> 00:40:31,266
then we will achieve our 
rightful status again."

851
00:40:31,266 --> 00:40:34,200
(Germans yelling in German)

852
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,100
- [Rick] The Nazis started 
putting their anti-Semitic ideas

853
00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:40,100
into action as early 
as April of 1933,

854
00:40:40,100 --> 00:40:44,000
when they organized a 
boycott of Jewish businesses.

855
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:48,633
- He specifically blamed one 
group, the Jewish people,

856
00:40:48,633 --> 00:40:51,533
for ruining things 
for everybody else.

857
00:40:51,533 --> 00:40:55,266
- For him, it was clear 
his scapegoat was the Jews.

858
00:40:55,266 --> 00:40:57,800
They were the source 
of all evil in Germany

859
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,633
and in the world, and he 
wanted to kind of get rid of

860
00:41:00,633 --> 00:41:02,933
that evil, and that's 
what he worked for.

861
00:41:02,933 --> 00:41:05,333
- Then in November of 1938,

862
00:41:05,333 --> 00:41:09,133
the Nazis led a pogrom against 
Jews throughout Germany.

863
00:41:09,133 --> 00:41:12,433
During Kristallnacht, or the 
Night of the Broken Glass,

864
00:41:12,433 --> 00:41:15,066
as it was called, 
Jewish homes, hospitals,

865
00:41:15,066 --> 00:41:17,333
and schools were ransacked.

866
00:41:17,333 --> 00:41:21,666
7,000 Jewish businesses 
were damaged or destroyed,

867
00:41:21,666 --> 00:41:24,133
and over a thousand 
synagogues were burned,

868
00:41:25,033 --> 00:41:27,600
and 30,000 Jews were arrested

869
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:29,800
and put in concentration camps.

870
00:41:31,566 --> 00:41:35,066
This was a turning point from 
earlier, economic, political,

871
00:41:35,066 --> 00:41:39,200
and social persecution 
to physical beatings, 
incarceration,

872
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:41,166
and even murder.

873
00:41:41,166 --> 00:41:44,433
It was the beginning of 
Hitler's Final Solution.

874
00:41:46,033 --> 00:41:49,233
Today, Berlin's Topography 
of Terror exhibit stands

875
00:41:49,233 --> 00:41:51,766
on the rubble of what 
was once the most feared

876
00:41:51,766 --> 00:41:53,733
address in Berlin,

877
00:41:53,733 --> 00:41:56,800
the headquarters of the 
Gestapo Secret Police,

878
00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:59,133
and the elite SS Force.

879
00:41:59,133 --> 00:42:00,566
(somber music)

880
00:42:00,566 --> 00:42:03,500
It was from here that 
government employees managed

881
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:06,800
the Nazi state and 
dispassionately coordinated

882
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:09,166
it's most ruthless activities.

883
00:42:09,166 --> 00:42:11,333
The efficient and 
heartless bureaucracy

884
00:42:11,333 --> 00:42:13,633
behind Hitler's crimes gave rise

885
00:42:13,633 --> 00:42:17,200
to the expression, 
"The banality of evil."

886
00:42:20,233 --> 00:42:22,400
Fascism continued to spread

887
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:25,100
and its militarism 
threatened peace in Europe,

888
00:42:25,100 --> 00:42:27,766
while the whole world had 
gotten a preview of the horrors

889
00:42:27,766 --> 00:42:31,366
of modern warfare in Spain, 
that was just the beginning.

890
00:42:31,366 --> 00:42:33,166
(explosion blasts)

891
00:42:33,166 --> 00:42:35,000
(dramatic music)

892
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:38,300
In 1939, Germany invaded Poland,

893
00:42:38,300 --> 00:42:40,300
and World War II began.

894
00:42:40,300 --> 00:42:43,900
The military might of 
Germany seemed unstoppable,

895
00:42:43,900 --> 00:42:46,366
employing their fast 
lightning war technique

896
00:42:46,366 --> 00:42:47,933
called blitzkrieg.

897
00:42:47,933 --> 00:42:50,533
Hitler's mighty tanks 
and high-tech air force,

898
00:42:50,533 --> 00:42:53,000
the Luftwaffe, 
swept across Europe.

899
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:56,200
(explosion blasts)

900
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:59,400
France fell quickly and suddenly 
Hitler was playing tourist

901
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:00,900
at the Eiffel Tower.

902
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:03,966
Soon, nearly all of the 
continent was under direct

903
00:43:03,966 --> 00:43:06,600
or indirect fascist rule.

904
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,566
With their final victory 
seemingly inevitable,

905
00:43:09,566 --> 00:43:13,333
the Nazis tightened the screws 
within their own society.

906
00:43:13,333 --> 00:43:15,266
(footsteps thump)

907
00:43:15,266 --> 00:43:17,933
The evils of fascism 
were incremental.

908
00:43:17,933 --> 00:43:20,566
As its small evils 
became big evils,

909
00:43:20,566 --> 00:43:22,866
German society managed 
to be oblivious

910
00:43:22,866 --> 00:43:24,833
to its own atrocities.

911
00:43:24,833 --> 00:43:27,300
At first, concentration 
camps contained

912
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:29,000
people who didn't conform.

913
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,466
Then they became 
forced labor camps.

914
00:43:31,466 --> 00:43:34,200
Eventually, the Nazis 
built death camps

915
00:43:34,200 --> 00:43:35,933
which were located 
outside of Germany,

916
00:43:35,933 --> 00:43:38,200
and therefore farther 
from public view.

917
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:40,866
With what the Nazis 
called the Final Solution,

918
00:43:40,866 --> 00:43:44,966
the entire Jewish population 
was targeted for extermination.

919
00:43:44,966 --> 00:43:48,400
In total, approximately 
6 million Jews died

920
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:50,066
from Nazi persecution.

921
00:43:50,066 --> 00:43:54,066
2.7 million of those 
died in death camps.

922
00:43:54,066 --> 00:43:57,100
Auschwitz-Birkenau in 
Poland was the biggest

923
00:43:57,100 --> 00:44:00,900
and most notorious concentration 
camp in the Nazi system.

924
00:44:00,900 --> 00:44:03,000
Seeing the camp 
can be difficult,

925
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,666
but Auschwitz survivors 
want tourists to come here

926
00:44:06,666 --> 00:44:09,600
to try to appreciate the 
scale and the monstrosity

927
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:11,300
of the place in human terms,

928
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,600
in hopes that this horror 
known as the Holocaust,

929
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:16,600
will never be forgotten.

930
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:18,200
(somber music)

931
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:21,433
As they entered these work 
camps, prisoners were greeted

932
00:44:21,433 --> 00:44:23,200
with a sign over the entrance,

933
00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:26,933
"Arbeit macht frei," 
"Work makes you free."

934
00:44:26,933 --> 00:44:28,533
A cynical lie.

935
00:44:28,533 --> 00:44:29,933
(somber music continues)

936
00:44:29,933 --> 00:44:33,800
Once inside, inmates were 
either worked to death

937
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:35,100
or executed.

938
00:44:36,233 --> 00:44:38,966
New arrivals were sorted 
into two categories.

939
00:44:38,966 --> 00:44:42,333
Those who would be sent to 
the gas chambers immediately

940
00:44:42,333 --> 00:44:44,666
and those who could 
work would live,

941
00:44:44,666 --> 00:44:47,233
at least a little longer.

942
00:44:47,233 --> 00:44:49,866
Halls are lined with 
photographs of victims,

943
00:44:49,866 --> 00:44:53,366
each marked with dates of 
arrival and dates of death.

944
00:44:53,366 --> 00:44:56,900
Inmates rarely survived more 
than a couple of months.

945
00:44:56,900 --> 00:45:00,166
Up to a thousand people, each 
tattooed with an ID number

946
00:45:00,166 --> 00:45:03,433
were packed into each 
of these buildings.

947
00:45:03,433 --> 00:45:05,933
The gas chambers where 
the mass killing was done

948
00:45:05,933 --> 00:45:08,333
were disguised as showers.

949
00:45:08,333 --> 00:45:10,733
People were given hooks 
to hang their clothes on,

950
00:45:10,733 --> 00:45:13,566
conned into thinking 
they were coming back.

951
00:45:13,566 --> 00:45:16,433
The Nazis didn't want a panic.

952
00:45:16,433 --> 00:45:19,366
Then the inmates piled 
into the shower room.

953
00:45:19,366 --> 00:45:21,500
In this facility, 
the Nazis gassed

954
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:24,766
and cremated over 
4,000 people per day.

955
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:33,233
To finally defeat fascism,

956
00:45:33,233 --> 00:45:35,266
the alliance of 
Hitler and Mussolini,

957
00:45:35,266 --> 00:45:39,066
it took a massive and heroic 
Allied effort led by Britain,

958
00:45:39,066 --> 00:45:41,466
America, and the Soviet Union.

959
00:45:41,466 --> 00:45:42,433
(dramatic music)

960
00:45:42,433 --> 00:45:44,266
Germany had seemed invincible.

961
00:45:44,266 --> 00:45:46,266
(explosion blasts)

962
00:45:46,266 --> 00:45:47,200
(gunfire popping)

963
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:49,300
But after his ill-fated decision

964
00:45:49,300 --> 00:45:52,700
to invade the Soviet Union, 
Hitler was on his heels

965
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:54,600
and the tide was 
beginning to turn.

966
00:45:56,966 --> 00:45:58,500
(explosion blasts)

967
00:45:58,500 --> 00:46:01,733
From the frozen eastern front, 
the Soviet Red Army began

968
00:46:01,733 --> 00:46:03,133
closing in on Germany.

969
00:46:04,433 --> 00:46:07,800
From Britain, Allied planes 
bombed German cities.

970
00:46:09,166 --> 00:46:11,900
(bombs blasting)

971
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:15,300
American troops swept up 
from the south through Italy.

972
00:46:17,766 --> 00:46:20,100
(crowd roaring)

973
00:46:20,100 --> 00:46:23,133
Italian partisans overthrew 
their fascist government,

974
00:46:23,133 --> 00:46:26,433
switched sides and 
joined the Allies.

975
00:46:26,433 --> 00:46:28,133
(gunfire pops)

976
00:46:28,133 --> 00:46:31,166
Defeating a totalitarian 
society like fascist Germany

977
00:46:31,166 --> 00:46:34,800
took total war and victory 
came at great cost.

978
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:37,133
To remember the final 
chapter of this story,

979
00:46:37,133 --> 00:46:40,233
we visit Normandy in France.

980
00:46:40,233 --> 00:46:43,733
On June 6th, 1944, called D-Day,

981
00:46:43,733 --> 00:46:46,466
the Allies landed on the 
beaches of northern France

982
00:46:46,466 --> 00:46:49,133
and began fighting 
their way to Berlin.

983
00:46:49,133 --> 00:46:53,333
D-Day marked the biggest 
amphibious invasion in history.

984
00:46:53,333 --> 00:46:55,200
After a furious 
and bloody battle,

985
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:57,600
they established 
first a beachhead,

986
00:46:57,600 --> 00:46:59,300
then a makeshift harbor.

987
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:03,233
And the long battle to 
reach Berlin was underway.

988
00:47:03,233 --> 00:47:06,166
The war raged on even 
after it was clear

989
00:47:06,166 --> 00:47:08,000
that Germany would lose.

990
00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:10,100
Death camps sped 
up the mass murder,

991
00:47:11,333 --> 00:47:14,133
millions of German 
civilians as if hypnotized,

992
00:47:14,133 --> 00:47:17,200
continued to support 
their Fuhrer,

993
00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:20,000
and great German cities 
like Hamburg and Dresden

994
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:23,200
were destroyed under 
massive aerial bombardments

995
00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:25,733
with huge civilian losses,

996
00:47:25,733 --> 00:47:28,066
as the Allies attempted 
to break the spirit

997
00:47:28,066 --> 00:47:31,366
of the German people who 
fueled the Nazi war machine.

998
00:47:32,733 --> 00:47:36,066
Germany was overwhelmed as 
the combined military might

999
00:47:36,066 --> 00:47:38,633
of the Allies closed 
in on the Third Reich.

1000
00:47:38,633 --> 00:47:40,400
(explosion blasts)

1001
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:42,200
From the west,

1002
00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:43,400
south,

1003
00:47:43,400 --> 00:47:45,033
and east.

1004
00:47:45,033 --> 00:47:47,200
(gunfire popping)

1005
00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:50,500
Finally, the Nazi capital 
of Berlin was liberated

1006
00:47:50,500 --> 00:47:52,133
by Soviet troops.

1007
00:47:52,133 --> 00:47:55,133
(crowd cheering)

1008
00:47:55,133 --> 00:47:59,033
And both great fascist 
commanders met gruesome ends.

1009
00:47:59,033 --> 00:48:02,266
In Italy, angry citizens 
turned on their dictator

1010
00:48:02,266 --> 00:48:06,200
with fury, executing 
Mussolini by firing squad,

1011
00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:09,966
then hanging his body 
upside down for all to see.

1012
00:48:11,466 --> 00:48:14,200
And Hitler finished his 
life here in Berlin,

1013
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:16,533
deep underground, in a 
bunker below my feet,

1014
00:48:16,533 --> 00:48:18,633
with his capital 
smoldering in ruins,

1015
00:48:18,633 --> 00:48:20,666
the dictator committed suicide.

1016
00:48:20,666 --> 00:48:25,566
Finally in the spring of 
1945, the war in Europe ended.

1017
00:48:25,566 --> 00:48:28,233
The death toll was staggering.

1018
00:48:28,233 --> 00:48:32,433
In addition to 6 million Jews, 
the Nazis killed hundreds

1019
00:48:32,433 --> 00:48:35,466
of thousands of 
so-called undesirables,

1020
00:48:37,133 --> 00:48:41,200
over a million political 
and religious prisoners,

1021
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:45,600
and nearly 9 million 
Soviet and Polish citizens.

1022
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,066
(somber music)

1023
00:48:48,066 --> 00:48:50,700
With fascism defeated, 
many of its leaders

1024
00:48:50,700 --> 00:48:54,133
and supporters had to 
account for their deeds.

1025
00:48:54,133 --> 00:48:56,833
In Italy, there were violent 
reprisals against former

1026
00:48:56,833 --> 00:49:00,133
fascists, but few formal trials.

1027
00:49:00,133 --> 00:49:03,800
In Germany, Nazi criminals 
had to face trial.

1028
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:06,133
The most famous were 
the Nuremberg Trials

1029
00:49:06,133 --> 00:49:09,433
where 22 major Nazi 
criminals had to face justice

1030
00:49:09,433 --> 00:49:11,666
from the Allied Powers.

1031
00:49:11,666 --> 00:49:15,866
(somber music continues)

1032
00:49:15,866 --> 00:49:17,566
Europe's experiment with fascism

1033
00:49:17,566 --> 00:49:19,400
left the continent devastated,

1034
00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:22,566
with entire societies 
needing to be rebuilt.

1035
00:49:22,566 --> 00:49:26,366
Germany had to be 
reconstructed inside and out.

1036
00:49:27,366 --> 00:49:30,000
Italy was left 
bloodied and weak.

1037
00:49:33,500 --> 00:49:35,133
While Spain stayed 
out of the war,

1038
00:49:35,133 --> 00:49:37,266
and its dictator Franco 
would remain in power

1039
00:49:37,266 --> 00:49:39,100
for the next decades,

1040
00:49:39,100 --> 00:49:43,566
it also paid dearly, 
left isolated from 
the world community

1041
00:49:43,566 --> 00:49:45,366
and behind the times.

1042
00:49:49,866 --> 00:49:52,433
The sweeping impact 
of fascism can be felt

1043
00:49:52,433 --> 00:49:55,433
to this day, in the many 
memorials across Europe

1044
00:49:55,433 --> 00:49:58,833
that remind us of 
those horrific years.

1045
00:49:58,833 --> 00:50:02,733
It's felt in the German 
concentration camp memorials.

1046
00:50:02,733 --> 00:50:04,600
(somber music)

1047
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:06,066
They make us pause

1048
00:50:06,066 --> 00:50:10,166
and attempt to comprehend 
the unthinkable numbers.

1049
00:50:10,166 --> 00:50:13,533
The Anne Frank House in 
Amsterdam humanizes the horror

1050
00:50:13,533 --> 00:50:16,400
of the Holocaust through 
the story of just one

1051
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:18,800
of its 6 million victims.

1052
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:23,033
At the D-Day Memorials 
in northern France,

1053
00:50:23,033 --> 00:50:26,533
we try to appreciate the 
sacrifice it took to defeat

1054
00:50:26,533 --> 00:50:29,500
the hateful ideology 
and reestablish freedom.

1055
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:32,566
In Spain near Madrid,

1056
00:50:32,566 --> 00:50:36,100
a towering granite cross marks 
the Valley of the Fallen.

1057
00:50:37,633 --> 00:50:41,333
Originally famous as the site 
of Francisco Franco's tomb,

1058
00:50:41,333 --> 00:50:44,666
today it's considered a 
memorial to all the victims

1059
00:50:44,666 --> 00:50:47,100
of Spain's 
devastating civil war.

1060
00:50:48,400 --> 00:50:51,266
In Berlin, the Memorial 
to the Murdered Jews

1061
00:50:51,266 --> 00:50:54,300
of Europe is a touching 
and evocative field

1062
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:56,766
of gravestone-like pillars.

1063
00:50:56,766 --> 00:50:59,266
It's designed to 
cause people to think

1064
00:50:59,266 --> 00:51:03,033
and to ponder this horrible 
chapter in human history.

1065
00:51:06,233 --> 00:51:08,566
A common refrain at 
many of these memorials

1066
00:51:08,566 --> 00:51:10,200
is, "Never again."

1067
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:13,433
But even today in 
well-established 
democracies throughout

1068
00:51:13,433 --> 00:51:17,266
the West, societies are facing 
many of the same emotions,

1069
00:51:17,266 --> 00:51:19,666
frustrations, and inequities

1070
00:51:19,666 --> 00:51:24,033
that a century ago opened the 
door to fascism in Europe.

1071
00:51:24,033 --> 00:51:26,266
- If I asked myself, 
could it happen again?

1072
00:51:26,266 --> 00:51:27,800
I would say no.

1073
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:32,300
But it has happened in Germany 
and it might happen again.

1074
00:51:33,433 --> 00:51:34,566
- So if you bring all of 
these elements together,

1075
00:51:34,566 --> 00:51:36,666
a moment of crisis, 
a strong leader

1076
00:51:36,666 --> 00:51:38,800
who knows how to take 
advantage of the fear,

1077
00:51:38,800 --> 00:51:41,833
and you don't have 
a really true press

1078
00:51:41,833 --> 00:51:44,633
where there is no 
exchange of opinions,

1079
00:51:44,633 --> 00:51:46,066
I think there's a possibility

1080
00:51:46,066 --> 00:51:47,566
for these things 
to happen again.

1081
00:51:47,566 --> 00:51:49,966
- Fascism happened 
here in Germany,

1082
00:51:49,966 --> 00:51:51,866
the center of civilization,

1083
00:51:51,866 --> 00:51:54,566
in the land of Beethoven, 
(speaks in German)

1084
00:51:54,566 --> 00:51:57,600
and if it could 
have happened here,

1085
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:00,233
it can happen 
anywhere in the world.

1086
00:52:00,233 --> 00:52:03,366
- [Rick] Today, Germany deals 
responsibly with the legacy

1087
00:52:03,366 --> 00:52:05,333
of pain it brought Europe.

1088
00:52:05,333 --> 00:52:09,533
Germany knows the importance 
of a well-informed electorate.

1089
00:52:09,533 --> 00:52:12,133
Every school child 
learns of the Holocaust

1090
00:52:12,133 --> 00:52:14,533
with a visit to a 
concentration camp

1091
00:52:14,533 --> 00:52:17,700
and Nazi documentation 
centers in major cities

1092
00:52:17,700 --> 00:52:19,100
tell the story.

1093
00:52:19,100 --> 00:52:21,666
It's all part of an 
educational program to teach

1094
00:52:21,666 --> 00:52:24,266
how fascism took hold here 
and how it led to some

1095
00:52:24,266 --> 00:52:27,033
of the worst horrors in history.

1096
00:52:27,033 --> 00:52:29,600
- In Germany, we definitely 
believe that education

1097
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:31,366
is one of the main ways

1098
00:52:31,366 --> 00:52:33,933
to make sure that something 
like this will not be repeated.

1099
00:52:33,933 --> 00:52:36,800
- Because if you know what 
mechanisms were working

1100
00:52:36,800 --> 00:52:40,533
and what mechanisms of economy 
and politics were at play

1101
00:52:40,533 --> 00:52:44,066
in the 1920s and 
'30s, then you can see

1102
00:52:44,066 --> 00:52:47,900
what is happening today 
and try to prevent it.

1103
00:52:47,900 --> 00:52:49,766
- Education is everything,

1104
00:52:49,766 --> 00:52:52,966
even further there to be an 
electorate that is capable

1105
00:52:52,966 --> 00:52:57,200
of thinking independently, 
you need that electorate

1106
00:52:57,200 --> 00:52:58,500
to be educated.

1107
00:52:58,500 --> 00:53:00,433
- Focus on the education system,

1108
00:53:01,466 --> 00:53:04,600
make citizen more 
than consumers,

1109
00:53:05,500 --> 00:53:07,933
and very importantly,

1110
00:53:07,933 --> 00:53:13,000
having media that are not 
biased, independent information.

1111
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,033
- [Rick] But perhaps most 
important is the preservation

1112
00:53:17,033 --> 00:53:20,266
of government by 
the constitution 
and the rule of law,

1113
00:53:20,266 --> 00:53:23,000
and not by the dictates 
of a charismatic,

1114
00:53:23,000 --> 00:53:24,566
all powerful leader.

1115
00:53:24,566 --> 00:53:26,633
- When there's great 
fear of the future where

1116
00:53:26,633 --> 00:53:29,500
what people have 
feels threatened

1117
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:31,633
and they're afraid to lose it,

1118
00:53:31,633 --> 00:53:35,333
then it's easy for 
populism to come into play

1119
00:53:35,333 --> 00:53:37,900
and it's easy for leaders 
who present themselves

1120
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:42,166
as interpreters of 
that to take hold.

1121
00:53:42,166 --> 00:53:45,000
- One of the things that 
you can do to make sure

1122
00:53:45,000 --> 00:53:47,166
that something like this 
will not happen here

1123
00:53:47,166 --> 00:53:50,833
or in other countries 
is not trust people

1124
00:53:50,833 --> 00:53:53,033
that promise you 
very easy answers

1125
00:53:53,033 --> 00:53:55,266
for very complicated problems.

1126
00:53:55,266 --> 00:53:57,100
It never works.

1127
00:53:57,100 --> 00:53:58,566
- Democracy is fragile

1128
00:53:58,566 --> 00:54:00,266
and it should not be 
taken for granted.

1129
00:54:00,266 --> 00:54:02,766
So to defend it, I 
think, is important.

1130
00:54:04,200 --> 00:54:07,633
I think we can learn not to 
follow leaders into the abyss

1131
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:12,733
and to maintain critical 
independent thinking.

1132
00:54:12,733 --> 00:54:15,500
- As we've seen through the 
story of fascism in Europe,

1133
00:54:15,500 --> 00:54:17,533
charismatic leaders 
rose to power

1134
00:54:17,533 --> 00:54:19,500
through the democratic process

1135
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:22,733
and then seized extra 
constitutional power

1136
00:54:22,733 --> 00:54:24,766
by unlawful means.

1137
00:54:24,766 --> 00:54:27,033
When citizens allowed 
leaders to do this,

1138
00:54:27,033 --> 00:54:30,466
individual freedoms and rights 
soon fell by the wayside,

1139
00:54:30,466 --> 00:54:32,833
and democracy was lost.

1140
00:54:32,833 --> 00:54:35,333
While democracy was 
restored to Western Europe,

1141
00:54:35,333 --> 00:54:37,600
it easily could have 
been lost forever,

1142
00:54:37,600 --> 00:54:40,866
and the cost was 
millions of lives.

1143
00:54:40,866 --> 00:54:43,733
As history continues to 
unfold around us today,

1144
00:54:43,733 --> 00:54:45,566
it's important to 
remember that freedom

1145
00:54:45,566 --> 00:54:48,433
and democracy are 
not guaranteed.

1146
00:54:48,433 --> 00:54:50,333
We are all participants

1147
00:54:51,433 --> 00:54:53,766
and we are all responsible.

1148
00:54:56,666 --> 00:54:59,866
The story of fascism in Europe 
has taught us that strong

1149
00:54:59,866 --> 00:55:03,166
and charismatic leaders 
can capitalize on fear

1150
00:55:03,166 --> 00:55:05,266
to lead a society astray.

1151
00:55:05,266 --> 00:55:07,133
Democracy is fragile.

1152
00:55:07,133 --> 00:55:10,400
It requires a vigilant 
and engaged populace,

1153
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:13,566
and if you take freedom for 
granted, you can lose it.

1154
00:55:13,566 --> 00:55:15,500
Thanks for joining 
us, I'm Rick Steves.

1155
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:18,000
Until next time, 
travel thoughtfully.

1156
00:55:21,066 --> 00:55:23,033
Hey, I'm Rick Steves.

1157
00:55:23,033 --> 00:55:26,400
Remember, this station 
is unique on the dial,

1158
00:55:26,400 --> 00:55:30,666
it's public and made 
possible with your support.

1159
00:55:30,666 --> 00:55:33,566
Public television 
is quality media.

1160
00:55:33,566 --> 00:55:36,500
It sees us not as 
shoppers or eyeballs

1161
00:55:36,500 --> 00:55:37,766
on some ratings chart,

1162
00:55:37,766 --> 00:55:41,000
but as neighbors 
and fellow citizens.

1163
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:43,633
Considering how influential 
media is in our community

1164
00:55:43,633 --> 00:55:45,633
these days, the 
value of this channel

1165
00:55:45,633 --> 00:55:48,166
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1166
00:55:48,166 --> 00:55:49,766
I'm haunted by a belief

1167
00:55:49,766 --> 00:55:52,533
that there are powerful 
forces in our society

1168
00:55:52,533 --> 00:55:56,033
that would find it convenient, 
more profitable, frankly,

1169
00:55:56,033 --> 00:56:00,133
if we were all just 
disengaged, dumbed down.

1170
00:56:00,133 --> 00:56:03,100
Commercial stations 
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1171
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:07,000
but here in public television, 
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1172
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:10,600
it's uplifting, and it 
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1173
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:14,633
Public media inspires 
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1174
00:56:14,633 --> 00:56:17,766
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1175
00:56:17,766 --> 00:56:21,733
but engaged, not 
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1176
00:56:21,733 --> 00:56:25,866
and it only happens with 
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1177
00:56:25,866 --> 00:56:27,800
Pledge your support 
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1178
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:30,100
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1179
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:33,600
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1180
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:36,433
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1181
00:56:36,433 --> 00:56:39,466
Consider the value that the 
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1182
00:56:39,466 --> 00:56:42,833
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1183
00:56:42,833 --> 00:56:45,133
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1184
00:56:45,133 --> 00:56:46,433
(uplifting music)

1185
00:56:46,433 --> 00:56:48,133
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1186
00:56:48,133 --> 00:56:50,600
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1187
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:53,900
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1188
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:57,100
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1189
00:56:57,100 --> 00:57:00,033
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1190
00:57:00,033 --> 00:57:02,500
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1191
00:57:02,500 --> 00:57:04,800
of travel in 100 essays.

1192
00:57:04,800 --> 00:57:08,700
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1193
00:57:08,700 --> 00:57:09,800
On top of that, 
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1194
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:12,500
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1195
00:57:12,500 --> 00:57:15,666
This book is packed with 
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1196
00:57:15,666 --> 00:57:18,600
on packing light and 
planning a smart itinerar,

1197
00:57:18,600 --> 00:57:21,966
to eating your way through 
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1198
00:57:21,966 --> 00:57:24,066
We'll also send you 
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1199
00:57:24,066 --> 00:57:25,966
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1200
00:57:25,966 --> 00:57:28,866
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1201
00:57:28,866 --> 00:57:31,233
Plus, you'll receive 
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1202
00:57:31,233 --> 00:57:32,933
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1203
00:57:32,933 --> 00:57:35,033
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1204
00:57:35,033 --> 00:57:37,866
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1205
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1206
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1207
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With PBS Passport, you'll 
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1209
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1210
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1211
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1212
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:00,533
Thank you.

1213
00:58:01,766 --> 00:58:04,433
(uplifting music continues)

1214
00:58:04,433 --> 00:58:06,900
- As you can see, 
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1215
00:58:06,900 --> 00:58:08,600
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1216
00:58:08,600 --> 00:58:10,566
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1217
00:58:10,566 --> 00:58:13,433
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1218
00:58:13,433 --> 00:58:16,366
Please, take a moment 
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1219
00:58:16,366 --> 00:58:18,966
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1220
00:58:18,966 --> 00:58:21,666
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1221
00:58:21,666 --> 00:58:23,433
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1222
00:58:23,433 --> 00:58:27,233
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1223
00:58:27,233 --> 00:58:28,133
Thanks a lot.

1224
00:58:29,166 --> 00:58:32,000
(dramatic music)

1225
00:58:52,166 --> 00:58:55,800
(dramatic music continues)

1226
00:59:13,033 --> 00:59:16,700
(dramatic music continues)

1227
00:59:21,000 --> 00:59:23,666
(gentle music)

1228
00:59:25,900 --> 00:59:27,933
(dramatic music)