WEBVTT 00:01.566 --> 00:04.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - Hi, I'm Rick Steves, back with more of the best of Europe. 00:04.733 --> 00:07.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% This time, rather than a particular place, 00:07.233 --> 00:09.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% we're going thematic and traveling anywhere 00:09.933 --> 00:11.633 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% that theme takes us. 00:11.633 --> 00:15.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This time, it's the art of the Roman Empire. 00:15.000 --> 00:19.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Consider this, at its peak, the word Rome meant not the city 00:19.566 --> 00:23.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% but what Romans considered the entire civilized world. 00:23.566 --> 00:26.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Hop on our chariot as we leave the city of Rome 00:26.666 --> 00:29.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% for the marvels of its far flung empire. 00:29.733 --> 00:30.900 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Thanks for joining us. 00:32.233 --> 00:34.800 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (light music) 01:03.833 --> 01:06.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Ancient Rome lasted 1,000 years. 01:06.133 --> 01:09.166 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Roughly 500 BC to 500 AD. 01:09.166 --> 01:12.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% It grew for 500 years, peaked for 200 years, 01:12.000 --> 01:14.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and fell for 300 years. 01:14.566 --> 01:17.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Over those centuries the Romans, with their vast empire, 01:17.966 --> 01:20.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% gave Europe its first taste of a common culture. 01:20.933 --> 01:24.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% And left an enduring legacy of great art. 01:24.733 --> 01:26.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% We'll start at the peak of the empire. 01:26.666 --> 01:28.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The first and second centuries when no one 01:28.800 --> 01:30.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% could stand against the emperor. 01:30.600 --> 01:33.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% A forced peace called the Pax Romana. 01:33.833 --> 01:35.933 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Walking streets that still survive 01:35.933 --> 01:38.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and marveling at art that told its story, 01:38.133 --> 01:41.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% gives a sense of a cohesive empire made possible 01:41.200 --> 01:45.900 align:left position:27.5% line:77% size:62.5% by great roads and infrastructure as never before seen. 01:45.900 --> 01:47.833 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Touring the remains of Roman cities 01:47.833 --> 01:52.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% from Anatolia to Britannia, we'll see the art of empire. 01:52.133 --> 01:54.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% But then as Rome fell, the empire split 01:54.833 --> 01:57.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and retreated east to Constantinople. 01:57.933 --> 02:00.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Ruled from there, the empire carried on, 02:00.433 --> 02:03.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% leaving sumptuous art and a cultural heritage 02:03.066 --> 02:04.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that would provide a foundation 02:04.733 --> 02:07.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for the rise of today's Europe. 02:09.233 --> 02:11.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Exploring the far reaches of the vast Roman Empire, 02:11.933 --> 02:15.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% we'll travel from the capital to Pompeii in the south 02:15.033 --> 02:18.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% and to Bath and Hadrian's Wall in the north. 02:18.333 --> 02:20.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% We'll see cultural treasures from southern France 02:20.933 --> 02:23.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% to great cities in the east, like Ravenna, 02:23.566 --> 02:25.866 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Ephesus, and Constantinople. 02:29.300 --> 02:31.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Under the Pax Romana, the Romans ruled an empire 02:31.833 --> 02:34.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% stretching from the Nile all the way to Britain. 02:34.633 --> 02:35.900 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% And it was laced together 02:35.900 --> 02:38.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% with an extraordinary network of roads. 02:38.033 --> 02:40.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Travelers today can find remains of the empire 02:40.633 --> 02:43.300 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% throughout most of Europe and everywhere 02:43.300 --> 02:45.266 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% you'll find the same features. 02:46.466 --> 02:48.466 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The same grid planned streets. 02:49.966 --> 02:51.033 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% The aqueducts. 02:52.333 --> 02:54.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Colosseum inspired arenas. 02:56.266 --> 02:57.066 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5% Baths. 03:00.100 --> 03:01.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Public toilets. 03:03.500 --> 03:04.466 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% Temples. 03:06.533 --> 03:07.633 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% Monuments. 03:09.300 --> 03:11.733 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% And on pedestals far and wide, 03:11.733 --> 03:13.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% a statue of the emperor. 03:16.966 --> 03:19.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Pompeii, an early conquest of Rome, 03:19.366 --> 03:22.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was a typical Roman city in southern Italy 03:22.033 --> 03:24.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with all those typical features. 03:25.566 --> 03:27.633 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% From forums, temples. 03:29.266 --> 03:31.333 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% To public baths. 03:31.333 --> 03:32.800 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% And brothels. 03:33.966 --> 03:37.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But with the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, 03:37.966 --> 03:41.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% life in Pompeii was stopped in its tracks. 03:41.633 --> 03:44.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Tragic, I know, but for archeologists, 03:44.400 --> 03:47.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Pompeii was a shake and bake windfall. 03:47.233 --> 03:50.500 align:left position:30% line:77% size:60% The excavated art and architecture of this once busy town 03:50.500 --> 03:53.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% offers an intimate look at the richness 03:53.200 --> 03:54.833 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% of ancient Roman life. 03:55.933 --> 03:58.400 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (light music) 03:59.833 --> 04:03.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The main square, or forum, was Pompeii's commercial, 04:03.000 --> 04:05.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% religious, and political center. 04:05.666 --> 04:08.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The curia housed the government. 04:08.000 --> 04:10.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% It was built of no-nonsense brick and mortar. 04:10.733 --> 04:14.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Originally faced with a veneer of gleaming marble. 04:16.833 --> 04:20.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% The basilica, or law court, was nearby. 04:20.533 --> 04:23.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The basilica floor plan, a rectangular space 04:23.166 --> 04:25.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% divided into a central nave and side aisles 04:25.633 --> 04:29.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% by two rows of columns was ideal for a meeting hall. 04:31.433 --> 04:34.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Remains of homes at Pompeii give a glimpse 04:34.033 --> 04:37.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% into how the wealthy lived and enjoyed their art. 04:38.200 --> 04:40.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The House of Vetti, the home of a rich merchant, 04:40.500 --> 04:42.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% shows the typical layout of a mansion. 04:44.066 --> 04:46.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Its colonnaded inner courtyard, 04:46.366 --> 04:49.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% a formal garden with water flowing to give freshness, 04:49.433 --> 04:52.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was ringed by colorfully frescoed rooms. 04:54.533 --> 04:57.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Dining rooms were often richly decorated. 04:58.766 --> 05:02.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Here, little cupids go about everyday life in Pompeii. 05:02.366 --> 05:03.800 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Harvesting crops. 05:05.633 --> 05:07.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Taking your knocks on a chariot. 05:09.300 --> 05:11.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% And enjoying the local wine. 05:13.133 --> 05:16.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Water was abundant in this well plumbed city. 05:16.466 --> 05:19.900 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Fountains provided a social center at intersections. 05:19.900 --> 05:22.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% And a steady stream of water flushed 05:22.133 --> 05:24.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% the chariot rutted streets clean. 05:26.400 --> 05:28.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% So why the stones in the street here? 05:28.066 --> 05:30.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - Well, there was always water flowing along the roads 05:30.500 --> 05:31.700 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and washing into the roads. 05:31.700 --> 05:33.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% So that's why the sidewalk all over, 05:33.833 --> 05:35.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and the stepping stones. 05:35.566 --> 05:38.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% - So the pedestrians walked across to not get wet. 05:38.333 --> 05:39.166 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% - Yes, it was a crossroad. 05:39.166 --> 05:40.533 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Avoiding wet feet. 05:40.533 --> 05:41.600 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% - [Rick] Very smart. 05:43.733 --> 05:47.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Pompeii's artifacts show off the ancient city's love of art 05:47.500 --> 05:48.900 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% and the good life. 05:53.366 --> 05:57.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% These bronze statues, like so much of the art from Pompeii 05:57.100 --> 05:59.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% are first century BC Roman copies 05:59.966 --> 06:03.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% of fourth century BC Greek originals. 06:04.233 --> 06:06.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Resting Hermes with his tired little heel wings 06:06.966 --> 06:08.433 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% is taking a break. 06:08.433 --> 06:11.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But it's clear, he'll be flying off again soon. 06:11.933 --> 06:14.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% This wine loving woodland god, or satyr, 06:14.633 --> 06:17.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% singing and snapping his fingers to the beat 06:17.066 --> 06:19.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% is clearly living for the moment. 06:19.433 --> 06:22.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% True to the epicurean seize the day philosophy 06:22.100 --> 06:25.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% many Romans embraced and celebrated. 06:25.666 --> 06:28.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Pompeii's many finely crafted mosaics 06:28.066 --> 06:30.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% reflect the sophistication and wealth of the city 06:30.800 --> 06:32.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and its people. 06:33.100 --> 06:35.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Culture, including music and theater, 06:35.300 --> 06:36.600 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% thrived at Pompeii. 06:37.966 --> 06:41.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This mosaic takes us backstage, just before curtain time. 06:41.933 --> 06:43.466 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Actors get dressed. 06:43.466 --> 06:45.066 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% Instruments tuned. 06:45.066 --> 06:48.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% And the masks of comedy and tragedy are ready to go. 06:51.033 --> 06:55.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% This detailed and realistic mosaic shows street musicians 06:55.100 --> 06:57.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% boisterously entertaining those not quite up 06:57.833 --> 06:59.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% to a night at the theater. 07:01.633 --> 07:05.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Venus, the goddess of love, was a Pompeii favorite. 07:05.566 --> 07:08.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Statues are intimate and impressively realistic. 07:11.666 --> 07:15.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The much copied Three Graces celebrated elegance, 07:15.100 --> 07:17.500 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% beauty, and a love of life. 07:17.500 --> 07:19.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% A reminder of how fleeting life is 07:19.933 --> 07:24.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and was on the fateful day nearly 2,000 years ago 07:24.400 --> 07:26.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% when that volcano blew. 07:27.900 --> 07:30.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% The comforts of Roman life stretched 07:30.000 --> 07:32.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to the far reaches of the empire. 07:32.366 --> 07:35.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Even to the cold, rainy British isles. 07:35.633 --> 07:38.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% For example, the Roman city of Bath 07:38.266 --> 07:40.300 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% was famous as a spa town. 07:40.300 --> 07:43.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Taking full advantage of its mineral hot springs, 07:43.433 --> 07:45.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it was like Rome away from Rome. 07:48.533 --> 07:51.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This pool is still lined with its original lead. 07:51.500 --> 07:52.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Nine tons of it. 07:54.866 --> 07:56.766 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% You can almost imagine those Romans 07:56.766 --> 07:59.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% lounging around sipping wine, shmoozing, 07:59.633 --> 08:03.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% just like they did far away in the city of Rome. 08:03.033 --> 08:05.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Colorful mosaics and mysterious reliefs 08:05.500 --> 08:08.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% are a reminder of the elegance and artfulness 08:08.400 --> 08:11.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% of Roman life even in distant Britannia. 08:12.900 --> 08:16.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The hot thermal water still bubbles past ancient bricks. 08:18.000 --> 08:21.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Enjoy some quality time looking into the eyes of Minerva, 08:21.300 --> 08:23.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the goddess of the hot springs. 08:25.166 --> 08:27.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Then pop upstairs to enjoy a glass 08:27.500 --> 08:31.233 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of the same healing waters ancient Romans choked down 08:31.233 --> 08:32.300 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% so long ago. 08:35.366 --> 08:36.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - What's it taste like? 08:36.666 --> 08:37.566 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% - Sulfury. 08:38.966 --> 08:41.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% - The emperor's agenda was to romanize his people. 08:41.800 --> 08:44.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% To create a populous that was thoroughly Roman. 08:44.633 --> 08:46.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Wherever they lived in the empire, 08:46.066 --> 08:49.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% people expected and got the standard features 08:49.033 --> 08:50.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% of a Roman city. 08:50.366 --> 08:53.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Roads, running water, arenas, and theaters. 08:53.700 --> 08:55.400 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% And this was for good reason. 08:55.400 --> 08:56.800 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% It was a bribe. 08:56.800 --> 08:58.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Conquered people would accept Roman rule 08:58.933 --> 09:02.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% in exchange for the infrastructure of good living. 09:03.400 --> 09:05.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Rome's legacy shines to this day 09:05.700 --> 09:09.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% in huge construction projects across its vast empire. 09:09.933 --> 09:12.166 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% Wherever they conquered, they built. 09:12.166 --> 09:15.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And that included walls to protect it all. 09:15.233 --> 09:18.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This once mighty wall, built by Emperor Hadrian, 09:18.266 --> 09:21.066 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% stretch 70 miles across northern England 09:21.066 --> 09:23.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% close to today's border with Scotland, 09:23.033 --> 09:25.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% to protect Britannia and mark 09:25.000 --> 09:27.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% the northern most reach of the empire. 09:31.666 --> 09:35.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Water infrastructure was a Roman engineering forte 09:35.000 --> 09:37.133 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and vital for the empire. 09:37.133 --> 09:39.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The Pont du Gard in southern France 09:39.400 --> 09:41.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% is just one of many ancient aqueducts 09:41.666 --> 09:43.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% surviving across Europe. 09:43.933 --> 09:46.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% They heralded the greatness of Rome, 09:46.133 --> 09:48.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% reminding the far flung empire's subjects 09:48.433 --> 09:52.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% how fortunate they were to be on the winning team. 09:52.133 --> 09:54.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% This perfectly preserved Roman bridge 09:54.333 --> 09:57.666 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% supported a canal, or aqueduct, on the very top. 09:57.666 --> 09:59.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The Pont du Gard was a critical link, 09:59.833 --> 10:02.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% helping keep a steady river of water flowing cross country 10:02.933 --> 10:04.733 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and across this river. 10:04.733 --> 10:07.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Remarkably, it was engineered so that the water 10:07.366 --> 10:12.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% dropped only one inch for every 300 feet, for 30 miles. 10:12.133 --> 10:16.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Harnessing gravity to flow all the way to the city of Nimes. 10:16.033 --> 10:18.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The Pont du Gard's main arch is the largest 10:18.533 --> 10:20.366 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% the Romans ever built. 10:20.366 --> 10:22.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The bridge itself has no mortar, 10:22.433 --> 10:25.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% just ingeniously stacked stones. 10:25.233 --> 10:27.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Taking full advantage of that Roman specialty, 10:27.933 --> 10:29.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% the round arch. 10:29.233 --> 10:31.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The structure is held in place by gravity. 10:32.733 --> 10:34.466 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% Simple as it may seem, 10:34.466 --> 10:39.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the round arch was key to Roman architectural greatness. 10:39.033 --> 10:42.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Previous structures were limited by two vertical posts 10:42.300 --> 10:45.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% spanned by a lintel, which was structurally weak. 10:48.100 --> 10:51.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% A round arch could span a much wider gap 10:51.266 --> 10:53.500 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and once the central keystone is placed, 10:53.500 --> 10:56.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% the arch can support just about whatever 10:56.200 --> 10:58.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you want to build on top of it. 10:58.100 --> 11:01.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Without the round arch, none of Rome's greatest structures 11:01.766 --> 11:03.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% would have been possible. 11:04.200 --> 11:06.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Arenas like this one in southern France 11:06.400 --> 11:09.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% are another fine example of Roman engineering 11:09.200 --> 11:11.633 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% and Roman propaganda. 11:11.633 --> 11:14.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In the spirit of give the masses bread and circuses, 11:14.700 --> 11:17.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% admission to arenas and theaters was free. 11:17.500 --> 11:20.666 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Another perk for subjects of team Rome. 11:24.966 --> 11:27.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% The ancient city of Ephesus, 11:27.200 --> 11:29.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% on the west coast of today's Turkey, 11:29.066 --> 11:31.366 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% was Greek before it became Roman. 11:31.366 --> 11:34.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% A good example of cultural Romanization. 11:34.700 --> 11:37.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Its main street, once lined with fine buildings, 11:37.533 --> 11:39.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% leads past a striking temple dedicated 11:39.966 --> 11:42.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% to the Greek loving Roman Emperor Hadrian. 11:43.933 --> 11:45.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% And the city's library filled with books 11:45.933 --> 11:48.333 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% in both Latin and Greek showed off 11:48.333 --> 11:50.566 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% the Romans cosmopolitan flare. 11:53.000 --> 11:55.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% This striking facade featuring statues of women 11:55.833 --> 11:59.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% who symbolize the virtues of learning and wisdom 11:59.000 --> 12:01.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% inspired the citizenry. 12:04.300 --> 12:08.433 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Like any great Roman city, Ephesus had a fine theater 12:08.433 --> 12:11.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% with good acoustics designed into the semi-circular seating 12:11.633 --> 12:13.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and the sound wall behind the stage. 12:13.633 --> 12:16.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Huge gatherings could enjoy plays and events here 12:16.766 --> 12:19.466 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% with un-amplified voices. 12:19.466 --> 12:22.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Its acoustics, remarkable back then, 12:22.033 --> 12:23.766 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% remain so to this day. 12:24.600 --> 12:28.433 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% (singing in foreign language) 12:46.600 --> 12:49.300 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% (audience applauding) 12:49.300 --> 12:51.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% - [Rick] To estimate an ancient city's population, 12:51.700 --> 12:55.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% archeologists consider the capacity of its theater. 12:55.700 --> 12:57.333 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Ephesus was big. 12:57.333 --> 13:00.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% It needed a theater that could seat 25,000. 13:00.566 --> 13:03.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And imagine, it was just one city 13:03.400 --> 13:05.466 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% in the vast Roman Empire. 13:08.466 --> 13:11.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% From Egypt and Greece to Spain and Britain, 13:11.133 --> 13:13.200 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% the Roman world seemed united 13:13.200 --> 13:16.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% and it seemed the Roman Empire would last forever. 13:16.833 --> 13:19.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But there was just one small flaw in the plan. 13:19.833 --> 13:20.733 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% People. 13:22.133 --> 13:25.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% After centuries of relative stability, Rome began its fall. 13:25.700 --> 13:28.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Partly because of some bad emperors. 13:30.466 --> 13:33.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Sure, some were good and some were mediocre. 13:33.533 --> 13:36.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% But many were down right evil. 13:37.400 --> 13:40.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% As they were invested with immense, almost god-like power 13:40.766 --> 13:43.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with egos as supersized as their empire, 13:43.966 --> 13:46.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% they left plenty of portrait busts. 13:48.700 --> 13:51.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% There were empire builders like Augustus. 13:52.133 --> 13:53.933 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Wise leaders like Hadrian. 13:54.866 --> 13:58.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And crazy rulers like Caligula. 13:58.533 --> 14:02.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The last great emperor of the Pax Romana, Marcus Aurelius, 14:02.266 --> 14:05.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% sits on his horse atop Capitoline Hill in Rome. 14:06.833 --> 14:10.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The original housed nearby out of the acidic modern air 14:10.033 --> 14:13.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% is a rare surviving equestrian statue from antiquity. 14:13.933 --> 14:17.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% And a great symbol of Rome at its peak. 14:22.433 --> 14:24.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% But after Marcus Aurelius, Rome was ruled 14:24.900 --> 14:28.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% by an unfortunate string of ineffective, incompetent, 14:28.833 --> 14:31.333 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and now mostly forgotten emperors. 14:32.600 --> 14:35.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The son of Marcus, Commodus, was a cruel tyrant. 14:37.100 --> 14:39.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% He declared himself a god, dressed up like Hercules, 14:39.966 --> 14:42.700 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% and clubbed innocent subjects to death. 14:42.700 --> 14:45.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% By this time, the fall of Rome was inevitable. 14:48.566 --> 14:50.600 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% But its decline was gradual. 14:50.600 --> 14:54.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Stretching across two centuries and even during its fall, 14:54.366 --> 14:57.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Rome produced some wonderful art. 15:00.366 --> 15:02.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% With its imperial might and all the stories 15:02.600 --> 15:05.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% of persecutions and hungry lions in the Colosseum, 15:05.666 --> 15:08.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it's easy to forget that in Rome's later years 15:08.266 --> 15:11.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% it was both threatened by and then energized by 15:11.333 --> 15:14.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% an obscure new religion creeping in from the east. 15:14.566 --> 15:15.600 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% Christianity. 15:16.833 --> 15:19.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% At first, pagan Rome persecuted the Christians. 15:19.866 --> 15:22.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They worshiped secretly and buried their dead 15:22.500 --> 15:24.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in underground catacombs 15:24.433 --> 15:27.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% scattered outside the walls of the city. 15:27.100 --> 15:29.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The tomb lined tunnels stretched for miles 15:29.766 --> 15:32.033 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and are many layers deep. 15:32.033 --> 15:33.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Some of the early Christians buried here 15:33.900 --> 15:35.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% had been killed for their faith. 15:36.833 --> 15:39.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% And later Christians carved out niches nearby 15:39.966 --> 15:43.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% to be buried close to these early saints and martyrs. 15:44.800 --> 15:47.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Even before Christians could worship openly, 15:47.000 --> 15:49.866 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% they communicated through art and much of that 15:49.866 --> 15:53.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% was funerary art, as seen on these sarcophagi. 15:54.933 --> 15:57.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The anchor was the symbol of salvation 15:57.133 --> 15:59.366 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% before the cross was used. 15:59.366 --> 16:03.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% In ancient times, Jesus was portrayed as a good shepherd. 16:03.966 --> 16:07.566 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% And people prayed or praised god with hands raised. 16:13.300 --> 16:16.366 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Christianity became increasingly popular. 16:16.366 --> 16:19.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Finally, Emperor Constantine made a bold 16:19.133 --> 16:21.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% and perhaps pragmatic move. 16:21.233 --> 16:23.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Following a vision that he would triumph in battle 16:23.533 --> 16:25.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% under the sign of the cross, 16:25.100 --> 16:28.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Constantine legalized the upstart religion 16:28.033 --> 16:30.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% in the year 312. 16:30.000 --> 16:34.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Once legalized, Christianity spread all across the empire. 16:34.066 --> 16:37.366 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Pagan Europe soon morphed into Christian Europe. 16:38.633 --> 16:40.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The emperor converted, and before long 16:40.733 --> 16:44.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% the once obscure Jewish sect became the state religion 16:44.333 --> 16:46.733 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% of the entire Roman Empire. 16:51.100 --> 16:53.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% In the year 300, you could be killed for being a Christian. 16:53.866 --> 16:55.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% In the year 400, you could be killed 16:55.500 --> 16:57.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% for not being a Christian. 16:57.100 --> 17:00.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Church attendance boomed and Emperor Constantine 17:00.066 --> 17:02.633 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% built the first great Christian church right here. 17:02.633 --> 17:04.766 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% San Giovanni in Laterano. 17:04.766 --> 17:05.866 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55% St. John's. 17:06.933 --> 17:09.366 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Grand churches sprang up everywhere. 17:09.366 --> 17:12.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% San Giovanni in Laterano became the first Vatican. 17:12.666 --> 17:16.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The original home of the Bishop of Rome, or Pope. 17:16.733 --> 17:19.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Today's 17th century baroque church, 17:19.033 --> 17:21.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% which sits upon its ancient foundations, 17:21.433 --> 17:24.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% is filled with symbols of Christianity's triumph. 17:24.966 --> 17:28.566 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The gilded bronze columns that once adorned a pagan temple. 17:29.866 --> 17:32.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The original doors from Rome's senate house. 17:34.166 --> 17:36.233 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% And in a box above the altar, 17:36.233 --> 17:38.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% the supposed skulls of those early Christian 17:38.933 --> 17:41.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% pioneers and martyrs, Peter and Paul. 17:42.933 --> 17:45.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% With the acceptance and growth of the church, 17:45.100 --> 17:48.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% Christian art and architecture could now blossom. 17:49.233 --> 17:51.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% As Rome was the empire's capital, 17:51.300 --> 17:54.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% it now became the capital of Christianity. 17:54.233 --> 17:56.533 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% It was a magnet for pilgrims. 17:56.533 --> 17:59.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The Holy Stairs were major stop. 17:59.333 --> 18:02.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% They're supposedly from the palace of Pontius Pilate. 18:02.800 --> 18:06.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Brought to Rome by Emperor Constantine's mother. 18:06.266 --> 18:09.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Pilgrims, believing Jesus climbed these very stairs, 18:09.533 --> 18:11.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% hoped, as pilgrims still do, 18:11.833 --> 18:15.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% to be blessed if they scaled them on their knees. 18:15.100 --> 18:19.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% And the great art all around them inspires to this day. 18:21.766 --> 18:24.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The Roman Empire that had united Europe for centuries 18:24.533 --> 18:25.600 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% was crumbling. 18:25.600 --> 18:27.100 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Government was collapsing. 18:27.100 --> 18:29.633 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The city of Rome had been sacked and marauding tribes 18:29.633 --> 18:31.200 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% ravaged the landscape. 18:31.200 --> 18:33.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But in all that turmoil, one last institution 18:33.933 --> 18:36.466 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was standing strong against the chaos. 18:36.466 --> 18:37.866 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5% The Roman church. 18:39.233 --> 18:42.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Christianity transformed the ancient city of Rome. 18:42.566 --> 18:45.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% The pagan pantheon temple was rebranded 18:45.433 --> 18:47.000 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% as a Christian church. 18:48.266 --> 18:51.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Statues of senators were rechristened as saints. 18:51.766 --> 18:54.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% An emperor's tomb became the Pope's fortress. 18:56.400 --> 18:59.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Trajan's column would be topped with a saint. 18:59.833 --> 19:02.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And the spot where Peter had been executed and buried 19:02.366 --> 19:03.900 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% would eventually be crowned 19:03.900 --> 19:07.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% by the grandest building in the city, St. Peter's Basilica. 19:08.666 --> 19:11.233 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (light music) 19:16.433 --> 19:19.300 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% By the way, many churches are called basilicas. 19:19.300 --> 19:22.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Even though that term predates Christianity. 19:22.066 --> 19:23.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% When their religion became legal, 19:23.866 --> 19:26.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% suddenly Christians needed a large public space 19:26.266 --> 19:27.833 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65% in which to worship. 19:27.833 --> 19:29.466 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Rather than invent something new, 19:29.466 --> 19:32.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% they adopted the long established basilica floor plan 19:32.566 --> 19:35.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% which ancient Romans used for meeting halls. 19:36.466 --> 19:38.600 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% This gave churches their standard layout. 19:38.600 --> 19:41.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% A nave lined by columns leading up to the altar 19:41.600 --> 19:43.900 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% with aisles on either side. 19:45.166 --> 19:47.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% And they were decorated with the signature artwork 19:47.966 --> 19:51.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% of the Roman Empire, stunning mosaics. 19:51.433 --> 19:54.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Rome's decline was gradual and fitful, 19:54.300 --> 19:56.766 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% but rulers still commissioned great art. 19:57.900 --> 20:00.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% In Ravenna, this fifth century mausoleum 20:00.433 --> 20:04.000 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% was intended for the sister of one of Rome's last emperors. 20:06.466 --> 20:09.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Its precious mosaics, while dating from the fall of Rome, 20:09.766 --> 20:12.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% are considered the finest from ancient times. 20:14.300 --> 20:16.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5% The light that sneaks through the thin, alabaster panels 20:16.933 --> 20:18.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% brings a glow and a twinkle 20:18.833 --> 20:20.800 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% to the early Christian symbolism. 20:22.000 --> 20:24.333 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The dome is filled with stars. 20:26.533 --> 20:29.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Doves drink from fountains, symbolic of souls 20:29.700 --> 20:32.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% finding nourishment in the word of god. 20:35.966 --> 20:38.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% This fifth century work shows the standard 20:38.333 --> 20:40.233 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55% ancient Roman portrayal of Christ 20:40.233 --> 20:41.666 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% as the good shepherd. 20:43.133 --> 20:45.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Jesus dressed in gold and purple like a Roman emperor 20:45.700 --> 20:47.400 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% is the king of paradise. 20:47.400 --> 20:51.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Welcoming the faithful who are represented by lambs. 20:51.066 --> 20:53.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% And surrounded by this timeless beauty. 21:04.433 --> 21:08.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This church captures the last chapter of Roman glory. 21:09.233 --> 21:11.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Its sanctuary, an oasis of order, 21:11.633 --> 21:13.900 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% was meant to assure everyone that, 21:13.900 --> 21:15.933 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% despite the chaos around them, 21:15.933 --> 21:17.866 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% all was right with the world. 21:18.633 --> 21:20.633 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% Its familiar Roman mosaics 21:20.633 --> 21:22.666 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% and countless vibrantly colored cubes 21:22.666 --> 21:24.300 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% the size of your fingernail 21:24.300 --> 21:26.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% give the church an ethereal glow. 21:30.733 --> 21:32.833 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Christ is calmly in charge, 21:32.833 --> 21:35.166 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% overseeing the peaceful world below. 21:36.300 --> 21:38.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% And running things here on earth is his partner, 21:38.600 --> 21:43.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the last emperor to rule a united Rome, Justinian. 21:43.066 --> 21:45.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% Sporting both a halo and a crown, 21:45.466 --> 21:47.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% he unites both church and state. 21:47.833 --> 21:50.733 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Supported by bishops and generals. 21:50.733 --> 21:55.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Who, with steady gazes, radiate a sense of stability. 21:55.600 --> 21:58.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% Facing the emperor is his powerful wife Theodora 21:58.900 --> 22:01.400 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% and her elegant entourage. 22:01.400 --> 22:03.833 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The former dancer who became his mistress, 22:03.833 --> 22:07.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% then empress, is decked out in rich jewels and pearls 22:07.433 --> 22:11.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and carries a chalice to consecrate the new church. 22:11.033 --> 22:13.200 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% The art here is propaganda. 22:13.200 --> 22:15.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% A celebration of the Roman world. 22:15.433 --> 22:18.233 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75% Everything is in good order. 22:18.233 --> 22:21.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The ancient portrayal of Christ symbolizes perfection. 22:22.533 --> 22:24.333 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% The stylized cross is flanked 22:24.333 --> 22:27.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by two angels declaring victory. 22:27.233 --> 22:30.200 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% The ceiling is a festival of God's creation 22:30.200 --> 22:32.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with nearly 100 different birds. 22:32.633 --> 22:35.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Most still flying around this part of Italy. 22:38.033 --> 22:41.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% And everything swirls around a sacrificial lamb, 22:41.533 --> 22:45.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which symbolizes Christ supported by four angels. 22:46.533 --> 22:48.766 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5% Notice how this Christ is beardless, 22:48.766 --> 22:50.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the style of the ancient Romans. 22:50.866 --> 22:54.266 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% While just steps away, this bearded Christ 22:54.266 --> 22:57.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is the standard medieval portrayal of Jesus. 22:57.800 --> 23:01.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% These are some of the last artworks of ancient Rome. 23:01.033 --> 23:04.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% And the first of medieval works to come. 23:04.133 --> 23:07.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% Bridging the ancient and medieval worlds. 23:08.966 --> 23:10.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% With its harmonious atmosphere, 23:10.900 --> 23:13.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% it's a poignant reminder of the peace 23:13.633 --> 23:16.133 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% and stability of a Roman order 23:16.133 --> 23:17.833 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5% that was coming to an end. 23:25.133 --> 23:27.800 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Despite the stabilizing influence of Christianity, 23:27.800 --> 23:30.000 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Rome's decline was inevitable. 23:31.233 --> 23:34.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% The once great capital city of a million people 23:34.133 --> 23:37.400 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% repeatedly ravaged by barbarians and plagues 23:37.400 --> 23:41.900 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% eventually lost over 95% of its population. 23:41.900 --> 23:45.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% The place where Rome began, the forum, was abandoned. 23:45.366 --> 23:48.066 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% Later nicknamed the cow field. 23:48.066 --> 23:51.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% Rome's grand structures crumbled, were built over, 23:51.133 --> 23:54.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and eventually got buried under centuries of rubble, 23:54.233 --> 23:57.666 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% silt, and today's modern city. 23:57.666 --> 24:01.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% Yes, Rome fell, but its spirit lived on. 24:01.266 --> 24:02.800 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5% In the Latin language. 24:03.800 --> 24:05.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% In laws and literature. 24:05.866 --> 24:08.033 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5% In the Roman Catholic church. 24:08.033 --> 24:11.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% And in its monumental art and architecture. 24:11.333 --> 24:15.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% Grandeur that would inspire Europe for centuries to come. 24:16.633 --> 24:19.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Europe offers a lifetime of artistic treasures. 24:19.500 --> 24:21.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And the more you understand its art, 24:21.000 --> 24:24.100 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5% the more you'll appreciate the society that created it. 24:24.100 --> 24:26.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I hope you've enjoyed our sweep through the highlights 24:26.333 --> 24:28.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65% of the Roman Empire, its dramatic rise 24:28.933 --> 24:31.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5% and a tumultuous fall that left Europe 24:31.200 --> 24:34.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5% with a political vacuum that lasted for centuries. 24:34.733 --> 24:37.800 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75% I'm Rick Steves, until next time, keep on traveling. 24:40.766 --> 24:42.233 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Hey, I'm Rick Steves. 24:42.233 --> 24:44.666 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% Reflecting on the program you've just seen, 24:44.666 --> 24:47.400 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% think of the educational value of the programming 24:47.400 --> 24:51.233 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% this station brings to your community day in and day out. 24:51.233 --> 24:55.533 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% Public television is not a charity, it's a service. 24:55.533 --> 24:57.633 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% If you're enjoying this service and can't afford 24:57.633 --> 24:59.433 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% to help out, that's fine. 24:59.433 --> 25:02.266 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% That's the beauty of public broadcasting. 25:02.266 --> 25:04.933 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% But if you're enjoying it and you can't afford to help out, 25:04.933 --> 25:07.400 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% it's only right to do so. 25:07.400 --> 25:09.233 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% This is bigger than you and me. 25:09.233 --> 25:11.966 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% This station is important for our families, 25:11.966 --> 25:14.700 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% for our neighborhoods, and for our society. 25:14.700 --> 25:18.533 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% And supporting it now is more important than ever. 25:18.533 --> 25:21.400 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% In a world where so much is being privatized, 25:21.400 --> 25:24.833 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% this station is public, it belongs to all of us. 25:24.833 --> 25:28.800 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% And it needs and deserves our financial support. 25:28.800 --> 25:31.566 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% When you support this public television station, 25:31.566 --> 25:34.766 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% you support the educational value of quality, 25:34.766 --> 25:36.500 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% independent programs. 25:36.500 --> 25:39.033 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% Programs that respect your intelligence 25:39.033 --> 25:41.966 align:left position:22.5% line:5% size:67.5% and at the same time, you get great benefits. 25:41.966 --> 25:44.633 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% Including Passport, which offers access 25:44.633 --> 25:47.033 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% to more programs, more episodes, 25:47.033 --> 25:50.333 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% more of your public television favorites. 25:50.333 --> 25:53.500 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% Consider the value that the programming you enjoy right here 25:53.500 --> 25:54.966 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% adds to your life. 25:54.966 --> 25:59.433 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% And then scan or go online to make your donation now. 26:00.766 --> 26:02.933 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% - [Announcer] Invest in your local PBS station 26:02.933 --> 26:05.400 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% by becoming an $8 monthly sustainer. 26:05.400 --> 26:08.733 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% Or make a $96 annual contribution right now 26:08.733 --> 26:11.933 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% and we'll say thanks with a wonderful collection of gifts. 26:11.933 --> 26:14.900 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% You'll receive Rick Steves' book, "For the Love of Europe," 26:14.900 --> 26:16.633 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% which shares his favorite memories 26:16.633 --> 26:19.633 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% from decades of travel in 100 essays. 26:19.633 --> 26:23.566 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% It's 400 pages of fun and inspirational travel stories. 26:23.566 --> 26:25.500 align:left position:30% line:5% size:60% On top of that, you'll receive a copy 26:25.500 --> 26:27.300 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% of "Europe Through the Back Door." 26:27.300 --> 26:29.866 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% This book is packed with practical tips. 26:29.866 --> 26:31.466 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5% From chapters on packing light 26:31.466 --> 26:33.433 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80% and planning a smart itinerary. 26:33.433 --> 26:34.833 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% To eating your way through Europe 26:34.833 --> 26:36.833 align:left position:17.5% line:5% size:72.5% and finding great hotels. 26:36.833 --> 26:38.933 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% We'll also send you this map of Europe, 26:38.933 --> 26:40.800 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% which is perfect for pre-trip planning 26:40.800 --> 26:43.700 align:left position:20% line:5% size:70% and using while you're on the vacation of your dreams. 26:43.700 --> 26:46.100 align:left position:25% line:5% size:65% Plus, you'll receive Rick Steves' newsletter, 26:46.100 --> 26:47.800 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% which is packed full of travel tips 26:47.800 --> 26:49.866 align:left position:15% line:5% size:75% about European destinations. 26:49.866 --> 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27:39.966 --> 27:41.966 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5% including Passport. 27:41.966 --> 27:42.866 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% Thanks a lot. 27:44.400 --> 27:46.966 align:left position:32.5% line:5% size:57.5% (light music) 28:15.400 --> 28:16.733 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5% (clinking) 28:16.733 --> 28:19.466 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (door shutting) 28:20.433 --> 28:23.033 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5% (bright music)