1
00:00:01,033 --> 00:00:02,600
Truck Town: A History 
of International Harvester

2
00:00:02,600 --> 00:00:05,600
in Fort 
Wayne was brought to you by

3
00:00:06,366 --> 00:00:09,000
Hanning and Bean - 
a commercial real estate

4
00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:10,133
and property management

5
00:00:10,133 --> 00:00:13,066
firm invested in the development 
of Northeast Indiana.

6
00:00:14,366 --> 00:00:17,433
Proud to support PBS Fort Wayne 
in preserving

7
00:00:17,433 --> 00:00:20,433
the legacy 
of International Harvester.

8
00:00:21,233 --> 00:00:24,533
In 1935, Three Rivers 
Federal Credit Union began

9
00:00:24,533 --> 00:00:26,800
as a financial cooperative 
for the hardworking

10
00:00:26,800 --> 00:00:28,900
employees 
of International Harvester.

11
00:00:28,900 --> 00:00:31,166
Committed 
to supporting the people, places

12
00:00:31,166 --> 00:00:33,466
and ideas 
that make our region home.

13
00:00:33,466 --> 00:00:36,466
3Riversfcu.org.

14
00:00:36,466 --> 00:00:39,500
O'Rourke-Schof 
Family Foundation.

15
00:00:39,500 --> 00:00:42,466
Proud to bring the International 
Harvester story

16
00:00:42,466 --> 00:00:45,433
to the community.

17
00:00:46,266 --> 00:00:49,266
Additional funding provided by

18
00:00:49,533 --> 00:00:52,333
Koesters Body and Frame Shop,

19
00:00:52,333 --> 00:00:54,900
Selking International Trucks,

20
00:00:54,900 --> 00:00:57,900
and the City of New Haven.

21
00:01:00,466 --> 00:01:05,633
[upbeat music]

22
00:01:05,633 --> 00:01:08,933
Fort Wayne is a truck town,

23
00:01:08,933 --> 00:01:16,333
[upbeat music]

24
00:01:16,333 --> 00:01:17,700
and it all started here

25
00:01:17,700 --> 00:01:22,400
at the International Harvester 
truck factory.

26
00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:25,066
So somebody said, “Well, you  
oughta go into Harvester.

27
00:01:25,066 --> 00:01:26,900
They're trying to hire people.”

28
00:01:26,900 --> 00:01:30,733
Many people thought a job with 
Harvester was a job for life.

29
00:01:30,733 --> 00:01:33,533
I was going to work 
for the International Harvester.

30
00:01:33,533 --> 00:01:36,800
My employee number was 24936.

31
00:01:37,033 --> 00:01:39,266
Interviewed out of high school.

32
00:01:39,266 --> 00:01:41,700
This was my second job 
out of high school.

33
00:01:41,700 --> 00:01:43,233
I started second shift.

34
00:01:43,233 --> 00:01:44,666
Of course, 
you had to be on second shift

35
00:01:44,666 --> 00:01:48,066
for quite a few years 
before you ever got on days.

36
00:01:48,066 --> 00:01:50,000
I started in machine shop.

37
00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:52,500
Hired in as just a detailer 
to begin with.

38
00:01:52,500 --> 00:01:55,066
Handyman. Go get this. 
Go get that.

39
00:01:55,066 --> 00:01:56,833
Hired in as a steno two.

40
00:01:56,833 --> 00:01:59,833
The forge shop on third trick.

41
00:02:00,033 --> 00:02:03,700
Learn real quick 
why people wear hardhats.

42
00:02:03,700 --> 00:02:06,466
I work in the blueprint room 
and the vault.

43
00:02:06,466 --> 00:02:08,800
I started out on the broom.

44
00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:11,166
I was a janitor on third shift.

45
00:02:11,166 --> 00:02:13,866
Mopped and washed every floor 
in that building.

46
00:02:13,866 --> 00:02:15,166
Key punch operator.

47
00:02:15,166 --> 00:02:21,633
I started a key punch, 
and that's all obsolete now.

48
00:02:24,266 --> 00:02:25,300
I started out

49
00:02:25,300 --> 00:02:28,133
setting engines in the Scout 
on the Scout line.

50
00:02:28,333 --> 00:02:30,833
The line work was tough, 
and it was hard.

51
00:02:30,833 --> 00:02:33,166
I built some muscles up 
doing that job.

52
00:02:33,166 --> 00:02:36,400
Just gave me the job 
that maybe has the most

53
00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:39,400
overtime 
and your highest assembly rate.

54
00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:43,200
And I ended up down the basement 
on axle assembly.

55
00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:45,100
You start in with low seniority.

56
00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:46,333
You worked the hard jobs

57
00:02:46,333 --> 00:02:54,433
Opportunity 
to do a lot of different things.

58
00:02:54,433 --> 00:02:55,966
I worked in the hot room.

59
00:02:55,966 --> 00:02:57,100
You might be a brake

60
00:02:57,100 --> 00:02:59,900
engineer one day, but 
you might be a chassis engineer

61
00:02:59,900 --> 00:03:01,433
the next day. In the cold room.

62
00:03:01,433 --> 00:03:03,300
I was a reliability engineer.

63
00:03:03,300 --> 00:03:05,133
Special equipment engineering.

64
00:03:05,133 --> 00:03:06,666
I worked in SE for a while.

65
00:03:06,666 --> 00:03:08,966
I worked in the chassis group 
for a while.

66
00:03:08,966 --> 00:03:12,966
I was a clay modeler.

67
00:03:12,966 --> 00:03:15,633
You were able to move around 
from one department to the next.

68
00:03:15,633 --> 00:03:17,400
I went to warehousing 
for about five years.

69
00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:19,100
In the brake department.

70
00:03:19,100 --> 00:03:21,566
I transferred 
over to the machine shop.

71
00:03:21,566 --> 00:03:23,700
Cab mount, parts chaser...

72
00:03:23,700 --> 00:03:26,566
Building housings. Rail 
fields, and I worked inside.

73
00:03:26,566 --> 00:03:28,900
I worked outside. 
The top mounts.

74
00:03:28,900 --> 00:03:29,766
Did brake work.

75
00:03:29,766 --> 00:03:30,800
I did steering.

76
00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:33,066
Machine shop where they used 
to make the parts.

77
00:03:33,066 --> 00:03:35,066
Body mount, which you had. 
watch your fingers.

78
00:03:35,066 --> 00:03:38,166
You had the timely, quick 
and you had to keep up the line.

79
00:03:38,166 --> 00:03:39,533
I was an expediter, actually.

80
00:03:39,533 --> 00:03:41,233
I was a buyer's assistant 
for a while.

81
00:03:41,233 --> 00:03:43,733
I was in expediting. 
Planning department.

82
00:03:43,733 --> 00:03:45,866
Went to timekeeping, 
which I loved.

83
00:03:45,866 --> 00:03:48,533
I did all the painting 
for design group.

84
00:03:48,533 --> 00:03:50,100
Then I worked 
engine mount

85
00:03:50,100 --> 00:03:53,133
and then I got in 
on the finished body line.

86
00:03:53,133 --> 00:03:55,800
In my 40 years, 
I had 16 different jobs.

87
00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:56,433
“Well, Grandpa,”

88
00:03:56,666 --> 00:03:58,533
he says, “you 
never were on a job

89
00:03:58,533 --> 00:04:00,733
more than a couple of years 
until the end.”

90
00:04:00,733 --> 00:04:03,466
He says, “Couldnt 
you hold a job?”

91
00:04:03,966 --> 00:04:10,733
[country music]

92
00:04:10,733 --> 00:04:13,033
This is only a handful of people

93
00:04:13,033 --> 00:04:15,766
representing 
the tens of thousands of people

94
00:04:15,766 --> 00:04:17,766
who worked 
at International Harvester

95
00:04:17,766 --> 00:04:19,100
in Fort Wayne, Indiana,

96
00:04:19,100 --> 00:04:22,100
throughout its 92 year 
stay in the city.

97
00:04:22,300 --> 00:04:24,100
It was a dependable place

98
00:04:24,100 --> 00:04:27,333
where a person could get 
a good paying job and count

99
00:04:27,333 --> 00:04:31,333
on working there until the day 
they were ready to retire.

100
00:04:31,333 --> 00:04:32,266
I started there in

101
00:04:32,266 --> 00:04:36,100
‘66 in road test 
as an M140 mechanic.

102
00:04:36,100 --> 00:04:38,333
I hired in ‘65.

103
00:04:38,333 --> 00:04:39,833
1968.

104
00:04:39,833 --> 00:04:42,000
Late ‘59. Early 60.

105
00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,400
‘60-61.

106
00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:44,133
Something like that.

107
00:04:44,133 --> 00:04:46,700
January of 1963.

108
00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:48,400
Started in 1963.

109
00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:50,933
March of 1966.

110
00:04:50,933 --> 00:04:52,666
1966.

111
00:04:52,666 --> 00:04:54,166
1966.

112
00:04:54,166 --> 00:04:55,700
1970.

113
00:04:55,700 --> 00:04:57,533
I started in 1986.

114
00:04:57,533 --> 00:04:59,766
February of ‘98.

115
00:04:59,766 --> 00:05:02,766
1941.

116
00:05:04,666 --> 00:05:06,966
I worked here a little over 
seven years.

117
00:05:06,966 --> 00:05:08,700
I was here 30 years.

118
00:05:08,700 --> 00:05:11,066
35.8 years.

119
00:05:11,066 --> 00:05:12,266
37 years.

120
00:05:12,266 --> 00:05:14,333
And I retired with 37 years.

121
00:05:14,333 --> 00:05:16,100
Ended up working 37 years.

122
00:05:16,100 --> 00:05:17,600
Put in 39 years.

123
00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:19,633
39.7 years.

124
00:05:19,633 --> 00:05:21,833
40 years and a couple weeks.

125
00:05:21,833 --> 00:05:23,900
I had 41 years service.

126
00:05:23,900 --> 00:05:26,233
41.9 years.

127
00:05:26,233 --> 00:05:28,900
So I just got my 50 years in.

128
00:05:28,900 --> 00:05:31,800
I never thought I would 
last two or three years.

129
00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:33,033
I made a career out of it.

130
00:05:33,033 --> 00:05:36,100
Through a good many decades 
of the 20th century.

131
00:05:36,100 --> 00:05:39,366
People like 
these used their minds and hands

132
00:05:39,366 --> 00:05:44,533
to conceive and build vehicles 
that help make America.

133
00:05:45,633 --> 00:05:48,966
They helped a nation  
fight her battles.

134
00:05:49,966 --> 00:05:54,300
They kept America moving.

135
00:05:54,300 --> 00:05:55,933
They gave hardworking Americans

136
00:05:55,933 --> 00:06:00,800
something to look forward to 
on the weekends.

137
00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:04,300
And captured the hearts of many.

138
00:06:04,300 --> 00:06:12,133
<Engine sounds>

139
00:06:12,466 --> 00:06:18,000
[upbeat music]

140
00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:19,266
I love old trucks.

141
00:06:19,266 --> 00:06:20,800
Ive been around trucks 
all my life.

142
00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:23,400
I'm an 
IH man, I'll tell you that.

143
00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:28,000
Any old car, any old truck 
is of interest to someone.

144
00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:30,166
Somewhere along the line, 
a truck was involved

145
00:06:30,166 --> 00:06:32,833
in everything except the air 
you breathe.

146
00:06:32,833 --> 00:06:42,333
[Music]

147
00:06:42,333 --> 00:06:45,333
If I can design vehicles 
for the rest of my life,

148
00:06:45,333 --> 00:06:48,133
I'll be the happiest camper 
you ever saw.

149
00:06:48,133 --> 00:06:51,033
At times, 
they had 10,000 people working.

150
00:06:51,033 --> 00:06:53,866
The best 
hourly jobs in the county.

151
00:06:53,866 --> 00:06:54,866
That was good money.

152
00:06:54,866 --> 00:06:57,633
On the line, we made good pay.

153
00:06:57,633 --> 00:07:01,733
At the end of the week, 
there were some good rewards.

154
00:07:01,733 --> 00:07:02,966
I liked the money.

155
00:07:02,966 --> 00:07:04,766
I enjoyed the pay 
I think most of all.

156
00:07:04,766 --> 00:07:05,600
You know, really.

157
00:07:05,966 --> 00:07:08,633
When I come out of school 
and I went to work as a trainee,

158
00:07:08,633 --> 00:07:12,800
I think I got $3.28 
or $3.29 an hour.

159
00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:15,566
When I left there, 
it was close to $7 an hour.

160
00:07:15,566 --> 00:07:18,500
Yeah, it was big money.

161
00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:24,233
I made $15 a week.

162
00:07:24,233 --> 00:07:29,000
If you have a family member, 
that was a natural pull.

163
00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:29,600
They liked to

164
00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:31,300
have families there

165
00:07:31,300 --> 00:07:32,433
because they would get

166
00:07:32,433 --> 00:07:35,333
on each other's backs 
if they didn't do a good job.

167
00:07:35,333 --> 00:07:38,066
But they weren't 100% 
in their attendance.

168
00:07:38,066 --> 00:07:41,666
If that guy is a good worker, 
maybe his son's a good worker.

169
00:07:41,666 --> 00:07:43,000
My grandfather worked here.

170
00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:44,466
My uncle worked here.

171
00:07:44,466 --> 00:07:47,600
My wife had several uncles 
who worked here.

172
00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:49,233
I was the second generation.

173
00:07:49,233 --> 00:07:52,033
My daughter worked here, 
was the third generation.

174
00:07:52,033 --> 00:07:55,066
I worked from 11:00 at night 
till 7:00

175
00:07:55,066 --> 00:07:58,066
in the morning, 
and class started at 8:00.

176
00:07:58,266 --> 00:07:59,833
It was hard work.

177
00:07:59,833 --> 00:08:05,966
As you got older, 
you didnt want to do it.

178
00:08:05,966 --> 00:08:06,666
International

179
00:08:07,233 --> 00:08:10,100
Harvester says its production 
will increase by 50% next month

180
00:08:10,100 --> 00:08:14,366
when it begins work on 1800 
new Paystar trucks for Iraq.

181
00:08:14,366 --> 00:08:16,400
Production was at its peak.

182
00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:21,766
We were producing 205 heavy duty 
trucks a day.

183
00:08:21,766 --> 00:08:26,000
Most that any heavy duty truck 
plant in the world ever did.

184
00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:29,466
We were the king of cab over 
engine trucks.

185
00:08:29,466 --> 00:08:31,500
A lot of manufacturers 
just build the truck

186
00:08:31,500 --> 00:08:32,566
and then we made it

187
00:08:32,566 --> 00:08:33,733
the way you wanted.

188
00:08:33,733 --> 00:08:35,833
Harvester 
built it the way you wanted

189
00:08:35,833 --> 00:08:37,133
right from the beginning.

190
00:08:37,133 --> 00:08:38,866
I get around Fort 
Wayne down there

191
00:08:38,866 --> 00:08:40,000
and I would just drool,

192
00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,466
because that was the truck 
capital of the world

193
00:08:42,466 --> 00:08:45,200
and International in my opinion  
is the best truck ever built.

194
00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:47,100
When they built the Hoover 
Dam, my gosh,

195
00:08:47,100 --> 00:08:48,733
they used all Harvester trucks.

196
00:08:50,800 --> 00:08:52,300
I started

197
00:08:52,300 --> 00:08:55,700
collecting Scouts 
in the early seventies.

198
00:08:55,700 --> 00:08:59,266
It was a strong vehicle 
and it was stiff suspension,

199
00:08:59,266 --> 00:09:00,833
but was very strong.

200
00:09:00,833 --> 00:09:03,133
Farmers absolutely loved it.

201
00:09:03,133 --> 00:09:04,800
They know two names.

202
00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:08,700
They know Farmall tractors 
and they know the Scout.

203
00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:12,600
It wasn't fast, 
but it was a lot of fun.

204
00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:14,600
Very simple vehicle to work on.

205
00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:17,200
After you work on it all winter

206
00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:19,900
and you get it to where 
you can take off and drive it,

207
00:09:19,900 --> 00:09:23,833
turn the radio 
on, go over to a friend's house.

208
00:09:23,833 --> 00:09:26,133
It's pretty cool.

209
00:09:26,133 --> 00:09:28,866
There was a lot of pride...built 
the Scouts.

210
00:09:28,866 --> 00:09:33,500
A lot of people not only 
built them, but they drove them.

211
00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:36,633
I'd say it was probably the best

212
00:09:36,633 --> 00:09:40,833
place to work and we were

213
00:09:40,833 --> 00:09:43,833
very proud of the product 
that we produced.

214
00:09:44,033 --> 00:09:45,700
We were like one big family.

215
00:09:45,700 --> 00:09:48,066
I loved International Harvester. 
I breathed it.

216
00:09:48,066 --> 00:09:49,066
I ate it.

217
00:09:49,066 --> 00:09:50,333
They treated me super.

218
00:09:50,333 --> 00:09:53,133
They paid me 
very, very well. I loved it.

219
00:09:53,133 --> 00:09:58,066
[rock music]

220
00:09:58,066 --> 00:09:59,666
[music]

221
00:09:59,666 --> 00:10:01,200
In the 1831,

222
00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:04,966
22-year-old Cyrus McCormick 
perfected a horse

223
00:10:04,966 --> 00:10:08,000
drawn mechanical reaper 
for harvesting grain.

224
00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:10,833
This invention 
would revolutionize agriculture

225
00:10:10,833 --> 00:10:12,300
around the world.

226
00:10:12,300 --> 00:10:15,433
McCormick used innovative sales 
and marketing practices

227
00:10:15,433 --> 00:10:18,033
to make his Harvesting 
Machine Company

228
00:10:18,033 --> 00:10:21,233
one of the leading manufacturers 
of farming equipment

229
00:10:21,233 --> 00:10:25,666
in the U.S., producing over 
50,000 reapers a year.

230
00:10:25,666 --> 00:10:29,866
After his death in 1884, 
Cyrus McCormick Jr.

231
00:10:29,866 --> 00:10:32,333
stepped in to take the reins 
from his father.

232
00:10:32,333 --> 00:10:35,133
But there was a crowded 
field of competition

233
00:10:35,133 --> 00:10:36,966
with one of the largest 
competitors

234
00:10:36,966 --> 00:10:40,066
being the Deering 
Harvester Company.

235
00:10:40,066 --> 00:10:42,300
Cyrus 
Junior was tired of fighting

236
00:10:42,300 --> 00:10:43,533
with his arch rival,

237
00:10:43,533 --> 00:10:44,600
William Deering,

238
00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:46,966
and there were 300 
other reaper makers out there

239
00:10:46,966 --> 00:10:48,966
and it was just difficult 
to do business.

240
00:10:48,966 --> 00:10:50,433
So they merged to form

241
00:10:50,433 --> 00:10:53,900
International Harvester 
with three other reaper makers.

242
00:10:53,900 --> 00:10:57,700
The 1902 merger of the two 
major manufacturers

243
00:10:57,700 --> 00:11:00,066
McCormick 
Harvesting Machine Company

244
00:11:00,066 --> 00:11:03,833
and Deering Harvester Company, 
along with three smaller

245
00:11:03,833 --> 00:11:08,033
manufacturers, created 
an industrial juggernaut:

246
00:11:08,033 --> 00:11:11,266
The International 
Harvester Company.

247
00:11:11,266 --> 00:11:12,266
Immediately after the

248
00:11:12,266 --> 00:11:16,466
merger, Harvester 
owned an 85% market share.

249
00:11:16,733 --> 00:11:17,600
[music]

250
00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:20,266
Harvester got into 
the truck manufacturing business

251
00:11:20,266 --> 00:11:22,200
by way of the automobile.

252
00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:24,700
Even though the McCormicks 
and the Deerings had built

253
00:11:24,700 --> 00:11:27,700
empires around horse-drawn 
farming implements,

254
00:11:27,700 --> 00:11:29,333
both companies have been working

255
00:11:29,333 --> 00:11:32,733
on self-powered vehicles 
during the 1890s.

256
00:11:32,733 --> 00:11:34,600
In the years 
following the merger,

257
00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:37,766
the first tractor appeared 
in 1906, followed

258
00:11:37,766 --> 00:11:40,933
by the auto buggy in 1907.

259
00:11:40,933 --> 00:11:43,300
This “horseless carriage” 
resembled

260
00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:47,166
many of the first automobiles 
being developed at the time.

261
00:11:47,166 --> 00:11:49,633
This led to the development 
of a more truck-like

262
00:11:49,633 --> 00:11:54,400
vehicle called the “Auto Wagon”  
which debuted in 1909.

263
00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:57,433
We say the auto wagon 
was developed for farmers,

264
00:11:57,433 --> 00:12:00,133
but there are hundreds 
of pictures of them

265
00:12:00,133 --> 00:12:02,000
already as delivery vehicles

266
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:04,266
serving every industry 
right from the start.

267
00:12:04,266 --> 00:12:07,266
So it wasn't strictly 
a farm product at all.

268
00:12:07,266 --> 00:12:09,466
The leadership 
in International Harvester soon

269
00:12:09,466 --> 00:12:12,933
saw the potential to branch out 
from agricultural products

270
00:12:12,933 --> 00:12:15,966
to tap into this new market 
for delivery vehicles.

271
00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:19,066
A factory in Akron, 
Ohio, was converted

272
00:12:19,066 --> 00:12:24,366
from making farm implements to 
making these new motor vehicles.

273
00:12:24,366 --> 00:12:25,600
Then in 1912,

274
00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:28,600
they started building 
what they called motor trucks,

275
00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:30,633
and that was really 
where they got

276
00:12:30,633 --> 00:12:32,833
into the truck business 
for the first time.

277
00:12:32,833 --> 00:12:34,666
Even though the company identity

278
00:12:34,666 --> 00:12:37,666
was still strongly tied 
to the McCormick-Deering names

279
00:12:37,933 --> 00:12:41,433
and the primary focus remained 
on the farming business,

280
00:12:41,433 --> 00:12:44,966
This new venture was charting 
a course for the future:

281
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:50,200
International Harvester Company 
was now a truck manufacturer.

282
00:12:50,466 --> 00:12:51,100
[music]

283
00:12:51,533 --> 00:12:54,600
By 1910, International Harvester 
Company had become

284
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,266
the nation's largest 
producer of light trucks,

285
00:12:57,266 --> 00:13:00,600
and it was now the fourth 
largest company in America.

286
00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:01,466
The early years

287
00:13:01,866 --> 00:13:05,533
of the 20th century witnessed 
a boom in vehicle production.

288
00:13:05,533 --> 00:13:08,766
More and more businesses 
discovered how useful trucks

289
00:13:08,766 --> 00:13:09,533
could be for

290
00:13:09,900 --> 00:13:14,533
delivering milk, food, goods 
and a variety of wares.

291
00:13:14,533 --> 00:13:16,333
As they started 
with auto wagons,

292
00:13:16,333 --> 00:13:19,333
they quickly took over a plant 
over in Akron, Ohio.

293
00:13:19,566 --> 00:13:21,300
But by the teens,

294
00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:25,200
that was being outgrown 
and they had to expand somehow.

295
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:29,433
Akron did fine for a number 
of years, but it was landlocked.

296
00:13:29,666 --> 00:13:34,233
There was no room to expand 
the dimensions of the plant,

297
00:13:34,233 --> 00:13:38,333
Expanding sales paired 
with an unexpandable factory

298
00:13:38,333 --> 00:13:40,000
created quite the dilemma

299
00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:42,466
for the International Harvester 
Company.

300
00:13:42,466 --> 00:13:45,100
To alleviate the situation, 
a former Champion farm

301
00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:48,466
equipment factory in Springfield 
Ohio, was reconfigured

302
00:13:48,466 --> 00:13:50,166
to supplement the production

303
00:13:50,166 --> 00:13:51,100
of motor trucks.

304
00:13:51,100 --> 00:13:52,633
At the same time,

305
00:13:52,633 --> 00:13:54,333
the board resolved to further

306
00:13:54,333 --> 00:13:56,666
expand 
their manufacturing capabilities

307
00:13:56,666 --> 00:13:59,066
by constructing 
a brand new factory,

308
00:13:59,066 --> 00:14:01,800
solely dedicated to producing

309
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,833
motor trucks, 
that would have the capacity

310
00:14:04,833 --> 00:14:08,200
to fulfill 
the increasing orders.

311
00:14:09,766 --> 00:14:14,333
A nationwide search was underway 
to find the ideal location.

312
00:14:14,333 --> 00:14:17,533
Representatives from Harvester 
began contacting city

313
00:14:17,533 --> 00:14:21,366
officials and business leaders 
in 26 different localities.

314
00:14:21,366 --> 00:14:23,666
In November 1919,

315
00:14:23,666 --> 00:14:27,600
one of those locations was Fort 
Wayne, Indiana.

316
00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:29,833
They approached the Fort Wayne 
Chamber of Commerce.

317
00:14:29,833 --> 00:14:32,533
Charles Finch was the president

318
00:14:32,533 --> 00:14:35,100
and told them 
that they were looking at Fort

319
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:38,600
Wayne as a possible site for 
a new heavy duty truck plant.

320
00:14:38,966 --> 00:14:41,666
Harvester said 
we're looking to build a plant

321
00:14:41,666 --> 00:14:44,666
that's going to cost 
between four and $5 million.

322
00:14:44,666 --> 00:14:47,966
We're going to employ 4 
to 5000 employees.

323
00:14:47,966 --> 00:14:51,366
We're going to produce 
about 30,000 trucks per year,

324
00:14:51,366 --> 00:14:54,000
which is just an astronomical 
number.

325
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:58,566
Now, the bad news is we want you 
to form a corporation

326
00:14:58,566 --> 00:15:02,200
and fund it with $750,000

327
00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:05,133
to ensure that the other things 
we need, like public

328
00:15:05,133 --> 00:15:09,033
services brought to our site, 
can be accomplished.

329
00:15:09,033 --> 00:15:12,266
They wanted streetcar service 
run to the plant site.

330
00:15:12,266 --> 00:15:15,500
They also wanted a beltline 
run to the plant site

331
00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:17,433
that would come off 
of the main railroad tracks.

332
00:15:17,433 --> 00:15:21,500
And this beltline could be used 
equally by the Wabash Railroad,

333
00:15:21,500 --> 00:15:23,966
the Nickel Plate Railroad, 
the New York Central

334
00:15:23,966 --> 00:15:25,633
and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

335
00:15:25,833 --> 00:15:26,633
The Fort Wayne

336
00:15:27,066 --> 00:15:29,933
Chamber of Commerce got to work 
by forming the Greater Fort

337
00:15:29,933 --> 00:15:35,600
Wayne Development Corporation 
to raise the necessary $750,000

338
00:15:36,166 --> 00:15:40,433
The raising of this $750,000 
was a Herculean feat

339
00:15:40,666 --> 00:15:45,333
In 1919, $750,000 was a whole 
lot of money.

340
00:15:45,333 --> 00:15:48,033
they ended up getting over 
200 people in Fort

341
00:15:48,033 --> 00:15:51,433
Wayne and businesses 
to contribute to the fund.

342
00:15:51,433 --> 00:15:57,300
And instead of raising $750,000, 
they raised $1 million.

343
00:15:58,366 --> 00:15:59,633
[music]

344
00:15:59,633 --> 00:16:02,033
In April of 1920,

345
00:16:02,033 --> 00:16:05,666
International Harvester 
Vice President Herbert F Perkins

346
00:16:05,666 --> 00:16:07,733
shared 
with the Board of Directors

347
00:16:07,733 --> 00:16:11,533
a unanimous recommendation from 
the manufacturing department

348
00:16:11,533 --> 00:16:14,100
to choose Fort 
Wayne as the location

349
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:17,266
for the new motor 
truck manufacturing plant.

350
00:16:17,266 --> 00:16:22,133
A site was chosen three miles 
east of the city and 143 acres

351
00:16:22,133 --> 00:16:27,166
of land was to be purchased 
at a cost of $700 per acre.

352
00:16:27,166 --> 00:16:30,000
The site that was decided on 
for International Harvester,

353
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:32,766
which we now call the East 
End Industries area,

354
00:16:32,766 --> 00:16:34,500
was really just farmland.

355
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:38,533
My grandfather on my mother's 
side - that's where they live.

356
00:16:38,533 --> 00:16:41,033
That was their family farm

357
00:16:41,033 --> 00:16:45,200
and they sold the farm 
to International back in 1920.

358
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:49,633
The big news was announced 
in June of 1920.

359
00:16:49,633 --> 00:16:52,600
International Harvester 
would be bringing their motor

360
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:57,766
truck manufacturing 
factory to Fort Wayne.

361
00:16:57,766 --> 00:16:58,400
The plans

362
00:16:58,733 --> 00:17:01,500
called for a factory 
and two other buildings

363
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:06,733
with 193,000 
square feet under roof.

364
00:17:06,733 --> 00:17:09,466
One impressive architectural 
element of the Fort

365
00:17:09,466 --> 00:17:12,966
Wayne works would be a colossal 
rectangular tower

366
00:17:12,966 --> 00:17:17,333
bearing the name “Internationa”  
on all four sides.

367
00:17:17,333 --> 00:17:20,300
What a lot of people 
don't realize is that the tower,

368
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:25,466
which is 150 feet tall, housed 
a 100,000 gallon water tank.

369
00:17:25,466 --> 00:17:28,633
Rising high 
above the surrounding farmland,

370
00:17:28,633 --> 00:17:32,133
the tower could be seen for 
miles away.

371
00:17:32,133 --> 00:17:35,433
It would become an icon 
of not only the International

372
00:17:35,433 --> 00:17:38,800
Harvester Company, 
but also of Fort Wayne

373
00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:42,900
as a home for industry.

374
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:44,533
Shift changes were signaled

375
00:17:44,533 --> 00:17:47,700
by a loud steam 
whistle atop the powerhouse.

376
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:52,166
The distinct tone could be heard 
for miles around the factory.

377
00:17:52,166 --> 00:17:54,033
Willard Bryce Shull was born

378
00:17:54,033 --> 00:17:57,833
in 1921, two years 
before the plant was completed.

379
00:17:57,833 --> 00:18:00,300
He and his family lived 
near the plant

380
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,733
and regarded the whistle 
to be a community timepiece.

381
00:18:03,933 --> 00:18:05,966
We lived by that whistle.

382
00:18:05,966 --> 00:18:10,366
I lived not too far down 
about two blocks.

383
00:18:10,366 --> 00:18:12,966
I knew the timing

384
00:18:12,966 --> 00:18:16,033
of, people went to work 
and when they got off.

385
00:18:16,033 --> 00:18:19,133
The last 
whistle was at twelve oclock.

386
00:18:19,133 --> 00:18:22,800
That was the last one 
until seven in the morning.

387
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:26,166
I heard that whistle for years, 
but I never knew I was going

388
00:18:26,166 --> 00:18:27,400
to be working by it.

389
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:29,000
[music]

390
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,700
Construction 
began in May of 1922.

391
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:35,366
The first truck would roll 
off the Fort Wayne works

392
00:18:35,366 --> 00:18:39,233
assembly line 
in December of 1923.

393
00:18:39,233 --> 00:18:43,433
Workers would produce 433 trucks 
by the end of the year.

394
00:18:43,433 --> 00:18:49,333
From this point forward, Fort 
Wayne would be a truck town.

395
00:18:49,333 --> 00:18:52,166
Once the full capacity 
of the factory came on line

396
00:18:52,166 --> 00:18:57,800
in 1924, a total of 6,831 
trucks were made that year.

397
00:18:57,800 --> 00:18:59,700
The Model 103

398
00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:03,633
was one of the new truck models 
being built at the new plant.

399
00:19:03,633 --> 00:19:06,300
The rugged truck 
with a 10,000 pound

400
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:10,833
maximum capacity marked 
the beginning for Fort Wayne.

401
00:19:10,833 --> 00:19:14,866
Things were going 
well in Fort Wayne in 1924.

402
00:19:14,866 --> 00:19:15,900
Plans were announced

403
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:20,033
to expand the works in order 
to increase production capacity.

404
00:19:20,033 --> 00:19:23,033
By 1925, 
the International Harvester

405
00:19:23,033 --> 00:19:25,433
Company had earned its place 
as the country's

406
00:19:25,433 --> 00:19:29,166
largest manufacturer 
with a full line of trucks.

407
00:19:29,166 --> 00:19:32,200
The Akron works closed 
that same year.

408
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:35,766
Truck production was now divided 
between Fort Wayne, Indiana,

409
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,966
and Springfield, Ohio, 
with a third truck plant

410
00:19:38,966 --> 00:19:42,133
serving 
Canada in Chatham, Ontario.

411
00:19:42,133 --> 00:19:43,200
Those factories

412
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:47,733
combined to produce 
about 15,000 trucks in 1926.

413
00:19:47,733 --> 00:19:53,500
In 1928, total production 
reached a record 40,000 units.

414
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:56,800
International Harvester 
makes a complete line of trucks,

415
00:19:56,800 --> 00:19:59,366
the best that men, money, 
and more than a century

416
00:19:59,366 --> 00:20:01,600
of manufacturing experience 
can build.

417
00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:03,666
The factory at Fort Wayne,

418
00:20:03,666 --> 00:20:06,133
where heavy duty 
models are manufactured.

419
00:20:06,133 --> 00:20:09,166
There are Internationals 
to meet every hauling need,

420
00:20:09,166 --> 00:20:11,966
dependably and economically.

421
00:20:11,966 --> 00:20:14,533
The plant complex was expanded 
to complement

422
00:20:14,533 --> 00:20:17,766
the assembly of trucks by adding 
a forge for making parts

423
00:20:17,966 --> 00:20:21,600
and an 80 acre 
proving grounds facility to test

424
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:24,033
the trucks under extreme 
conditions.

425
00:20:24,333 --> 00:20:27,833
Really, when the Depression 
hit in the fall of 1929,

426
00:20:27,833 --> 00:20:30,766
it took a while for it 
to catch up with Fort Wayne.

427
00:20:30,766 --> 00:20:34,333
We kept sailing along for a 
while because of the diverse

428
00:20:34,333 --> 00:20:36,266
industrial base 
that we had here.

429
00:20:36,266 --> 00:20:39,166
But eventually, of course, it 
caught up with Fort Wayne, too,

430
00:20:39,166 --> 00:20:42,233
and caught up with 
International Harvester as well.

431
00:20:42,233 --> 00:20:45,200
The International Harvester 
Company went from a high

432
00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:49,066
of 51,000 trucks 
produced in 1928

433
00:20:49,066 --> 00:20:51,900
to a Depression era low of just

434
00:20:51,900 --> 00:20:57,700
17,400 in 1932.

435
00:20:58,200 --> 00:21:00,400
During the 
lean years of the early 1930s,

436
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:02,700
the Federal government 
turned its resources

437
00:21:02,700 --> 00:21:06,266
toward public works 
and infrastructure projects.

438
00:21:06,266 --> 00:21:10,166
These big projects 
called for big trucks.

439
00:21:10,166 --> 00:21:12,600
We supplied 
80% of all the trucks

440
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:13,166
to build the Hoover

441
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:14,866
Dam, which was the biggest 
public works

442
00:21:14,866 --> 00:21:16,966
project in the country's 
history.

443
00:21:16,966 --> 00:21:19,833
in this early stage of the work, 
millions of yards of rock

444
00:21:19,833 --> 00:21:21,800
and dirt were to be removed.

445
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:24,000
A fleet of over 100 
International heavy

446
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:27,133
duty trucks was selected 
by the six companies

447
00:21:27,133 --> 00:21:31,000
summer and winter 
working 24 hours a day

448
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:34,266
to choking dust and 
fighting winds in temperatures

449
00:21:34,266 --> 00:21:39,366
as high as 120 and in 
cold often below freezing.

450
00:21:39,366 --> 00:21:40,866
Things were much heavier duty.

451
00:21:40,866 --> 00:21:43,633
We were building really 
big trucks.

452
00:21:43,633 --> 00:21:46,166
Drastic changes 
from the from the ‘20s.

453
00:21:46,166 --> 00:21:47,566
Whatever the destination,

454
00:21:47,566 --> 00:21:51,300
these heavy duty trucks 
are ready and able to go.

455
00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:53,300
Such flexibility and 
ability to work

456
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:56,633
and never get equaled by any 
other form of transportation.

457
00:21:56,633 --> 00:21:58,433
And the adaptation of trucks

458
00:21:58,433 --> 00:22:01,500
to specific 
jobs is still in its beginning.

459
00:22:03,666 --> 00:22:04,966
[dramatic music]

460
00:22:04,966 --> 00:22:08,200
The decade of the 
1930s would end under the shadow

461
00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:10,866
of a dark cloud 
of uncertainty cast

462
00:22:10,866 --> 00:22:14,200
by the escalating conflict 
in Europe and Asia.

463
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:18,500
By the summer of 1940, France 
had surrendered to Germany

464
00:22:18,500 --> 00:22:20,400
and Great 
Britain was under siege

465
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:24,033
from the relentless 
Nazi air attacks.

466
00:22:24,033 --> 00:22:27,300
We were anticipating that we 
were going to get into the war

467
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:31,066
and we were planning 
at least ahead of time.

468
00:22:31,066 --> 00:22:35,266
The M-1-4 and M-2-4 were 
in response to an invitation

469
00:22:35,266 --> 00:22:40,166
to bid for a contract 
for the rearmament programs

470
00:22:40,166 --> 00:22:42,500
that were coming 
in 1939 and 1940

471
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:45,366
because we knew we were going 
to be in a war sooner or later.

472
00:22:45,366 --> 00:22:48,633
So they were building up 
our military and making orders

473
00:22:48,633 --> 00:22:50,566
of different kinds of equipment.

474
00:22:50,566 --> 00:22:54,233
[dramatic music]

475
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:57,033
December 7, 1941,

476
00:22:57,033 --> 00:23:00,600
America was stunned by the news 
that war had come to the US

477
00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,666
in a surprise attack 
at Pearl Harbor.

478
00:23:04,066 --> 00:23:06,233
Logistics would be a vital part 
of supplying

479
00:23:06,233 --> 00:23:09,466
allied troops with everything 
they needed to win the war.

480
00:23:09,466 --> 00:23:12,600
To do the job, 
it would take thousands

481
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:17,133
of trucks from every vehicle 
manufacturer in the U.S..

482
00:23:17,133 --> 00:23:20,266
Mobility 
is the essence of modern war,

483
00:23:20,266 --> 00:23:24,633
and America's motorized 
forces must be kept rolling

484
00:23:24,633 --> 00:23:25,166
over at the

485
00:23:25,700 --> 00:23:28,233
Fort Wayne Works, plant 
facilities are being used

486
00:23:28,233 --> 00:23:34,700
for the manufacture 
of military trucks.

487
00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:37,100
Wartime production had begun.

488
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,800
Fort Wayne continued to build 
heavy duty

489
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:42,900
trucks 
and some medium duty models.

490
00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:46,500
Springfield built half-tracks, 
along with light duty

491
00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:49,700
trucks and early 
four-wheel-drive vehicles.

492
00:23:50,066 --> 00:23:51,200
Fort Wayne Engineers

493
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:55,100
designed vehicles 
to meet military specifications.

494
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:56,866
Then prototypes underwent

495
00:23:56,866 --> 00:24:00,666
rigorous testing at the Fort 
Wayne Proving Grounds.

496
00:24:00,666 --> 00:24:03,266
The performance of a military 
unit is

497
00:24:03,266 --> 00:24:06,466
tested on the proving ground 
just the same way

498
00:24:06,466 --> 00:24:09,733
all the guesswork is taken out 
of a standard truck.

499
00:24:09,733 --> 00:24:12,733
International trucks 
are rolling on the Burma Road

500
00:24:12,933 --> 00:24:15,933
and driving across the hot 
sands of Africa

501
00:24:15,933 --> 00:24:18,533
and doing yeoman service 
with friendly foreign

502
00:24:18,533 --> 00:24:23,033
powers, all under the 
toughest possible conditions.

503
00:24:23,033 --> 00:24:24,700
We tested trucks 
that were going to be an

504
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:28,700
even more difficult situations 
than bad roads in Europe

505
00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:30,666
or wherever they were headed.

506
00:24:31,133 --> 00:24:33,600
One of the government-designed 
heavy duty military vehicles

507
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:39,166
being built at the Fort 
Wayne Works was the M-5-6;

508
00:24:39,166 --> 00:24:42,633
The M-5-6 was probably the best 
deuce

509
00:24:42,633 --> 00:24:46,533
and a half built during the war, 
especially the M-5H-6,

510
00:24:46,533 --> 00:24:49,366
which was a specialty version 
that the Marine Corps used

511
00:24:49,366 --> 00:24:52,666
because it was a high mobility 
six by six.

512
00:24:53,666 --> 00:24:54,366
[dramatic music]

513
00:24:54,366 --> 00:24:56,633
The US Army had a major concern

514
00:24:56,633 --> 00:24:59,666
with the thousands of trucks 
it was putting into service.

515
00:24:59,666 --> 00:25:01,066
Once they were in the field of

516
00:25:01,066 --> 00:25:05,233
battle, there was still a need 
for maintenance and repair.

517
00:25:05,233 --> 00:25:08,966
With such a large fleet 
of vehicles under their command.

518
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,433
The Army came 
to the manufacturers

519
00:25:11,433 --> 00:25:15,100
asking for a qualified mechanics 
willing to serve.

520
00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:18,433
International responded 
by recruiting from its factories

521
00:25:18,433 --> 00:25:19,433
and dealerships,

522
00:25:19,633 --> 00:25:22,600
putting together and training 
a group of field mechanics

523
00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:26,533
that would become known 
as the Harvester Battalion.

524
00:25:26,533 --> 00:25:29,933
The 134th Ordnance 
Maintenance Battalion

525
00:25:29,933 --> 00:25:33,033
would go on to be cited 
for meritorious services,

526
00:25:33,033 --> 00:25:36,233
repairing trucks, tanks 
and halftracks

527
00:25:36,233 --> 00:25:40,733
on the front lines 
in France and Germany.

528
00:25:40,733 --> 00:25:42,466
[military music]

529
00:25:42,466 --> 00:25:43,633
Company-wide,

530
00:25:43,633 --> 00:25:47,666
over 13,000 International 
Harvester employees enlisted

531
00:25:47,666 --> 00:25:51,166
in some form of military service 
during the war.

532
00:25:51,166 --> 00:25:53,933
This left thousands of vacant 
jobs that needed

533
00:25:53,933 --> 00:25:57,233
to be filled to meet the wartime 
production demands.

534
00:25:57,233 --> 00:26:00,233
World War Two provided 
women and minorities

535
00:26:00,233 --> 00:26:02,533
with new employment 
opportunities,

536
00:26:02,533 --> 00:26:06,033
unlike any other time 
in our nations history.

537
00:26:06,033 --> 00:26:11,033
We had an anti-discrimination 
policy that we issued in 1919.

538
00:26:11,033 --> 00:26:15,200
We were way ahead of our time, 
but our plants were not very

539
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,100
integrated until the war.

540
00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:20,833
The Fort Wayne Works 
gained a tenuous connection

541
00:26:20,833 --> 00:26:23,600
with one of the legendary 
Tuskegee Airmen.

542
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,233
Thanks to former employee 
Maxine Hall.

543
00:26:26,233 --> 00:26:28,466
Her husband, Charles B.

544
00:26:28,466 --> 00:26:31,133
Hall, 
was the first African-American

545
00:26:31,133 --> 00:26:35,666
to shoot down a Nazi aircraft, 
during a dogfight in Italy.

546
00:26:35,666 --> 00:26:40,166
He would go on to fly 
198 combat missions, earn

547
00:26:40,166 --> 00:26:44,666
the rank of Major, and receive 
the Distinguished Flying Cross.

548
00:26:44,666 --> 00:26:47,033
[music]

549
00:26:47,833 --> 00:26:48,500
[music]

550
00:26:48,766 --> 00:26:51,500
Eventually 
all the hard work would pay off.

551
00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:55,100
The allies would see victory 
in Europe and Asia.

552
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:58,133
Americans celebrated 
as loved ones returned home

553
00:26:58,366 --> 00:27:02,700
and life slowly 
fell back into its normal pace.

554
00:27:02,700 --> 00:27:04,600
For the International Harvester 
Company

555
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,733
the return to normal 
would bring record sales.

556
00:27:07,733 --> 00:27:14,233
In 1948, truck production hit 
a new high of 172,000 vehicles

557
00:27:14,233 --> 00:27:19,800
and Fort Wayne did its part 
by building 46,955 trucks.

558
00:27:20,233 --> 00:27:24,200
As America turned the corner 
from the war-fueled 1940s,

559
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:28,000
into the domestic baby-boom 
decade of the 1950s,

560
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,633
the International Harvester 
Fort Wayne Plant complex

561
00:27:31,633 --> 00:27:35,966
had grown to include 31 
buildings, with 40 acres

562
00:27:35,966 --> 00:27:40,500
under roof, on a total of 124 
acres of land.

563
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:43,300
By 1950, half a million trucks

564
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:46,566
had rolled off the assembly line 
of the Fort Wayne Works.

565
00:27:46,566 --> 00:27:48,800
Employment levels 
fluctuated between

566
00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:52,066
fifty-five hundred and six 
thousand workers.

567
00:27:52,066 --> 00:27:53,833
The increased sales brought on

568
00:27:53,833 --> 00:27:56,966
by postwar 
optimism and a booming economy

569
00:27:56,966 --> 00:28:00,166
caused some growing pains 
at the Fort Wayne Works.

570
00:28:00,166 --> 00:28:03,766
Management wanted design 
and engineering

571
00:28:03,766 --> 00:28:05,700
to come together 
in one location.

572
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:08,466
Ground was broken 
in July of 1950

573
00:28:08,466 --> 00:28:11,466
for the construction 
of a new Motor Truck Engineering

574
00:28:11,466 --> 00:28:14,433
Department 
and Laboratories in Fort Wayne.

575
00:28:14,666 --> 00:28:19,500
This 250,000 square foot, 8 
million dollar facility,

576
00:28:19,500 --> 00:28:20,733
would be a place where

577
00:28:20,733 --> 00:28:25,100
planning, design, and testing 
all came together.

578
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:27,000
It's critical 
to have all those people

579
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:29,466
in the same place 
on the same page.

580
00:28:29,466 --> 00:28:32,633
Everything was designed here and 
for the most part, built here.

581
00:28:32,633 --> 00:28:34,133
You look under the hood.

582
00:28:34,133 --> 00:28:36,700
There's almost no room 
for another anything in there.

583
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:38,233
And our designers

584
00:28:38,233 --> 00:28:41,033
would be arguing 
about the slope of a hood,

585
00:28:41,033 --> 00:28:42,633
and the engineers 
would be telling them

586
00:28:42,633 --> 00:28:44,433
about all the other 
pieces of equipment

587
00:28:44,433 --> 00:28:46,600
that still need to go under 
that hood.

588
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:49,800
To make one truck, 
you've got hundreds, literally

589
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:53,000
thousands of parts 
that go in into that truck.

590
00:28:53,633 --> 00:28:56,100
[music]

591
00:28:56,100 --> 00:28:59,066
In order for all of these parts 
to fit together,

592
00:28:59,066 --> 00:29:02,133
it takes careful planning, 
precise drawings

593
00:29:02,333 --> 00:29:04,800
and a whole lot of engineering 
knowhow.

594
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:08,033
All this has to come together 
and work together

595
00:29:08,033 --> 00:29:10,166
to build a vehicle 
that doesn't fail,

596
00:29:10,166 --> 00:29:11,733
you know, has high reliability.

597
00:29:11,733 --> 00:29:15,366
And so we would have hundreds 
of engineers

598
00:29:15,366 --> 00:29:19,266
to design one truck, 
different kinds of engineers,

599
00:29:19,266 --> 00:29:23,500
some electrical, some 
mechanical, some test engineers.

600
00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:25,233
We did all the new product 
development,

601
00:29:25,233 --> 00:29:29,366
so all the new trucks, we did 
all the sustaining engineering.

602
00:29:29,566 --> 00:29:31,733
To develop a truck.

603
00:29:31,733 --> 00:29:33,900
It takes years to do it right.

604
00:29:33,900 --> 00:29:35,333
And even then, youre

605
00:29:35,333 --> 00:29:39,900
accelerated testing, 
A lot of design, a lot of tests,

606
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:43,666
redesign, retest, validate,

607
00:29:43,666 --> 00:29:46,133
and then you gotta make sure 
that can all be produced

608
00:29:46,133 --> 00:29:50,700
It takes hundreds of people, 
thousands of man hours

609
00:29:50,900 --> 00:29:54,033
to develop a product like that 
that's acceptable in

610
00:29:54,033 --> 00:29:57,733
the marketplace, is safe 
and reliable and durable.

611
00:29:58,233 --> 00:30:00,000
How many miles should this last?

612
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:01,866
What kind of roads 
is it going to run under?

613
00:30:01,866 --> 00:30:03,633
What's it going to haul?

614
00:30:03,633 --> 00:30:04,800
Those sorts of things.

615
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:06,600
How is the customer 
really going to use it?

616
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:11,200
Creates the specification 
and then the engineers sit down

617
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:12,800
and they start 
to develop the truck

618
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:14,666
and it's really developed 
on paper.

619
00:30:14,666 --> 00:30:19,200
And at some point it goes 
from kind of the specifications

620
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:20,966
to a set of drawings.

621
00:30:20,966 --> 00:30:25,333
These drawings had to be 
very precise and very detailed.

622
00:30:25,333 --> 00:30:27,333
Not just major components,

623
00:30:27,333 --> 00:30:30,366
but every seemingly 
insignificant screw,

624
00:30:30,366 --> 00:30:34,366
washer, nut and bolt 
had to be represented.

625
00:30:34,366 --> 00:30:37,100
Every part that we used

626
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:39,266
it took an 
army of engineers and draftsmen

627
00:30:39,266 --> 00:30:41,400
to produce the drawings 
that would be needed

628
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,800
for all phases of development, 
testing and production.

629
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:48,566
This all took place 
in one huge space

630
00:30:48,566 --> 00:30:51,400
at the engineering center 
in Fort Wayne.

631
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:54,966
It was called the drafting room, 
the design room.

632
00:30:54,966 --> 00:30:57,800
And when I started 
that was all open and,

633
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,200
and there was eight foot 
and ten foot

634
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:02,566
and 12 foot drafting boards

635
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:03,866
but what was going on in

636
00:31:03,866 --> 00:31:06,833
there was all the hard work 
of getting drawings

637
00:31:06,833 --> 00:31:11,666
ready or bills of material ready 
or detailed drawings

638
00:31:11,666 --> 00:31:15,233
or assembly drawings 
of how to build those products.

639
00:31:15,233 --> 00:31:18,133
We had hundreds of engineers 
in there

640
00:31:18,133 --> 00:31:21,466
and designers and detailers 
doing that work in there.

641
00:31:21,666 --> 00:31:24,566
it starts with putting it 
on what we call the layout,

642
00:31:24,566 --> 00:31:26,266
either 
the whole truck or portion

643
00:31:26,266 --> 00:31:28,166
of the truck 
where that part's going,

644
00:31:28,166 --> 00:31:31,200
how does it fit with everything 
else going around there?

645
00:31:31,433 --> 00:31:33,366
and the guys start 
putting it together,

646
00:31:33,366 --> 00:31:34,700
putting all those parts 
together,

647
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:36,633
and invariably 
they start saying,

648
00:31:36,633 --> 00:31:37,833
This isn't going to work.

649
00:31:37,833 --> 00:31:40,766
You can't put this together 
in the manufacturing facility.

650
00:31:40,766 --> 00:31:43,366
Engineering would design a part

651
00:31:43,366 --> 00:31:46,533
and then if they had trouble 
with it on the line,

652
00:31:46,733 --> 00:31:48,866
they blamed the guys 
on the assembly line

653
00:31:48,866 --> 00:31:52,033
for not knowing how to put it on 
and theyd blame engineering

654
00:31:52,033 --> 00:31:53,500
for not knowing 
how to design it.

655
00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:56,600
It might be surprising, 
but sometimes engineers design

656
00:31:56,600 --> 00:31:58,300
things 
that can't be put together.

657
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:01,666
Even if all the parts actually 
fit together,

658
00:32:01,666 --> 00:32:05,666
it doesn't necessarily mean 
they will work together.

659
00:32:05,666 --> 00:32:08,000
Then you start to test it.

660
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:10,266
And that's where you start 
to find out, hey,

661
00:32:10,266 --> 00:32:13,300
you know, we did this virtually, 
but in the real world,

662
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:17,200
these temperatures are higher 
or the stresses are higher.

663
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:18,566
And so then you go through

664
00:32:18,566 --> 00:32:22,766
kind of a phase of redesign 
and prototype and redesign.

665
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,066
This is taking years, 
a typical truck,

666
00:32:25,066 --> 00:32:27,866
if you could do it in 
four years, that's pretty good.

667
00:32:27,866 --> 00:32:30,166
Most new products 
would take five years.

668
00:32:30,533 --> 00:32:33,233
And then you actually go to the  
manufacturing plant,

669
00:32:33,233 --> 00:32:37,333
probably a year before youre,  
you have everything tooled up.

670
00:32:37,333 --> 00:32:39,400
Can we build it in the plant?

671
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:41,100
And then that last year

672
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:43,300
is really 
just preparing for production.

673
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:46,500
Before a truck could go

674
00:32:46,766 --> 00:32:50,366
into production, 
every part had to be tested.

675
00:32:50,366 --> 00:32:54,600
First, the parts were tested on 
an individual level, then,

676
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:57,333
assembled units 
like transmissions and engines

677
00:32:57,333 --> 00:33:00,500
were tested for functionality 
and durability.

678
00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:04,000
Finally, a complete prototype 
truck was submitted to various

679
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,033
kinds of testing under extreme 
conditions.

680
00:33:07,033 --> 00:33:09,833
Engineers created 
different types of environments

681
00:33:09,833 --> 00:33:10,933
for testing the limits

682
00:33:10,933 --> 00:33:13,266
of the products 
they were designing.

683
00:33:13,266 --> 00:33:16,466
The Shaker Lab was meant to 
simulate the jarring conditions

684
00:33:16,466 --> 00:33:19,300
a truck might encounter 
on a construction site

685
00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:23,500
or driving thousands of miles 
on rough roads.

686
00:33:23,966 --> 00:33:25,566
You could shake a hood, 
you could shake a radiator,

687
00:33:25,566 --> 00:33:29,466
you could shake a cab 
and it really simulated,

688
00:33:29,466 --> 00:33:33,333
if you think about going over 
railroad tracks as an example.

689
00:33:33,333 --> 00:33:36,600
You can drive over railroad 
tracks so many times a day.

690
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:38,166
But if you can get over

691
00:33:38,166 --> 00:33:38,933
100 times

692
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:41,933
a day, that's probably a lot 
to drive over a railroad track.

693
00:33:42,166 --> 00:33:44,900
Literally, you could drive over 
a railroad track

694
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:48,400
on a shaker every 5 seconds.

695
00:33:48,633 --> 00:33:51,166
Because International trucks 
were used worldwide.

696
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,800
They had to be able to function 
in some of the most

697
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:56,800
extreme temperatures 
on the planet.

698
00:33:56,800 --> 00:33:58,933
The Fort Wayne engineers created 
special lab

699
00:33:58,933 --> 00:34:02,466
environments to simulate 
sweltering heat in the hot room

700
00:34:02,466 --> 00:34:05,366
and subzero temperatures 
in the cold room

701
00:34:05,366 --> 00:34:11,333
with the capacity to go as low 
as -100 degrees Fahrenheit.

702
00:34:11,333 --> 00:34:13,866
I'd say the majority of 
the tests were 40 below.

703
00:34:13,866 --> 00:34:17,033
Forty below zero, 
a soft seat is rock.

704
00:34:17,033 --> 00:34:18,700
A rock.

705
00:34:18,700 --> 00:34:19,900
These extreme temperatures

706
00:34:19,900 --> 00:34:23,066
not only tested the limits 
of what a truck could endure,

707
00:34:23,333 --> 00:34:27,133
but also the limits of what 
the human body could endure.

708
00:34:27,133 --> 00:34:30,000
The cold room had specific 
guidelines to prevent

709
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:33,366
serious injury to the personnel 
working inside.

710
00:34:33,366 --> 00:34:36,500
Special gear 
had to be worn and strict time

711
00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:40,233
limits were observed, depending 
on the testing temperature.

712
00:34:40,233 --> 00:34:41,900
Time limit in the cold room.

713
00:34:41,900 --> 00:34:43,633
I think was 15 minutes.  
15 minutes,

714
00:34:43,633 --> 00:34:44,933
15 minutes,

715
00:34:44,933 --> 00:34:48,400
Then, when you were 70 
or 80 below, like 5 minutes.

716
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,366
Yeah, that was in an eight hour 
period.

717
00:34:51,966 --> 00:34:55,000
In order to design 
and build a reliable and safe

718
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:56,433
truck, engineers

719
00:34:56,433 --> 00:34:59,566
often had to bring components 
to the point of failure

720
00:34:59,566 --> 00:35:03,633
to find design flaws, 
reveal weaknesses in materials,

721
00:35:03,866 --> 00:35:07,966
or establish safe 
operating limits for a product.

722
00:35:07,966 --> 00:35:11,100
This involved using 
some creative methods to invent

723
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:14,933
tests that could push products 
beyond their breaking point.

724
00:35:15,833 --> 00:35:16,833
Another factor that affected

725
00:35:16,833 --> 00:35:19,933
truck development was government 
regulation.

726
00:35:19,933 --> 00:35:21,466
Vehicle manufacturers

727
00:35:21,466 --> 00:35:23,366
had to meet certain 
federal standards

728
00:35:23,366 --> 00:35:25,600
before they could put a truck 
on the market.

729
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:28,433
This required engineers 
to perform specialized

730
00:35:28,433 --> 00:35:31,466
testing under very strict 
standards.

731
00:35:31,466 --> 00:35:34,533
It was a large part, 
through the eighties, nineties

732
00:35:34,533 --> 00:35:37,733
and even up till now, 
is the government

733
00:35:37,733 --> 00:35:41,466
regulations, a lot of investment 
to meet the regulations.

734
00:35:42,366 --> 00:35:47,066
Every three or every four years, 
we had a new emission standard

735
00:35:47,066 --> 00:35:50,266
and so we would have to go in 
and there'd be a new engine

736
00:35:50,266 --> 00:35:53,666
installation, a new radiator 
installation,

737
00:35:53,666 --> 00:35:56,900
And so it became a large part 
of what we did here.

738
00:35:57,433 --> 00:35:58,366
The brake regulations were

739
00:35:58,366 --> 00:36:00,166
the same thing 
during that time frame.

740
00:36:00,166 --> 00:36:01,900
They wanted them 
shorter and shorter.

741
00:36:01,900 --> 00:36:04,033
For all 
for great reasons. Right?

742
00:36:04,033 --> 00:36:05,900
We want trucks that can stop

743
00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:07,433
When we first started 
did brake tests,

744
00:36:07,433 --> 00:36:09,533
we didn't have 
the anti-skid systems

745
00:36:09,533 --> 00:36:12,900
and you'd have to hit the brake 
pedal hard enough

746
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:16,400
to stop as quick as you could 
without locking the wheel.

747
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:18,466
And you kind of 
built your way up to speed.

748
00:36:18,466 --> 00:36:20,533
Well, 
when they came out with this

749
00:36:20,533 --> 00:36:24,000
anti-skid brakes, 
we didn't have any more of that.

750
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:24,466
You went out

751
00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:27,966
and you did a 60 mile an hour 
panic stop, we call them.

752
00:36:27,966 --> 00:36:30,800
And you talk about something, 
you talk about something

753
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:32,600
to make you pucker up 
on that seat.

754
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:33,933
You come around that curve.

755
00:36:33,933 --> 00:36:38,933
As soon as you hit the flat, 
you had to stab that brake

756
00:36:38,933 --> 00:36:40,833
and hope it worked because you.

757
00:36:40,833 --> 00:36:42,266
[laughter] Thats right.

758
00:36:43,133 --> 00:36:43,900
That truck,

759
00:36:44,333 --> 00:36:47,933
bear in mind, you're going down 
the road at 80,000 pounds.

760
00:36:47,933 --> 00:36:48,866
That's the max.

761
00:36:48,866 --> 00:36:51,400
But it had to stop in 
X number of feet.

762
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:53,500
The Cargostar was short,

763
00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:56,400
and that thing would jump 
from one axle to the other.

764
00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:57,500
You remember that truck?

765
00:36:57,500 --> 00:36:58,166
Yeah.

766
00:36:58,166 --> 00:37:00,966
Well, it just about kill you.

767
00:37:00,966 --> 00:37:02,233
It was crazy.

768
00:37:02,233 --> 00:37:06,433
I know they built a 9670 with 
a real short wheelbase one time.

769
00:37:06,433 --> 00:37:07,500
Yeah, I remember that.

770
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:09,066
And it would almost 
go on its nose

771
00:37:09,066 --> 00:37:11,066
when you guys hit the brakes. 
Yeah, yeah.

772
00:37:11,066 --> 00:37:14,566
The rear end 
would come off the ground.

773
00:37:14,566 --> 00:37:15,866
So they didn't sell them.

774
00:37:15,866 --> 00:37:19,733
They turned around. 
We went to a longer frame on it.

775
00:37:19,733 --> 00:37:20,966
[50s music]

776
00:37:20,966 --> 00:37:25,100
The proving grounds, a 
very important external facility

777
00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:28,833
with a 1.2 mile banked oval 
track, was where testing

778
00:37:28,833 --> 00:37:30,466
was done on fully assembled

779
00:37:30,466 --> 00:37:33,533
vehicles under extreme 
driving conditions.

780
00:37:33,533 --> 00:37:34,366
The purpose

781
00:37:34,633 --> 00:37:37,433
of the proving grounds test 
track was really just

782
00:37:37,433 --> 00:37:40,433
to speed up testing.

783
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:43,966
These trucks, some of them will 
last a million miles.

784
00:37:43,966 --> 00:37:46,866
How do you put a million miles 
on a truck in a few years?

785
00:37:46,866 --> 00:37:48,033
You can't.

786
00:37:48,033 --> 00:37:49,866
And so you accelerate test them.

787
00:37:49,866 --> 00:37:51,466
That's what we did 
at the test track.

788
00:37:51,466 --> 00:37:54,500
At the proving ground track 
at Fort Wayne, Indiana.

789
00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:56,933
Drivers wear them out 
if they can.

790
00:37:56,933 --> 00:38:00,200
There's what we call events, 
whether it's a turning event

791
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:01,433
where you turn the truck

792
00:38:01,433 --> 00:38:03,966
or whether it's 
going over a rough bump

793
00:38:03,966 --> 00:38:06,733
or whether it's putting it 
through twist course.

794
00:38:06,733 --> 00:38:09,600
Those are things you can 
accelerate at the test track.

795
00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:13,033
Areas where we can fill up 
and run trucks through water

796
00:38:13,033 --> 00:38:17,133
to speed up rusting or corrosion 
and things like that.

797
00:38:17,133 --> 00:38:18,500
The Belgian blocks,

798
00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:21,000
scientifically constructed 
rough roads

799
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:22,100
deal out their punishment

800
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:24,333
to the springs, 
the steering mechanism,

801
00:38:24,333 --> 00:38:28,000
the cab and the cab mountings 
and every part of the body.

802
00:38:28,233 --> 00:38:31,566
Our drivers could only drive 
for a few hours at a time

803
00:38:31,566 --> 00:38:34,533
because it physically 
would wear you out

804
00:38:34,533 --> 00:38:36,766
driving through a Belgium 
block course.

805
00:38:36,766 --> 00:38:41,033
The toughest test of all, 
the twist course.

806
00:38:41,033 --> 00:38:42,866
Imagine the terrific stress upon

807
00:38:42,866 --> 00:38:45,833
every fiber of the truck's 
structure as it surges

808
00:38:45,833 --> 00:38:48,933
back and forth, 
always under full load.

809
00:38:48,933 --> 00:38:51,466
There's strain on the frame, 
the steering mechanism,

810
00:38:51,466 --> 00:38:57,066
the springs, every chassis 
part, the cab, hood and grill.

811
00:38:58,333 --> 00:39:01,066
Every truck was different 
because of the wheelbase,

812
00:39:01,066 --> 00:39:03,133
how it would twist.

813
00:39:03,133 --> 00:39:08,100
And sometimes when they build it 
too rigid, it would break.

814
00:39:08,633 --> 00:39:16,366
[Music] 
[crash sound effects]

815
00:39:16,366 --> 00:39:17,700
Back when we were building

816
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:20,700
Scouts and Travelalls, 
we had to crash them.

817
00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:21,666
Yeah.

818
00:39:21,933 --> 00:39:24,933
We had a barrier out 
at the track where they,

819
00:39:24,933 --> 00:39:26,533
we wouldnt drive them into it.

820
00:39:26,533 --> 00:39:28,533
[laughter] We, they put them on

821
00:39:28,533 --> 00:39:29,966
We had one guy.  
on a dolly that..

822
00:39:29,966 --> 00:39:30,600
[laughter] They put all the way 
on a dolly that..

823
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:32,233
we had a dummy didnt we?

824
00:39:32,233 --> 00:39:33,733
We had dummies in them,

825
00:39:33,733 --> 00:39:35,400
but we had a dolly, 
they'd put it on

826
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:36,833
and it would run it into the

827
00:39:36,833 --> 00:39:40,133
crash barrier at a certain speed 
and they had all kinds of

828
00:39:40,133 --> 00:39:42,133
high speed cameras 
taking pictures.

829
00:39:42,633 --> 00:39:45,166
[rock music]

830
00:39:45,166 --> 00:39:48,233
Once a truck model 
has been designed, engineered

831
00:39:48,233 --> 00:39:52,666
and tested, only then was it 
ready for mass production.

832
00:39:52,666 --> 00:39:56,866
The factory assembly line 
is where designs become reality.

833
00:39:56,866 --> 00:39:58,433
At the Fort Wayne Works,

834
00:39:58,433 --> 00:40:01,900
heavy duty trucks were assembled 
on a massive factory floor

835
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:04,600
the length of four football 
fields.

836
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:06,566
It was quite an operation

837
00:40:06,566 --> 00:40:07,433
far as you could see,

838
00:40:07,700 --> 00:40:09,500
is the line of trucks 
coming down the assembly line.

839
00:40:09,500 --> 00:40:12,733
That was almost intimidating 
to say the least.

840
00:40:12,733 --> 00:40:15,766
It run almost the full  
length of the building.

841
00:40:15,766 --> 00:40:18,033
I always like to get inside 
a factory.

842
00:40:18,033 --> 00:40:19,433
You're seeing the birth 
of a truck.

843
00:40:19,433 --> 00:40:21,966
Some people, you know, it's 
just a truck.

844
00:40:21,966 --> 00:40:24,500
You just put it together. 
I don't see it that way.

845
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:25,900
That is a birth of  
a piece of equipment

846
00:40:25,900 --> 00:40:28,166
that is put assembled together.

847
00:40:28,166 --> 00:40:32,000
And how it all happens 
is still amazing

848
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:33,433
that you get to drive 
that thing off

849
00:40:33,433 --> 00:40:35,933
the end of the line and starts 
most of the time.

850
00:40:35,933 --> 00:40:40,000
The factory floor was where the 
main truck assembly took place.

851
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:44,100
Some parts, like axles 
and tires, were fed up

852
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:45,500
from a sublevel.

853
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:46,966
Cabs were pre-assembled

854
00:40:46,966 --> 00:40:50,266
and fed down the line 
by the overhead conveyor.

855
00:40:50,266 --> 00:40:53,133
The Fort Wayne Works 
had the capacity and work force

856
00:40:53,133 --> 00:40:57,566
to produce over 200 heavy duty 
trucks per day.

857
00:40:57,566 --> 00:41:00,300
This was accomplished 
by running two assembly lines

858
00:41:00,300 --> 00:41:04,033
simultaneously for two shifts 
per day.

859
00:41:04,033 --> 00:41:06,800
A separate factory 
was added in 1960

860
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:09,800
for the production 
of the new Scout in Fort Wayne.

861
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:12,666
Even though the end products 
from both factories

862
00:41:12,666 --> 00:41:14,133
were quite different,

863
00:41:14,133 --> 00:41:17,433
the production 
methods remained quite similar.

864
00:41:17,433 --> 00:41:19,266
The frames came in

865
00:41:19,266 --> 00:41:23,533
from the outside and people 
started building them.

866
00:41:23,766 --> 00:41:26,000
You took the frame, you added 
the axles.

867
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:30,333
You added all the brake lines 
to the chassis and everything.

868
00:41:30,333 --> 00:41:34,100
And then you put on tires 
and you'd go from the overhead

869
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:38,033
conveyor to the floor 
conveyor, and then you'd

870
00:41:38,033 --> 00:41:39,600
come in with the radiator and

871
00:41:39,600 --> 00:41:43,666
the engine and down the road 
the cab and away you go.

872
00:41:43,666 --> 00:41:46,800
The front end hood and fenders 
and keep going.

873
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:48,166
At the end of the line

874
00:41:48,166 --> 00:41:50,733
it would go to a station 
called Roll Test.

875
00:41:50,733 --> 00:41:53,500
We would put the vehicle 
on a rolling road

876
00:41:53,500 --> 00:41:54,833
and the vehicle would be tested

877
00:41:54,833 --> 00:41:56,066
in two-wheel-drive 
and four-wheel-drive.

878
00:41:56,066 --> 00:41:59,466
It would be run a certain amount 
of time on the rolling road

879
00:41:59,666 --> 00:42:01,766
and make sure everything 
worked properly.

880
00:42:01,766 --> 00:42:03,400
And then it would go 
to a final inspection

881
00:42:03,400 --> 00:42:05,500
where somebody would go through 
and look at the mechanicals,

882
00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:07,000
but make sure the doors were

883
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:08,700
hung right, 
the mirrors were on properly.

884
00:42:08,700 --> 00:42:11,833
There's no big paint flaws 
or a grille

885
00:42:11,833 --> 00:42:14,566
wasn't put on upside down 
or things like that.

886
00:42:14,566 --> 00:42:17,500
While all of these different 
parts were being assembled,

887
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:18,266
the entire

888
00:42:18,733 --> 00:42:22,233
line was on a conveyor system 
that was constantly moving.

889
00:42:22,233 --> 00:42:25,766
Parts had to be placed 
and ready to go at each station

890
00:42:25,766 --> 00:42:28,766
along the way in order to keep 
the carefully orchestrated

891
00:42:28,766 --> 00:42:32,866
ballet moving, using a system 
that followed line set tickets.

892
00:42:32,866 --> 00:42:36,166
A line set ticket as basically 
the build sheet for the vehicle.

893
00:42:36,166 --> 00:42:37,266
They would use those

894
00:42:37,266 --> 00:42:41,100
to set the line of okay, 
they know on March 18th

895
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,466
they're going to build so many 
travelers with blue interiors

896
00:42:44,466 --> 00:42:48,966
and 345 engines or six cylinder 
engines or whatever it was.

897
00:42:48,966 --> 00:42:50,266
And they would have 
all those parts

898
00:42:50,266 --> 00:42:52,233
on the line 
at the right stations

899
00:42:52,233 --> 00:42:53,833
so that when that vehicle

900
00:42:53,833 --> 00:42:55,766
rolled down the line, 
that VIN number,

901
00:42:55,766 --> 00:42:57,800
all those parts would be there 
and they used the line

902
00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:00,600
setting tickets 
to set all that up.

903
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:03,333
Each assembly worker 
had to constantly perform

904
00:43:03,333 --> 00:43:04,933
with precision timing.

905
00:43:04,933 --> 00:43:08,166
One truck after another, 
about 3 minutes apart.

906
00:43:08,166 --> 00:43:09,966
You had to get your job done 
when it

907
00:43:09,966 --> 00:43:12,200
come in to the next station.

908
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:14,066
You have a certain pace 
you got to be on.

909
00:43:14,066 --> 00:43:17,400
So if you don't if you don't do 
it, you then you're behind.

910
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:19,933
That line just keeps going. 
You hustled.

911
00:43:19,933 --> 00:43:24,300
You had to keep up with that 
line and it was hard work.

912
00:43:24,300 --> 00:43:28,200
Surely after so much hustling, 
there would be a point

913
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:31,400
where someone could hit 
the pause button and everyone

914
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:34,866
could take a minute or two 
to catch their breath, right?

915
00:43:34,866 --> 00:43:38,233
No, you never stopped the line.

916
00:43:38,233 --> 00:43:42,566
And it had to be real critical 
to shut it down.

917
00:43:42,566 --> 00:43:46,433
If that line stopped, a light 
would come on in Chicago.

918
00:43:46,433 --> 00:43:49,633
They would know it right now

919
00:43:49,633 --> 00:43:52,066
and you 
better have a good reason.

920
00:43:52,333 --> 00:43:55,600
With the line continuously 
moving at a relentless pace,

921
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:58,566
it was possible 
for mistakes to happen.

922
00:43:58,566 --> 00:44:00,333
A bolt could go untightened.

923
00:44:00,333 --> 00:44:02,800
An unwanted option 
might be added

924
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:05,433
or a critical step 
could be missed.

925
00:44:05,433 --> 00:44:08,966
It was the inspector's job 
to make sure this kind of thing

926
00:44:08,966 --> 00:44:10,766
didn't go uncorrected.

927
00:44:10,766 --> 00:44:16,366
That assembler had a line 
set ticket in about every

928
00:44:16,366 --> 00:44:19,300
12 jobs, you had an inspector.

929
00:44:19,300 --> 00:44:22,666
He checked those ten stations 
on the one before

930
00:44:22,666 --> 00:44:24,366
against their line set ticket,

931
00:44:24,766 --> 00:44:27,833
number one 
checks that it's built to order.

932
00:44:27,833 --> 00:44:30,400
And number two, 
that it's built properly.

933
00:44:30,666 --> 00:44:33,433
And if you'd missed something, 
they'd come back and

934
00:44:33,433 --> 00:44:34,400
you get in trouble.

935
00:44:34,400 --> 00:44:35,400
[laughs]

936
00:44:36,166 --> 00:44:39,033
[fiddle music]

937
00:44:39,033 --> 00:44:39,966
By the end of

938
00:44:39,966 --> 00:44:44,033
1963, over 1 million trucks 
had rolled off

939
00:44:44,033 --> 00:44:47,133
the assembly line of the Fort 
Wayne Works.

940
00:44:47,133 --> 00:44:48,866
International had established

941
00:44:48,866 --> 00:44:52,333
a reputation for building 
reliable heavy duty trucks,

942
00:44:52,333 --> 00:44:55,366
and they sustained brand loyalty 
by getting input

943
00:44:55,366 --> 00:44:56,400
from their customers

944
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,733
and letting their dealers 
take custom orders.

945
00:44:59,733 --> 00:45:01,533
And they did 
very well out at it.

946
00:45:01,533 --> 00:45:03,600
They made some nice stuff.

947
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:05,300
They had some beautiful products

948
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:07,766
and they sold millions of them.

949
00:45:07,766 --> 00:45:10,200
We were always proud 
to sell one of those trucks

950
00:45:10,200 --> 00:45:11,566
and sell it to a customer.

951
00:45:11,566 --> 00:45:14,700
And yeah, 
they had their fair share of,

952
00:45:14,700 --> 00:45:16,900
you know, normal things 
that would go wrong with them.

953
00:45:16,900 --> 00:45:19,100
But they were put together 
very well.

954
00:45:19,333 --> 00:45:22,266
Commercial sales were the bulk 
of the heavy duty truck orders.

955
00:45:22,266 --> 00:45:25,566
With America selling 
and moving more goods than ever.

956
00:45:25,566 --> 00:45:28,200
Over-the-road 
trucking was big business.

957
00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:30,866
In the 1960s and 70s.

958
00:45:30,866 --> 00:45:33,033
Harvester was winning 
huge orders

959
00:45:33,033 --> 00:45:35,066
from major trucking companies.

960
00:45:35,066 --> 00:45:37,233
They were Fleet Truck Company.

961
00:45:37,233 --> 00:45:39,633
You had your big carriers.

962
00:45:39,633 --> 00:45:41,066
You had Schneider. 
You had North American.

963
00:45:41,066 --> 00:45:46,166
You had Ryder, Feld, 
Saunders leasing.

964
00:45:46,166 --> 00:45:49,066
That was the heart of 
International Harvester,

965
00:45:49,066 --> 00:45:50,500
right there. Them 
guys kept the lights

966
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:51,966
on at International Harverster.

967
00:45:51,966 --> 00:45:56,100
Fort Wayne was the heavy duty 
truck plant for International

968
00:45:56,100 --> 00:45:57,500
and Springfield 
was the light duty.

969
00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:00,466
The pickups, the Travelalls, 
that sort of thing

970
00:46:00,466 --> 00:46:01,533
were down there.

971
00:46:01,533 --> 00:46:02,466
I get around Fort

972
00:46:02,466 --> 00:46:04,400
Wayne down there 
and I would use drool

973
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:06,833
because that was the truck 
capital of the world

974
00:46:06,833 --> 00:46:08,333
and International, in 
my opinion, is

975
00:46:08,333 --> 00:46:09,733
the best truck ever built.

976
00:46:09,733 --> 00:46:13,733
Fort Wayne was the heavy duty 
truck capital of the world

977
00:46:13,733 --> 00:46:17,000
simply because we were building 
the most heavy duty trucks.

978
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:21,833
We were producing 
205 of heavy duty trucks a day.

979
00:46:22,033 --> 00:46:26,500
Most any heavy duty truck 
plant in the world ever did.

980
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:28,333
One of the bestselling 
types of trucks

981
00:46:28,333 --> 00:46:31,400
being manufactured in Fort 
Wayne were C-O-Es,

982
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:35,833
which stood for Cab Over 
Engine, also called cabovers.

983
00:46:35,833 --> 00:46:39,100
We were the king of cabover 
engine trucks,

984
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:41,766
so we had a number 
of different models on the road.

985
00:46:41,766 --> 00:46:43,700
Four years in a row 
during the sixties,

986
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:44,933
we were the sales leader.

987
00:46:44,933 --> 00:46:48,633
Cabover is an engine 
that has the cab sitting on top

988
00:46:48,633 --> 00:46:51,666
of the engine rather than having 
a hood out the front.

989
00:46:51,666 --> 00:46:54,766
In the sixties we were building 
all those cabover trucks

990
00:46:54,766 --> 00:46:56,533
because of the government 
length laws.

991
00:46:56,533 --> 00:46:59,166
We had a 55 foot 
length law back then.

992
00:46:59,166 --> 00:47:00,466
There was an overall length 
of the truck.

993
00:47:00,466 --> 00:47:03,133
So the smaller 
the cab, the longer the trailer,

994
00:47:03,133 --> 00:47:05,200
the more things you could haul, 
the more money would make.

995
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:08,500
The advantage was you can pull 
as long a trailer as possible.

996
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:10,033
Disadvantage is theyre

997
00:47:10,033 --> 00:47:14,266
more uncomfortable, harder 
riding, more expensive to build.

998
00:47:14,266 --> 00:47:15,566
Internationals reign

999
00:47:15,566 --> 00:47:18,933
as the cabover kings 
would eventually come to an end

1000
00:47:18,933 --> 00:47:22,233
once the federal truck length 
laws were relaxed.

1001
00:47:22,233 --> 00:47:23,333
In the seventies,

1002
00:47:23,333 --> 00:47:25,666
they finally lengthened 
the things out

1003
00:47:25,666 --> 00:47:27,966
so you can have a truck 
with a hood out front.

1004
00:47:27,966 --> 00:47:29,300
And that made a big shift

1005
00:47:29,300 --> 00:47:30,566
in production plans

1006
00:47:30,566 --> 00:47:33,866
because you had to make more 
of those rather than the C-Os,

1007
00:47:33,866 --> 00:47:40,066
which, well, finally completely 
died by about the year 2000.

1008
00:47:40,066 --> 00:47:41,800
[music]

1009
00:47:42,333 --> 00:47:45,333
In addition to the cabover 
and conventional over-the-road

1010
00:47:45,333 --> 00:47:48,433
semi-trucks, an International 
heavy duty truck

1011
00:47:48,433 --> 00:47:52,000
chassis could be customized 
and adapted for many purposes,

1012
00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:56,933
including dump trucks, wreckers, 
school busses and fire trucks.

1013
00:47:56,933 --> 00:47:59,566
Sometimes a business would need 
to have a truck custom

1014
00:47:59,566 --> 00:48:02,500
engineered 
to fulfill a specific purpose.

1015
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:05,966
This was a job for the Special 
Equipment department.

1016
00:48:05,966 --> 00:48:09,000
We would engineer 
whatever the customer wanted.

1017
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:11,900
We worked on sold truck orders

1018
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:15,333
that was not regular production.

1019
00:48:15,333 --> 00:48:18,800
They wanted something on a truck 
that was special,

1020
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:21,500
and that's why we were called 
special equipment,

1021
00:48:21,500 --> 00:48:23,500
different fuel tanks, 
different things

1022
00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:26,266
mounted on different parts 
of the chassis.

1023
00:48:26,266 --> 00:48:29,666
It came to our group and we 
designed it and engineered it.

1024
00:48:29,666 --> 00:48:31,900
Big ones 
were some of the oilfield

1025
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:35,366
and Arabian desert models 
specifically built for that.

1026
00:48:35,366 --> 00:48:36,233
Here at Fort Wayne

1027
00:48:36,633 --> 00:48:40,233
that was their biggest specialty 
was the enormous trucks built

1028
00:48:40,233 --> 00:48:44,000
for the oilfields and a lot of 
them were based on the Paystar,

1029
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:47,266
which was our super 
severe duty truck.

1030
00:48:47,266 --> 00:48:51,466
Those trucks were special 
from front to rear.

1031
00:48:51,466 --> 00:48:55,933
Some of the chassis 
were exploration chassis.

1032
00:48:55,933 --> 00:48:57,966
They were called thumper 
chassis.

1033
00:48:57,966 --> 00:49:01,966
They would thump the ground 
and they would take a reading.

1034
00:49:01,966 --> 00:49:07,066
They had huge wheels and tires 
on them so they could do that.

1035
00:49:07,066 --> 00:49:09,500
It's like it's 80 
feet long and two stories high.

1036
00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:11,166
Those were just incredible 
trucks,

1037
00:49:11,166 --> 00:49:13,166
custom engineered, obviously.

1038
00:49:13,666 --> 00:49:14,866
All the styling for

1039
00:49:14,866 --> 00:49:18,033
all the International trucks  
came out of this facility.

1040
00:49:18,033 --> 00:49:21,200
Engineers often designed 
and drafted parts.

1041
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:25,200
But another important 
area of design is styling.

1042
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:27,366
Styling combines 
elements of esthetics

1043
00:49:27,366 --> 00:49:28,766
with function to make the truck

1044
00:49:28,766 --> 00:49:30,566
more appealing 
to the end customer.

1045
00:49:30,566 --> 00:49:33,233
In general, the truck industry 
is conservative.

1046
00:49:33,233 --> 00:49:36,400
Of course, International 
probably was in many respects.

1047
00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:39,700
At the same time the design 
business is supposed to reach.

1048
00:49:39,700 --> 00:49:41,700
So it was always 
sort of tension.

1049
00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:44,566
What they do, 
they try to make manufacturable

1050
00:49:44,900 --> 00:49:45,966
You pretty much 
you have to have an idea

1051
00:49:45,966 --> 00:49:47,666
of what's reasonable 
when you start.

1052
00:49:47,666 --> 00:49:49,433
Practicality is everything.

1053
00:49:49,433 --> 00:49:52,533
A truck 
has to work. It has to last.

1054
00:49:52,533 --> 00:49:55,300
You sure don't want to design 
anything that gets in the way of

1055
00:49:55,300 --> 00:49:55,966
a function.

1056
00:49:56,400 --> 00:49:59,966
You want uh, to assist 
function wherever you can.

1057
00:49:59,966 --> 00:50:04,433
I think styling and design 
are critical to truck sales.

1058
00:50:04,900 --> 00:50:07,900
Just like engineering 
and testing a truck was a long,

1059
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:09,500
arduous process.

1060
00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:13,833
Styling involved a lot of trial 
and error as well.

1061
00:50:13,833 --> 00:50:16,733
You generally work on 
more than one project at a time,

1062
00:50:16,733 --> 00:50:18,000
and in a year's time

1063
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:18,433
you've worked

1064
00:50:19,166 --> 00:50:21,500
on 20 different things or so 
and you always want to see

1065
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:24,466
all of them succeed 
and really very few of them do.

1066
00:50:24,466 --> 00:50:26,200
Once the two-dimensional

1067
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:28,733
drawings for a body 
styling design were approved,

1068
00:50:28,966 --> 00:50:31,966
it was time to take it 
to the third dimension.

1069
00:50:32,233 --> 00:50:35,933
There were stylists 
and there were sculptors,

1070
00:50:35,933 --> 00:50:40,600
and the stylists do the pretty 
drawings of the trucks,

1071
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:44,366
and then they give those 
drawings to the sculpting staff.

1072
00:50:44,366 --> 00:50:45,866
And we just kind of interpret

1073
00:50:45,866 --> 00:50:47,933
that into a three 
dimensional form.

1074
00:50:47,933 --> 00:50:50,600
We started with a regular full 
sized clay model.

1075
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:53,400
They didn't do very many scale 
models at Harvester.

1076
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:54,800
Trucks are huge, right?

1077
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:57,166
I would say 
thousands of pounds of clay,

1078
00:50:57,166 --> 00:51:00,333
but the clay is only 
maybe three inches thick.

1079
00:51:00,333 --> 00:51:03,400
Underneath 
that is a big buck we called it.

1080
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:06,966
Thats made out of wood 
with styrofoam on the outside.

1081
00:51:06,966 --> 00:51:08,600
It's very easily carved.

1082
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:10,566
So you can put any shape on 
there you want.

1083
00:51:10,566 --> 00:51:14,266
You can change it as many times 
as you want to, which happens

1084
00:51:14,266 --> 00:51:14,966
daily.

1085
00:51:14,966 --> 00:51:16,800
The design changes over time.

1086
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,966
I mean, it takes a good year 
or so to get this all refined.

1087
00:51:20,966 --> 00:51:23,500
So you're always coming in 
every day and tweaking.

1088
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:27,400
They'll come in there and say, 
Well, I don't like where that

1089
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:28,633
line is on the side.

1090
00:51:28,633 --> 00:51:30,333
Can you move that a little bit?

1091
00:51:30,333 --> 00:51:33,300
Or the swoop and the fender 
doesn't look right.

1092
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:34,633
Can we change that?

1093
00:51:34,633 --> 00:51:37,333
The goal was to make 
the full sized clay model

1094
00:51:37,333 --> 00:51:40,366
look just like a real painted 
metal vehicle.

1095
00:51:40,366 --> 00:51:42,833
But the clay couldn't be painted 
directly.

1096
00:51:42,833 --> 00:51:44,733
The clay models, 
they would use a thing

1097
00:51:44,733 --> 00:51:48,066
called DI-NOC, 
which is very close to a decal.

1098
00:51:48,066 --> 00:51:50,966
So I would paint that and 
then they put it on the vehicle.

1099
00:51:50,966 --> 00:51:52,800
You bring it back 
and you put it in water

1100
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:54,266
just like you would put a decal

1101
00:51:54,266 --> 00:51:56,733
on a model airplane 
or something.

1102
00:51:56,733 --> 00:51:57,766
When that's finished,

1103
00:51:57,766 --> 00:52:00,633
you come in and if you have 
chrome on the car,

1104
00:52:00,633 --> 00:52:05,100
you take regular tinfoil 
and you put it right on the clay

1105
00:52:05,100 --> 00:52:07,600
and you squeegee that on 
and smooth it out.

1106
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:09,166
When it's finished

1107
00:52:09,166 --> 00:52:12,600
It looks just like the vehicle 
that you want it to be.

1108
00:52:13,100 --> 00:52:15,200
Another high point in Harvester 
styling came

1109
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:19,600
with the addition of Detroit 
stylist Ted Ornas in the 1950s.

1110
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:23,100
Ted had done a number of things, 
including some contract jobs

1111
00:52:23,100 --> 00:52:24,133
for International,

1112
00:52:24,333 --> 00:52:26,733
and he was just about ready 
to give up the whole business.

1113
00:52:26,733 --> 00:52:28,200
Things were going down the tubes

1114
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:30,133
and he wasn't 
having any kind of luck at all.

1115
00:52:30,133 --> 00:52:31,800
And he got a call 
from International

1116
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:33,600
that of all things 
they had decided

1117
00:52:33,600 --> 00:52:38,100
to have an internal design staff 
and wanted him to run it.

1118
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:41,466
[music]

1119
00:52:41,466 --> 00:52:43,666
Ted Ornas 
is credited with the styling

1120
00:52:43,666 --> 00:52:45,333
for one of the most significant

1121
00:52:45,333 --> 00:52:48,933
International Harvester product 
lines of the 20th century.

1122
00:52:48,933 --> 00:52:52,500
The Scout, a lightweight, 
nimble, four wheel drive,

1123
00:52:52,500 --> 00:52:55,966
all purpose vehicle, came about 
from desire to compete against

1124
00:52:55,966 --> 00:53:00,400
one of the most famous names 
in off-road vehicles: Jeep.

1125
00:53:00,600 --> 00:53:03,333
The origins of the Scout 
start with a trip

1126
00:53:03,566 --> 00:53:06,966
that a bunch of executives 
made out west.

1127
00:53:06,966 --> 00:53:10,133
They saw way too many Jeeps 
doing things

1128
00:53:10,133 --> 00:53:13,566
that they thought International 
Harvester vehicles could do.

1129
00:53:13,566 --> 00:53:17,200
The original concept was to add 
a compact

1130
00:53:17,200 --> 00:53:19,566
light 
truck to their light truck line.

1131
00:53:19,566 --> 00:53:20,400
it was going to be really cheap.

1132
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:21,766
That's 
where the legendary Ted Ornas

1133
00:53:21,766 --> 00:53:23,933
kitchen table design comes from.

1134
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,600
So that vehicle that he drew 
in that kitchen table drawing

1135
00:53:27,600 --> 00:53:29,566
when evening after work,

1136
00:53:29,566 --> 00:53:31,833
he showed that around 
to the executives

1137
00:53:31,833 --> 00:53:35,700
and got the first kind of smiles 
and positive

1138
00:53:35,700 --> 00:53:38,800
feedback that he had gotten 
from the project so far.

1139
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:39,533
steel body development.

1140
00:53:39,533 --> 00:53:41,300
It was 1958.

1141
00:53:41,300 --> 00:53:42,000
The design

1142
00:53:42,533 --> 00:53:45,900
for the new all purpose vehicle 
finally had the green light.

1143
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:49,066
To accommodate the production 
of the new model line,

1144
00:53:49,066 --> 00:53:50,400
International Harvester

1145
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:54,166
purchased a 500,000 square foot 
factory from U.S.

1146
00:53:54,166 --> 00:53:55,700
Rubber Corporation.

1147
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:58,500
The former World War II 
production facility

1148
00:53:58,500 --> 00:54:01,566
had been used by Studebaker 
for making engine parts

1149
00:54:01,566 --> 00:54:04,800
for the B-17 Flying Fortress 
and was located

1150
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:07,366
very near to the Fort 
Wayne Works.

1151
00:54:07,733 --> 00:54:11,966
Ornas had started the styling 
process for Scout in 1958

1152
00:54:11,966 --> 00:54:14,233
and the Fort Wayne Works 
engineers were able

1153
00:54:14,233 --> 00:54:18,033
to make the Scout factory ready 
in only two years.

1154
00:54:18,033 --> 00:54:19,166
The first Scout

1155
00:54:19,166 --> 00:54:23,700
rolled off the assembly line 
on December 1st, 1960.

1156
00:54:24,033 --> 00:54:27,100
Vehicles bearing the Scout name 
arrived at International

1157
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:30,400
Harvester dealers 
as early as 1961.

1158
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,500
The public received 
the new vehicles with open arms.

1159
00:54:33,500 --> 00:54:37,100
Orders quickly outpaced 
production despite building

1160
00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:40,100
over 28,000 in 1961.

1161
00:54:40,433 --> 00:54:43,666
Scouts were backordered 
pretty much for the first year.

1162
00:54:43,666 --> 00:54:46,600
They were always behind that 
first year order

1163
00:54:46,600 --> 00:54:50,266
versus production. 
Scout was an unexpected

1164
00:54:50,266 --> 00:54:51,933
phenomena to International.

1165
00:54:51,933 --> 00:54:53,266
One factor that led to

1166
00:54:53,266 --> 00:54:56,833
the success of the Scout 
was its widespread appeal.

1167
00:54:56,833 --> 00:55:00,566
Due to the variety of uses 
and multiple configurations,

1168
00:55:00,566 --> 00:55:02,133
it was able to span the gap

1169
00:55:02,133 --> 00:55:06,400
between work utility and sport 
utility vehicle.

1170
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:09,933
Farmers and businesses found it 
well suited as a rugged work

1171
00:55:09,933 --> 00:55:11,333
vehicle, but it could

1172
00:55:11,333 --> 00:55:15,100
also be used for camping, 
fishing and exploring.

1173
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:15,966
What's more,

1174
00:55:16,300 --> 00:55:19,833
it could be used as an everyday 
personal vehicle as well.

1175
00:55:20,033 --> 00:55:22,766
It's a bunch of things. 
It's an off road vehicle.

1176
00:55:22,766 --> 00:55:25,966
It's a suburban grocery getter.

1177
00:55:25,966 --> 00:55:27,433
It's a race truck.

1178
00:55:27,433 --> 00:55:30,733
It's so many different things 
and so flexible.

1179
00:55:30,733 --> 00:55:32,966
Even on our first brochure 
for the Scout,

1180
00:55:32,966 --> 00:55:35,400
we show like five different 
configurations.

1181
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:39,200
It's just an incredibly 
distinctive product that's

1182
00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:41,433
known all over the world.

1183
00:55:41,766 --> 00:55:43,466
I tell people who I work for, 
I say Navistar,

1184
00:55:43,466 --> 00:55:45,233
and nobody knows who 
Navistar is.

1185
00:55:45,233 --> 00:55:48,866
I say, Oh, it's the old 
International Harvester Company.

1186
00:55:48,866 --> 00:55:52,400
And right away 
they know two names.

1187
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:56,633
They know Farmall tractors 
and they know the Scout.

1188
00:55:56,633 --> 00:55:59,066
It's incredible, the following.

1189
00:56:00,033 --> 00:56:01,600
[music]

1190
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:04,700
The Scout was opening doors 
to new customer bases

1191
00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:08,233
that International Harvester 
hadn't tapped into before:

1192
00:56:08,233 --> 00:56:11,900
recreational users 
and suburban families.

1193
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:14,800
They were transitioning from 
a purely commercial vehicle,

1194
00:56:14,800 --> 00:56:17,766
which was what it was 
originally intended to be,

1195
00:56:17,766 --> 00:56:22,133
to a kind of a mass market 
or civilian vehicle,

1196
00:56:22,133 --> 00:56:23,466
if you want to use that term,

1197
00:56:23,466 --> 00:56:26,200
where people used it 
maybe as a second car,

1198
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:28,833
but certainly 
as a recreational vehicle.

1199
00:56:28,833 --> 00:56:31,700
Most people couldn't 
afford to own a vehicle

1200
00:56:31,700 --> 00:56:33,700
that would just 
go playing in the mud

1201
00:56:33,966 --> 00:56:36,366
The accommodations 
of the first Scout built

1202
00:56:36,366 --> 00:56:39,966
in 1961 were indeed 
Spartan.

1203
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:43,266
This first generation was called 
the Scout 80.

1204
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:47,233
At the time it came out, 
it was a few steps ahead of

1205
00:56:47,233 --> 00:56:50,100
the Jeep in the short wheelbase 
utility vehicle market.

1206
00:56:50,100 --> 00:56:52,633
It was more comfortable, 
more weather tight.

1207
00:56:53,000 --> 00:56:54,000
and they had a little bit 
more style.

1208
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:55,666
They weren't as boxy.

1209
00:56:55,666 --> 00:56:59,366
The original Scout 
was configured to be

1210
00:56:59,566 --> 00:57:01,166
built in three different ways.

1211
00:57:01,166 --> 00:57:02,566
You could have a roadster,

1212
00:57:02,566 --> 00:57:04,500
you didn't have doors, 
you didn't have a top.

1213
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:06,233
They had a fold down windshield.

1214
00:57:06,233 --> 00:57:08,866
The base configuration, though, 
for a Scout

1215
00:57:08,866 --> 00:57:10,733
was what they called a cab top.

1216
00:57:10,733 --> 00:57:13,100
A cab top was a pickup. 
Basically.

1217
00:57:13,100 --> 00:57:14,733
It had a removable top.

1218
00:57:14,733 --> 00:57:16,633
It had a fixed bulkhead 
behind the seats.

1219
00:57:16,633 --> 00:57:19,400
You know a pickup, you have to  
have some way to divide

1220
00:57:19,400 --> 00:57:21,566
the passenger compartment 
from the cargo compartment.

1221
00:57:21,566 --> 00:57:22,100
Right?

1222
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:23,900
The third configuration 
was what they call

1223
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:25,566
the travel top originally,

1224
00:57:25,566 --> 00:57:28,666
just the means to cover 
the load area.

1225
00:57:28,866 --> 00:57:29,900
They fooled around with

1226
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:31,966
some ideas 
to put rear seats back there,

1227
00:57:31,966 --> 00:57:34,000
but they realized 
that wasn't going to cut it.

1228
00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:36,866
They need to make a station 
wagon out of the Scout

1229
00:57:36,866 --> 00:57:41,333
because their original picture 
for the Scout was a light pickup

1230
00:57:41,333 --> 00:57:43,200
and they thought that the market

1231
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:46,733
was going to buy a lot of 
two wheel drive versions of it.

1232
00:57:46,733 --> 00:57:48,666
Well, people were ordering

1233
00:57:48,666 --> 00:57:51,133
four wheel drives 
with the travel top,

1234
00:57:51,133 --> 00:57:54,100
which was their name 
for the full length top.

1235
00:57:54,366 --> 00:57:56,600
They had to scramble 
and redesign the body

1236
00:57:56,600 --> 00:57:59,600
so that it would have what they 
called a walk through feature.

1237
00:57:59,600 --> 00:58:03,166
Could be configured as a station 
wagon or as a pickup.

1238
00:58:03,166 --> 00:58:06,333
All the tops were removable, 
so if you bought a cab top,

1239
00:58:06,333 --> 00:58:08,600
you could easily change it out 
for whatever.

1240
00:58:08,600 --> 00:58:12,800
In 1963, the Fort Wayne Works 
reached a milestone

1241
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:17,433
of producing 1 million trucks 
over a 40 year time span.

1242
00:58:17,433 --> 00:58:22,366
In 1964, the Scout reached 
the 100,000 mark

1243
00:58:22,366 --> 00:58:25,466
after only three 
full years of production.

1244
00:58:25,466 --> 00:58:27,166
[music]

1245
00:58:27,433 --> 00:58:30,133
[swanky music]

1246
00:58:30,133 --> 00:58:31,733
The Styling Department was

1247
00:58:31,733 --> 00:58:35,000
given the task 
of making the Scout more upscale

1248
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:38,000
by revamping the interiors 
with posh features

1249
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:41,266
and adding a bit of bling 
to the external appearance.

1250
00:58:41,266 --> 00:58:45,000
63, there was a lot of big 
changes in the Scout 80

1251
00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:47,233
that moved it up 
the comfort food chain.

1252
00:58:47,233 --> 00:58:50,600
And then in 1964, 
they took a giant leap

1253
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:53,633
with the Red Carpet series 
Scout.

1254
00:58:53,633 --> 00:58:54,933
That was the first time

1255
00:58:54,933 --> 00:58:56,033
the Scout had been offered

1256
00:58:56,033 --> 00:58:59,100
with anything close 
to comfort and style.

1257
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:01,200
When the Scout first come out, 
there wasn't anything

1258
00:59:01,200 --> 00:59:04,266
like it on the market 
and was bought up by a lot of

1259
00:59:04,266 --> 00:59:07,600
women, 
had their say in owning a Scout.

1260
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:11,300
I sold Scouts to women, too, 
that thoroughly enjoyed them,

1261
00:59:11,300 --> 00:59:12,333
and that's what they wanted.

1262
00:59:12,533 --> 00:59:15,700
While the vehicle certainly 
appealed to the general public,

1263
00:59:15,700 --> 00:59:19,200
it wasn't always sold at a place 
the average person would go to

1264
00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:21,066
to shop for a family car.

1265
00:59:21,066 --> 00:59:23,633
International Harvester 
sold most of their stuff

1266
00:59:23,633 --> 00:59:28,266
out of either truck dealers 
or farm equipment dealers.

1267
00:59:28,266 --> 00:59:30,000
You had to go to a farm 
equipment dealer

1268
00:59:30,000 --> 00:59:31,066
to look at a Scout.

1269
00:59:31,066 --> 00:59:33,100
You had to go to a truck dealer 
to look at a Scout.

1270
00:59:33,533 --> 00:59:37,066
That would really, 
really hinder them

1271
00:59:37,066 --> 00:59:39,100
the whole way through 
the production of the Scout.

1272
00:59:39,100 --> 00:59:40,266
[engine accelerating]

1273
00:59:41,333 --> 00:59:44,133
Even though the customer 
had to go the extra mile to find

1274
00:59:44,133 --> 00:59:48,433
a Scout dealer, the demand 
for the Scout remained strong.

1275
00:59:48,433 --> 00:59:51,366
International Harvester 
responded to the shift in buyer

1276
00:59:51,366 --> 00:59:54,566
demographics by introducing 
the new and improved

1277
00:59:54,566 --> 00:59:58,666
Scout 800 to the masses in 1966.

1278
00:59:58,666 --> 01:00:00,766
They needed to tame 
the Scout down,

1279
01:00:00,766 --> 01:00:02,600
turn it into 
less of a commercial vehicle

1280
01:00:02,600 --> 01:00:05,700
and more of a mass market 
or consumer vehicle.

1281
01:00:05,700 --> 01:00:08,333
That's primarily 
what they addressed with the 800

1282
01:00:08,333 --> 01:00:12,566
was making it more comfortable, 
more quiet, more stylish.

1283
01:00:12,766 --> 01:00:16,766
1966 was a record breaking year 
for the International Harvester

1284
01:00:16,766 --> 01:00:22,033
Truck Division, producing over 
175,000 trucks in the U.S.A.

1285
01:00:22,033 --> 01:00:24,100
The ever increasing 
Scout production

1286
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:27,300
helped to push the Fort 
Wayne Works to a new record

1287
01:00:27,566 --> 01:00:32,200
with 65,999 total vehicles.

1288
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,866
International Harvester updated 
its operations in Springfield,

1289
01:00:35,866 --> 01:00:37,200
Ohio, with the opening

1290
01:00:37,200 --> 01:00:40,366
of a brand new factory 
with more capacity to produce

1291
01:00:40,366 --> 01:00:44,233
pickups, Travelalls, and medium 
duty trucks.

1292
01:00:44,233 --> 01:00:47,266
1966 also brought 
some heavyweight

1293
01:00:47,266 --> 01:00:50,400
competition 
into the ring against the Scout.

1294
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:55,400
The Ford Motor Company rolled 
out their new SUV, the Bronco.

1295
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:58,833
The Bronco immediately took a 
big chunk of their market share.

1296
01:00:59,066 --> 01:01:01,200
I mean, they were doing okay 
prior to that.

1297
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:03,566
They were selling really well 
against the Jeep.

1298
01:01:03,566 --> 01:01:04,900
But then the Bronco came along

1299
01:01:04,900 --> 01:01:06,833
and, of course, Ford 
Motor Company,

1300
01:01:06,833 --> 01:01:08,766
they could build more vehicles 
in a day

1301
01:01:08,766 --> 01:01:11,166
than International 
could build in a year.

1302
01:01:11,166 --> 01:01:13,866
The Fort Wayne 
Works engineers were working

1303
01:01:13,866 --> 01:01:17,000
diligently to modify 
the Scout 800.

1304
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:19,800
Meanwhile, 
Chevrolet jumped into the SUV

1305
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:23,100
market with the Blazer in 1969.

1306
01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:26,700
Once again, this put pressure 
on International Harvester

1307
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:29,866
to step up its game 
to stay in the competition.

1308
01:01:29,866 --> 01:01:34,833
The answer was the Scout II, 
introduced in 1971.

1309
01:01:34,833 --> 01:01:38,133
The 800 line was lagging behind 
the rest of the competition

1310
01:01:38,133 --> 01:01:38,700
and the Scout

1311
01:01:39,333 --> 01:01:41,833
II put it right on an even 
keel with everything out there.

1312
01:01:41,833 --> 01:01:45,266
Not only did they have a larger, 
more stylish body

1313
01:01:45,266 --> 01:01:46,633
that had a lot more room in it,

1314
01:01:46,633 --> 01:01:48,700
it was easier 
to get in and out of.

1315
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:50,500
It was much quieter.

1316
01:01:50,500 --> 01:01:51,866
It was much safer.

1317
01:01:51,866 --> 01:01:55,166
It was much more capable 
of being a second car

1318
01:01:55,166 --> 01:01:56,466
than the previous generation.

1319
01:01:56,466 --> 01:02:00,466
Plus, they had powertrain parity 
with everybody.

1320
01:02:00,466 --> 01:02:02,266
being able to haul more, 
go faster.

1321
01:02:02,966 --> 01:02:04,100
They'd never had air 
conditioning

1322
01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:05,433
in the Scout prior 
to the Scout II.

1323
01:02:05,433 --> 01:02:06,166
They didn't have power

1324
01:02:06,433 --> 01:02:08,533
steering in the Scout prior 
to the Scout II.

1325
01:02:09,500 --> 01:02:11,333
The improvements 
introduced in the Scout II gave

1326
01:02:11,333 --> 01:02:14,366
the SUV an even broader appeal.

1327
01:02:14,366 --> 01:02:18,966
Collectors like Sam Elliott 
still seek out restore and drive

1328
01:02:18,966 --> 01:02:24,300
this iconic vehicle more than 50 
years after its introduction.

1329
01:02:24,300 --> 01:02:24,800
The Scout

1330
01:02:25,166 --> 01:02:28,233
II, disc Brakes and power 
steering.

1331
01:02:28,233 --> 01:02:34,066
It was so much easier to drive 
and just a better truck.

1332
01:02:34,066 --> 01:02:36,466
after you have a Scout II

1333
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:39,033
it's hard to go back 
to a regular old Scout.

1334
01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:41,633
It was a big jump ahead for them 
and it put them on equal

1335
01:02:41,633 --> 01:02:43,766
footing with basically 
everybody building

1336
01:02:43,766 --> 01:02:45,333
SUVs at that moment in time.

1337
01:02:45,666 --> 01:02:48,900
[music]

1338
01:02:48,900 --> 01:02:52,166
It wasn't long before the 
competition on the sales floors

1339
01:02:52,166 --> 01:02:55,633
spilled over onto the dirt 
roads of the desert.

1340
01:02:55,633 --> 01:02:58,800
Four wheel drive enthusiasts 
wanted to see how their vehicles

1341
01:02:58,800 --> 01:03:01,200
stacked up against their rivals.

1342
01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:04,800
That spirit of competition 
spawned one of the most extreme

1343
01:03:04,800 --> 01:03:06,966
endurance races known to man.

1344
01:03:06,966 --> 01:03:08,166
It's an intense thing.

1345
01:03:08,166 --> 01:03:10,700
If you're running the Baja 1000.

1346
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:13,433
It's a week of grueling 
punishment.

1347
01:03:13,433 --> 01:03:18,866
Out West when they had Baja, 
That was blood.

1348
01:03:18,866 --> 01:03:21,533
They were after money.

1349
01:03:21,533 --> 01:03:24,566
The first of these desert 
racing warriors to drive

1350
01:03:24,566 --> 01:03:27,600
a Scout in the Baja 1000 and win

1351
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:31,066
was Jimmy Jones in 1972,

1352
01:03:31,666 --> 01:03:34,766
It wasn't just the pros 
that were having all the fun.

1353
01:03:34,766 --> 01:03:38,933
Four wheel racing clubs were 
popular all across the nation.

1354
01:03:38,933 --> 01:03:40,033
The Fort Wayne Works

1355
01:03:40,033 --> 01:03:43,733
guys put together a team 
to show their Scout pride.

1356
01:03:43,733 --> 01:03:47,100
We formed a club, the Fort 
Wayne Four Wheel Drive Club.

1357
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:51,466
We bought one of the in fact, 
it was one of the pre-production

1358
01:03:51,466 --> 01:03:55,566
mock ups 
that was used in development.

1359
01:03:55,566 --> 01:03:56,833
And they were done with that, 
bought

1360
01:03:56,833 --> 01:03:59,166
that and built it into a racer.

1361
01:03:59,166 --> 01:04:03,266
And we started racing 
with that one first.

1362
01:04:03,266 --> 01:04:04,800
And then a couple of others 
were built

1363
01:04:04,800 --> 01:04:06,200
over the years after that.

1364
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:10,533
Even in 
the stock class, they were

1365
01:04:10,533 --> 01:04:11,733
the ones to beat.

1366
01:04:11,733 --> 01:04:15,900
We were still in stock class 
with the allowed modifications

1367
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:18,000
we had, but we'd upgrade so

1368
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:20,866
three people could drive it 
in a racing weekend.

1369
01:04:20,866 --> 01:04:24,466
And we often were competitive 
in every class.

1370
01:04:24,466 --> 01:04:27,433
I got to meet some of the guys 
that did it and it was the hot

1371
01:04:27,433 --> 01:04:31,466
dog, beer-drinking fun time

1372
01:04:31,466 --> 01:04:33,566
and they werent

1373
01:04:33,566 --> 01:04:38,300
they were competitive because 
they're racing Jeeps, but

1374
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,566
these guys were doing it for fun

1375
01:04:40,566 --> 01:04:42,966
just to kick dirt 
in that guy's face.

1376
01:04:42,966 --> 01:04:47,100
The Scout was well suited 
for the racing environment

1377
01:04:47,100 --> 01:04:51,366
because we could do quite well 
compared to most other people.

1378
01:04:51,366 --> 01:04:56,700
And having a having a couple 
of engine engineers involved.

1379
01:04:56,700 --> 01:04:59,333
We had a real well-running 
engine

1380
01:04:59,333 --> 01:05:04,600
and we were competitive 
with most of the rest of the

1381
01:05:04,600 --> 01:05:06,866
Jeeps and 
Broncos and everything else.

1382
01:05:06,866 --> 01:05:08,866
[rock music]

1383
01:05:08,866 --> 01:05:12,033
The Scouts stepped 
into the world spotlight in 1976

1384
01:05:12,033 --> 01:05:14,100
when International supplied 
the U.S.

1385
01:05:14,100 --> 01:05:16,533
Olympic ski team 
with their official vehicles

1386
01:05:16,533 --> 01:05:19,966
for the Winter Olympics 
in Innsbruck, Austria.

1387
01:05:19,966 --> 01:05:22,533
This was also the year 
for the bicentennial

1388
01:05:22,533 --> 01:05:23,900
of the United States.

1389
01:05:23,900 --> 01:05:27,166
It was a good opportunity 
to show the American flag

1390
01:05:27,166 --> 01:05:30,433
and get International 
involved in the Olympics.

1391
01:05:30,433 --> 01:05:33,600
So they developed 
a bicentennial-themed Scout

1392
01:05:33,600 --> 01:05:37,666
for the Olympic team, 
and they built 17 of them.

1393
01:05:37,866 --> 01:05:42,166
They were 76 model years, 
but they were built in 75.

1394
01:05:42,166 --> 01:05:46,500
In 1975, the US was facing 
a recession that was coupled

1395
01:05:46,766 --> 01:05:50,466
with fuel shortages 
caused by an OPEC oil embargo.

1396
01:05:50,733 --> 01:05:52,700
Gas prices skyrocketed

1397
01:05:52,700 --> 01:05:56,166
and Americans were looking for 
more fuel-efficient vehicles.

1398
01:05:56,166 --> 01:05:59,633
This contributed to Harvesters 
decision to discontinue

1399
01:05:59,633 --> 01:06:03,733
its light line of gas-guzzling 
Travelalls and pickup trucks

1400
01:06:03,733 --> 01:06:07,266
being made in Springfield; 
some of the medium duty truck

1401
01:06:07,266 --> 01:06:09,900
production was transferred 
away from Fort Wayne

1402
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:12,333
to take advantage 
of the excess capacity

1403
01:06:12,333 --> 01:06:14,466
in the newer Ohio factory.

1404
01:06:14,466 --> 01:06:18,100
Although International Harvester 
was a public corporation,

1405
01:06:18,100 --> 01:06:21,766
its top management seemed more 
like a family business run

1406
01:06:21,766 --> 01:06:24,233
by successive generations 
of McCormicks

1407
01:06:24,233 --> 01:06:26,733
through most of the 20th 
century.

1408
01:06:26,733 --> 01:06:30,933
In 1977 CEO Brooks McCormick,

1409
01:06:30,933 --> 01:06:34,366
the great-grandnephew 
of Cyrus McCormick, decided

1410
01:06:34,366 --> 01:06:35,633
the company needed fresh

1411
01:06:35,633 --> 01:06:38,933
thinking leadership 
to propel the company forward.

1412
01:06:38,933 --> 01:06:44,533
In 1977, Harvester hired Archie 
McCardell away from Xerox

1413
01:06:44,733 --> 01:06:47,566
to come to Chicago 
and to run the company.

1414
01:06:47,566 --> 01:06:52,033
Brooks McCormick recognized 
big changes had to be made.

1415
01:06:52,033 --> 01:06:52,933
I don't think he

1416
01:06:53,166 --> 01:06:56,133
had the heart to do them, 
which is why he resigned.

1417
01:06:56,133 --> 01:06:58,100
And they brought in Archie 
McCardell

1418
01:06:58,100 --> 01:07:00,800
given instructions 
to make some changes.

1419
01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:04,666
He was paid 
the sum of $460,000 a year

1420
01:07:04,666 --> 01:07:08,533
and given a $1.5 million 
signing bonus.

1421
01:07:08,533 --> 01:07:13,133
This was unheard of money back 
then and made him among the few

1422
01:07:13,133 --> 01:07:17,100
highest paid public company 
executives in the United States.

1423
01:07:17,100 --> 01:07:20,133
This fact was not lost 
on the rank and file

1424
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:23,700
and the UAW 
when contract time came around.

1425
01:07:23,933 --> 01:07:25,000
Two years later,

1426
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:28,166
McCardell started by having 
International Harvester

1427
01:07:28,166 --> 01:07:29,600
department heads identify

1428
01:07:29,600 --> 01:07:32,733
ways to make cost-saving changes 
to their budgets.

1429
01:07:32,733 --> 01:07:34,300
This resulted in an increase

1430
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:37,466
in corporate profitability 
in 1979.

1431
01:07:37,466 --> 01:07:42,600
Employment at Fort Wayne 
is at a record-high 10,500.

1432
01:07:42,600 --> 01:07:45,300
The stage was set for a battle 
when McCardell

1433
01:07:45,300 --> 01:07:48,133
turned his cost-cutting scissors 
to one of the companys

1434
01:07:48,133 --> 01:07:52,800
largest expenditures 
the labor contract with the UAW.

1435
01:07:53,066 --> 01:07:57,300
Theyd always had a tenuous 
relationship with the company.

1436
01:07:57,300 --> 01:08:01,700
On August 9th of 1979, 
Archie McCardell and Hank

1437
01:08:01,900 --> 01:08:06,066
Crandall, his second in command 
at the time, met with Pat

1438
01:08:06,066 --> 01:08:10,666
Greathouse from the UAW to start 
working on the new contract.

1439
01:08:10,666 --> 01:08:11,966
I think the board

1440
01:08:11,966 --> 01:08:15,433
had full knowledge of what 
they were going to demand.

1441
01:08:15,433 --> 01:08:18,733
You know, they wanted to get 
some concessions from the union.

1442
01:08:18,733 --> 01:08:21,100
Union wasn't going to do it.

1443
01:08:21,100 --> 01:08:22,866
So the two heads butted.

1444
01:08:22,866 --> 01:08:26,333
It didn't take long 
for negotiations to break down.

1445
01:08:26,333 --> 01:08:26,700
In fact,

1446
01:08:27,566 --> 01:08:31,000
they hardly got started when 
a week later, on August 12th,

1447
01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:32,100
it was announced that

1448
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:35,133
they'd had the best quarter 
that they'd had in years

1449
01:08:35,133 --> 01:08:37,500
and the highest profit 
they'd had in years.

1450
01:08:37,500 --> 01:08:42,033
And here they were demanding 
quite a number of concessions

1451
01:08:42,033 --> 01:08:45,166
from the workers, 
and it just didn't fit together.

1452
01:08:45,166 --> 01:08:47,900
He had some justification 
in wanting to negotiate

1453
01:08:47,900 --> 01:08:49,800
better terms with the UAW,

1454
01:08:49,800 --> 01:08:53,233
and that was probably 
a good idea as far as, you know,

1455
01:08:53,233 --> 01:08:57,300
saving the company or at least 
bleeding a little less red ink.

1456
01:08:57,300 --> 01:08:59,400
But his timing was horrible.

1457
01:08:59,400 --> 01:09:02,066
It was a game of chicken 
and neither side blinked.

1458
01:09:02,066 --> 01:09:04,666
Negotiations 
between labor and management

1459
01:09:04,666 --> 01:09:08,100
historically have involved 
some level of brinkmanship.

1460
01:09:08,100 --> 01:09:11,166
Eventually, demands 
and differences are mediated

1461
01:09:11,166 --> 01:09:15,366
down to an agreement consisting 
of compromises from both sides.

1462
01:09:15,366 --> 01:09:19,166
This time 
however, Harvester and the UAW

1463
01:09:19,166 --> 01:09:22,666
were so far apart 
on their demands that both sides

1464
01:09:22,666 --> 01:09:25,800
ended up walking away 
from the bargaining table.

1465
01:09:25,800 --> 01:09:28,000
We met two full days, Tuesday 
and Wednesday,

1466
01:09:28,000 --> 01:09:28,566
and the company

1467
01:09:28,933 --> 01:09:30,666
failed to resolve 
any of the local issues

1468
01:09:30,666 --> 01:09:32,300
or a single grievance.

1469
01:09:32,300 --> 01:09:34,033
The company left Thursday 
morning stating

1470
01:09:34,033 --> 01:09:35,700
there would be no more meetings.

1471
01:09:35,700 --> 01:09:38,666
The news of a possible strike 
went out Thursday afternoon

1472
01:09:38,666 --> 01:09:42,533
to Fort Wayne Harvester workers 
from UAW Local 57.

1473
01:09:42,533 --> 01:09:46,033
A walkout would idle 
8000 of the 10,000 workers here.

1474
01:09:46,233 --> 01:09:49,100
The remaining 2000 
are nonunion personnel,

1475
01:09:49,100 --> 01:09:51,633
and they would be expected 
to report to work.

1476
01:09:51,633 --> 01:09:55,366
The UAW was in no mood to bend 
to the demands of Archie

1477
01:09:55,366 --> 01:09:56,800
McCardell and Company.

1478
01:09:56,800 --> 01:10:00,466
On November 1st of 1979, 
they went out on strike.

1479
01:10:00,466 --> 01:10:02,666
They walked out at noon.

1480
01:10:02,666 --> 01:10:04,900
Minutes after workers 
filed out of the Harvester

1481
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:06,633
plant, picket signs were up.

1482
01:10:06,633 --> 01:10:09,766
‘course, all these guys got out, 
dropped their

1483
01:10:09,766 --> 01:10:12,733
lunch boxes out there 
and started a picket line

1484
01:10:12,733 --> 01:10:14,100
right there in front of that

1485
01:10:14,100 --> 01:10:17,233
main gate between the tower 
and the branch building.

1486
01:10:17,433 --> 01:10:21,100
Well, unbelievably, 
it was an executive

1487
01:10:21,100 --> 01:10:23,800
there on so-called mahogany row.

1488
01:10:23,800 --> 01:10:25,333
And and hed come up to me.

1489
01:10:25,333 --> 01:10:28,200
‘Jim, you got all this union 
relations background.

1490
01:10:28,200 --> 01:10:29,266
You got more than anybody.

1491
01:10:29,266 --> 01:10:32,366
Go out down there and break up 
that line.

1492
01:10:32,366 --> 01:10:35,333
I said, ‘They 
have a legal right to picket.

1493
01:10:35,333 --> 01:10:37,033
There's nothing wrong with it.

1494
01:10:37,033 --> 01:10:38,466
They're totally legal.

1495
01:10:38,466 --> 01:10:41,566
The specific details 
of a contract negotiation

1496
01:10:41,566 --> 01:10:44,600
were always kept private 
until it could be presented

1497
01:10:44,600 --> 01:10:48,233
to the entire UAW membership 
for ratification.

1498
01:10:48,233 --> 01:10:51,166
Some issues were known but  
others could only

1499
01:10:51,166 --> 01:10:52,766
be speculated on.

1500
01:10:52,766 --> 01:10:55,666
But the unions out there

1501
01:10:55,666 --> 01:10:58,700
and they 
knew of a couple of issues.

1502
01:10:58,700 --> 01:11:00,333
Let's say three issues.

1503
01:11:00,333 --> 01:11:02,733
They didn't know the top 
ten issues.

1504
01:11:02,733 --> 01:11:06,400
They didn't know 
the other 47 issues.

1505
01:11:06,400 --> 01:11:09,200
So they're out there blind 
wondering why they're on strike.

1506
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:14,000
Management, I'm talking foremen, 
all the way to the top,

1507
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:18,233
did not know why 
we let them go on strike.

1508
01:11:18,233 --> 01:11:21,500
Management did not know 
what the company was after.

1509
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:25,233
When contract negotiations 
stalled, UAW members

1510
01:11:25,233 --> 01:11:30,500
directed their anger toward one 
person, Archie McCardell.

1511
01:11:30,500 --> 01:11:34,400
That sentiment 
still lingers more than 45 years

1512
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:35,600
after the strike.

1513
01:11:35,600 --> 01:11:36,633
What do you think 
was the reason

1514
01:11:36,633 --> 01:11:37,966
for the breakdown 
in negotiations?

1515
01:11:37,966 --> 01:11:41,400
Well, I think it was the main 
fault was Archie McCardell.

1516
01:11:41,400 --> 01:11:43,933
He wanted to break the union.

1517
01:11:43,933 --> 01:11:46,000
He was like a hatchet man.

1518
01:11:46,000 --> 01:11:50,233
The board said they wanted 
to take care of the UAW,

1519
01:11:50,233 --> 01:11:50,833
get rid of them.

1520
01:11:51,466 --> 01:11:55,733
My thought he was the downfall 
of the lot, but the economy

1521
01:11:55,733 --> 01:11:58,033
and everything else 
also entered into that also.

1522
01:11:58,033 --> 01:12:01,633
During 1980, 
we were having the recession,

1523
01:12:01,633 --> 01:12:04,733
which many economists felt 
was the worst recession

1524
01:12:04,733 --> 01:12:06,466
since after World War Two.

1525
01:12:06,466 --> 01:12:07,700
Interest rates were 17%, 
unemployment was 10.9%,

1526
01:12:07,700 --> 01:12:10,833
They took out massive bank loans 
to keep the cash flow going,

1527
01:12:10,833 --> 01:12:14,633
and it was the beginning 
of the end for the company

1528
01:12:14,633 --> 01:12:18,433
As Harvester braced itself 
to weather the economic storm,

1529
01:12:18,433 --> 01:12:22,033
UAW workers in Fort 
Wayne piled up firewood,

1530
01:12:22,033 --> 01:12:24,700
hoping to keep warm in the long 
winter months

1531
01:12:24,700 --> 01:12:27,000
during the strike, well aware,

1532
01:12:27,000 --> 01:12:27,833
they, too,

1533
01:12:28,200 --> 01:12:31,700
were in the same economic storm 
without their main source

1534
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:32,533
of income.

1535
01:12:32,533 --> 01:12:34,633
If you hadn't prepared for it,

1536
01:12:34,633 --> 01:12:37,500
you were going to be in trouble 
financially.

1537
01:12:37,500 --> 01:12:38,100
At the local

1538
01:12:38,733 --> 01:12:42,166
57 union hall, members were now 
signing up for picket duty.

1539
01:12:42,166 --> 01:12:43,133
Sign it right here.

1540
01:12:43,133 --> 01:12:45,166
Bring that card back 
when you walk, picket

1541
01:12:45,166 --> 01:12:47,033
and to collect your benefits 
check.

1542
01:12:47,033 --> 01:12:49,533
We had to walk the picket line.

1543
01:12:49,533 --> 01:12:51,366
They give certain days,

1544
01:12:51,366 --> 01:12:53,500
you know, 
we had to come up and do it.

1545
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:56,800
It was cold, wintery, 
and just kept warm.

1546
01:12:56,800 --> 01:12:58,500
It's not a good feeling

1547
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:01,100
because you don't know 
when you're going back.

1548
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:03,033
The only one got hurt 
was the company

1549
01:13:03,033 --> 01:13:06,300
because the union, you know, 
they stood together and

1550
01:13:06,300 --> 01:13:09,833
fought them hard, you know, 
for what they believed in.

1551
01:13:09,833 --> 01:13:11,000
We wouldn't break.

1552
01:13:11,000 --> 01:13:14,000
They would be on strike for 172

1553
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:17,433
days, just shy of a little over 
six months.

1554
01:13:17,433 --> 01:13:19,600
I was glad when it was over.

1555
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:22,933
The strike ended on April 20, 
1980,

1556
01:13:22,933 --> 01:13:26,533
after UAW members 
ratified the new contract.

1557
01:13:26,533 --> 01:13:29,533
The strike had depleted 
the savings of many workers

1558
01:13:29,533 --> 01:13:32,533
and the company 
had sunken deeper into debt.

1559
01:13:32,533 --> 01:13:36,033
Over the next six years, 
International Harvester

1560
01:13:36,033 --> 01:13:39,200
would post consecutive 
annual losses totaling

1561
01:13:39,200 --> 01:13:42,400
$3.4 billion.

1562
01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:46,066
The big thing was it brought to 
light the shortage of capital.

1563
01:13:46,066 --> 01:13:48,133
The strike ended 
because International

1564
01:13:48,133 --> 01:13:50,100
Harvester was out of money.

1565
01:13:50,366 --> 01:13:52,733
A lot of people want to say 
it was Archies fault.

1566
01:13:52,733 --> 01:13:54,600
I think he was, 
he was brought in

1567
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:58,266
to try to save a sinking ship 
and couldn't quite do it.

1568
01:13:58,266 --> 01:14:00,800
[music]

1569
01:14:01,500 --> 01:14:02,400
That sinking

1570
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:05,566
feeling persisted 
into the next decade.

1571
01:14:05,566 --> 01:14:08,466
By 1980, International Harvester

1572
01:14:08,466 --> 01:14:12,333
was besieged with difficulties 
on every side.

1573
01:14:12,333 --> 01:14:13,666
The company was still limping

1574
01:14:13,666 --> 01:14:16,233
from the effects 
of the prolonged strike.

1575
01:14:16,233 --> 01:14:19,200
The US economy 
was in a recession and sagging

1576
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:23,100
sales of the Scout line 
due to these external factors

1577
01:14:23,100 --> 01:14:25,700
were making it 
look more like a liability

1578
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:29,300
than an asset 
to the top brass in Chicago.

1579
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:30,533
The gas crunch had really hurt.

1580
01:14:30,533 --> 01:14:31,566
That hurt

1581
01:14:31,566 --> 01:14:34,300
the entire auto industry, 
cut into their profits

1582
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:36,766
because they had to adapt 
to fuel economy standards.

1583
01:14:36,766 --> 01:14:38,933
They had to adapt to an emission 
standard.

1584
01:14:38,933 --> 01:14:43,500
They didn't renew the emission 
certification for the Scout.

1585
01:14:43,500 --> 01:14:46,566
Emissions 
testing is so expensive

1586
01:14:46,566 --> 01:14:50,366
because engine testing 
and development is so expensive.

1587
01:14:50,366 --> 01:14:54,100
And so if you have to come out 
with a new engine to meet

1588
01:14:54,100 --> 01:14:58,500
the regulation, the emissions 
regulation, it's expensive

1589
01:14:58,500 --> 01:15:01,666
and you need to have a lot of 
volume to spread that expense.

1590
01:15:01,666 --> 01:15:02,700
We didn't have the volume

1591
01:15:02,900 --> 01:15:06,566
of engines to amortize the cost 
of all the development work

1592
01:15:06,566 --> 01:15:07,000
for that.

1593
01:15:07,233 --> 01:15:08,466
We went on for a few years,

1594
01:15:08,466 --> 01:15:08,900
but again,

1595
01:15:09,333 --> 01:15:10,766
it got to 
the practical realization

1596
01:15:10,766 --> 01:15:11,433
that if you're not building

1597
01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:14,533
thousands of them 
a day, only hundreds a day,

1598
01:15:14,533 --> 01:15:17,533
it gets very difficult 
to sustain that continuing

1599
01:15:17,533 --> 01:15:19,133
compliance cost.

1600
01:15:19,133 --> 01:15:23,700
Harvester was drowning in debt 
and desperately in need of cash.

1601
01:15:23,700 --> 01:15:28,033
Perhaps if they could get 
someone to buy the Scout line

1602
01:15:28,033 --> 01:15:32,100
instead of ending production, 
it would be a win-win.

1603
01:15:32,100 --> 01:15:35,800
They needed a hero to ride in 
on a white horse and save

1604
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:36,766
the day.

1605
01:15:36,766 --> 01:15:38,533
Ed Russell was an entrepreneur.

1606
01:15:38,533 --> 01:15:40,366
He came from the Midwest.

1607
01:15:40,366 --> 01:15:42,900
There's nothing more Texas 
than a midwesterner

1608
01:15:42,900 --> 01:15:44,733
that transplants himself 
to Texas.

1609
01:15:44,733 --> 01:15:46,200
He had the big cowboy hats,

1610
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:48,066
boots, the shirts, 
the whole bit.

1611
01:15:48,066 --> 01:15:48,200
Russell had built

1612
01:15:48,766 --> 01:15:49,400
But while the strike was going

1613
01:15:50,033 --> 01:15:53,100
on, I don't know exactly what 
was happening behind the scenes,

1614
01:15:53,100 --> 01:15:56,133
but they decided to offer 
the Scout division up

1615
01:15:56,133 --> 01:15:59,466
for sale, that maybe 
somebody would buy it.

1616
01:15:59,466 --> 01:16:00,933
And I don't know 
whether they had

1617
01:16:00,933 --> 01:16:02,966
Ed Russell in mind from the 
get go

1618
01:16:02,966 --> 01:16:06,300
or he was just the first person 
to stand up and say,

1619
01:16:06,300 --> 01:16:08,466
you know, I'm interested.

1620
01:16:08,466 --> 01:16:11,400
So he put 
together a consortium of people

1621
01:16:11,400 --> 01:16:12,800
from the Fort Wayne area

1622
01:16:12,800 --> 01:16:16,433
and allegedly 
Steyr-Puch in Austria

1623
01:16:16,433 --> 01:16:17,766
was going 
to be involved in it.

1624
01:16:17,766 --> 01:16:21,100
And they were going to buy 
the Scout name.

1625
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:23,333
They were going to lease 
the factory.

1626
01:16:23,333 --> 01:16:24,066
On October

1627
01:16:24,566 --> 01:16:27,633
8th, International Harvester 
announced they were terminating

1628
01:16:27,633 --> 01:16:29,066
their agreement with the Texas

1629
01:16:29,066 --> 01:16:33,133
investor due to a failure 
of certifying financing.

1630
01:16:33,133 --> 01:16:35,066
And as a result, it would cease

1631
01:16:35,066 --> 01:16:38,833
production of the Scout line 
on October 21st.

1632
01:16:38,833 --> 01:16:40,900
Workers 
had only a couple of weeks

1633
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:43,100
before their jobs would end.

1634
01:16:43,300 --> 01:16:48,100
It was just moving 
ahead and boom, the end.

1635
01:16:48,100 --> 01:16:50,300
[ominous music]

1636
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:52,366
Several 
factors appear to have been

1637
01:16:52,366 --> 01:16:55,766
involved in the decision, 
but perhaps the biggest

1638
01:16:55,766 --> 01:17:00,266
was International Harvesters 
corporate financial problems.

1639
01:17:00,266 --> 01:17:01,900
The company was out of money.

1640
01:17:01,900 --> 01:17:07,166
The projects we had in spring of 
1980 were ranked

1641
01:17:07,166 --> 01:17:10,933
and the most profitable 
ones were chosen.

1642
01:17:10,933 --> 01:17:13,433
There was enough money 
to do the first two projects,

1643
01:17:13,433 --> 01:17:15,600
and the Scout came in 
number three.

1644
01:17:15,600 --> 01:17:18,066
I don't think the company wanted 
to save the Scout.

1645
01:17:18,066 --> 01:17:20,000
I don't think International 
Harvester really wanted it.

1646
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:21,433
There were elements

1647
01:17:21,433 --> 01:17:22,700
within the Scout division

1648
01:17:22,700 --> 01:17:24,366
that certainly wanted 
to save Scout,

1649
01:17:24,366 --> 01:17:25,566
and I think they had a pretty

1650
01:17:25,566 --> 01:17:27,600
good business plan 
with the save Scout,

1651
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:29,300
and I think that business plan 
wouldve worked.

1652
01:17:29,300 --> 01:17:30,833
But I think International 
Harvester

1653
01:17:30,833 --> 01:17:31,600
made up their minds

1654
01:17:31,933 --> 01:17:35,033
pretty early on that 
they wanted to end the Scout.

1655
01:17:35,033 --> 01:17:37,633
The decision 
culminated with the final Scout

1656
01:17:37,633 --> 01:17:41,966
rolling off the factory 
floor on October 21st, 1980.

1657
01:17:41,966 --> 01:17:45,633
There was no cheering 
or hooting and hollering.

1658
01:17:45,633 --> 01:17:50,000
Everybody 
was their chin was down and

1659
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:51,166
there was no tears.

1660
01:17:51,166 --> 01:17:55,300
But it was a very emotional day.

1661
01:17:55,300 --> 01:17:58,233
It was very, very sad day.

1662
01:17:58,233 --> 01:18:01,300
It just

1663
01:18:01,300 --> 01:18:02,666
brings tears to your eyes.

1664
01:18:02,666 --> 01:18:06,300
I mean, not just the pride, 
but people losing their jobs.

1665
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:10,500
I think the number was 464, 
if I recall correctly, that lost

1666
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:13,833
their jobs as a direct result 
of the Scout going away.

1667
01:18:13,833 --> 01:18:18,900
When I got five years in, 
I figured I had a job for life,

1668
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:22,333
but the economy and the way

1669
01:18:22,333 --> 01:18:25,433
things went and company...

1670
01:18:25,433 --> 01:18:27,833
When all was said and done.

1671
01:18:27,833 --> 01:18:32,433
532,674 Scouts had been produced

1672
01:18:32,433 --> 01:18:36,633
in Fort Wayne from 1960 
through 1980.

1673
01:18:36,633 --> 01:18:39,666
The story came full circle 
in 2023

1674
01:18:39,666 --> 01:18:42,700
at a Harvester 
Homecoming event in Fort Wayne,

1675
01:18:42,700 --> 01:18:46,933
when the freshly restored first 
Scout produced was displayed

1676
01:18:46,933 --> 01:18:51,500
side by side with the last Scout 
to roll off the assembly line.

1677
01:18:52,233 --> 01:19:01,600
[upbeat funk rock music]

1678
01:19:01,600 --> 01:19:03,366
The Scout remains a

1679
01:19:03,366 --> 01:19:06,500
highly collectible vehicle 
all over the world.

1680
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:10,833
Even today, more than 40 years 
after the last one was made,

1681
01:19:10,833 --> 01:19:14,200
Scout enthusiasts 
gather at a variety of events

1682
01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:17,200
like this one in Fort Wayne 
to display their restored

1683
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:21,400
vehicles, swap stories, 
and celebrate the Scout.

1684
01:19:21,400 --> 01:19:24,800
And a lot of it is the people, 
the people that own them.

1685
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:28,300
I put on a show and go to shows 
across the country

1686
01:19:28,300 --> 01:19:32,466
and talk to the owners, 
and it's kind of a family.

1687
01:19:32,466 --> 01:19:36,200
A lot of people know me 
by that truck.

1688
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:38,900
They might not be all fancy 
and smooth riding,

1689
01:19:38,900 --> 01:19:42,533
but it is built 
rugged to take the punishment.

1690
01:19:42,533 --> 01:19:44,200
I love the vehicle.

1691
01:19:44,200 --> 01:19:47,866
I started collecting Scouts 
in early seventies.

1692
01:19:47,866 --> 01:19:51,566
The first one was a 61, 
and it wasn't fast,

1693
01:19:51,566 --> 01:19:55,233
but it was a lot of fun 
When the roads were bad,

1694
01:19:55,233 --> 01:19:58,833
you get down the road with it 
in four wheel drive.

1695
01:19:58,833 --> 01:20:01,466
You can get anywhere 
you want in bad weather

1696
01:20:01,466 --> 01:20:04,800
and that Scout had saved 
our lives a couple times.

1697
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:08,366
In the winter 
we pull the sled behind it.

1698
01:20:08,800 --> 01:20:11,333
In 1978, 
I ordered a brand new Scout, and

1699
01:20:11,333 --> 01:20:15,566
my name was on the windshield 
when it went down the line.

1700
01:20:15,566 --> 01:20:17,533
I had two Scouts of my own.

1701
01:20:17,533 --> 01:20:21,633
The first one in 72, 
I walked the line with it

1702
01:20:21,633 --> 01:20:22,833
while it was built.

1703
01:20:22,833 --> 01:20:25,300
I've owned three Scouts.

1704
01:20:25,300 --> 01:20:25,933
How many do I have?

1705
01:20:26,533 --> 01:20:27,366
How many of you 
owned over the whole...

1706
01:20:27,366 --> 01:20:30,000
Oh, my gosh.

1707
01:20:30,000 --> 01:20:33,066
I thought I counted 27 or 8.

1708
01:20:33,666 --> 01:20:36,366
Another thing that makes 
the Scout so collectible

1709
01:20:36,366 --> 01:20:40,133
is the relatively small number 
of units produced.

1710
01:20:40,133 --> 01:20:41,233
They're rare.

1711
01:20:41,233 --> 01:20:44,200
You only built 550,000 of those.

1712
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:48,666
So, for example, a 69 Camaro 
is something I used to be into.

1713
01:20:48,666 --> 01:20:51,866
Well, they built 500,000 
of those in one year.

1714
01:20:51,866 --> 01:20:56,233
It brings me back to a younger 
George Kirkham.

1715
01:20:56,233 --> 01:20:58,666
A little bit of a

1716
01:20:58,666 --> 01:21:01,166
young, impressionable salesman

1717
01:21:01,166 --> 01:21:04,266
and it's

1718
01:21:04,266 --> 01:21:05,200
a history lesson.

1719
01:21:05,200 --> 01:21:06,466
Driving them every day,

1720
01:21:06,466 --> 01:21:09,100
every time I get in one, it's 
a history lesson.

1721
01:21:09,100 --> 01:21:11,500
Yes. They're not as refined 
as your modern day

1722
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:13,866
Suburban 
or whatever that I drive.

1723
01:21:13,866 --> 01:21:15,833
But that's the 
way things were back then.

1724
01:21:15,833 --> 01:21:19,233
[music]

1725
01:21:19,233 --> 01:21:21,466
[melancholy music]

1726
01:21:21,466 --> 01:21:25,566
Terminating the Scout line 
in 1980, barely moved the needle

1727
01:21:25,566 --> 01:21:28,833
in terms of bringing Harvester 
back towards profitability.

1728
01:21:28,833 --> 01:21:33,000
Even though its truck sales 
worldwide were a hefty 3.3

1729
01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:36,833
billion dollars the truck 
division barely managed to break

1730
01:21:36,833 --> 01:21:38,133
even with expenses.

1731
01:21:38,133 --> 01:21:41,233
Internationals 
flagship agricultural equipment

1732
01:21:41,233 --> 01:21:44,000
group reported 
a 30 million dollar loss

1733
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:45,566
and the struggling construction

1734
01:21:45,566 --> 01:21:49,566
equipment business 
posted a 23 million dollar loss.

1735
01:21:49,566 --> 01:21:51,866
We continue 
to make more and more sales

1736
01:21:51,866 --> 01:21:54,933
and we continue 
to make less and less profit.

1737
01:21:54,933 --> 01:21:58,266
Our sales were good 
and our profits were terrible.

1738
01:21:58,266 --> 01:22:01,600
In December of 1981, 
Archie McCardell

1739
01:22:01,600 --> 01:22:03,366
and the board were able 
to work out

1740
01:22:03,366 --> 01:22:06,633
a deal with the companys 
nearly 200 creditors

1741
01:22:06,633 --> 01:22:11,900
to restructure its crushing 
4.2 Billion dollars of debt.

1742
01:22:11,900 --> 01:22:15,666
This refinancing deal 
was seen as a temporary reprieve

1743
01:22:15,666 --> 01:22:20,000
to keep the industrial giant 
from filing for bankruptcy.

1744
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:21,733
Back at the Fort Wayne works,

1745
01:22:21,733 --> 01:22:24,833
only 5,000 employees 
remained on the job

1746
01:22:24,833 --> 01:22:30,966
compared to the 10,500 workers 
employed before the strike.

1747
01:22:30,966 --> 01:22:31,800
The city of Fort

1748
01:22:32,033 --> 01:22:36,633
Wayne was suffering, 
with a jobless rate of 11%.

1749
01:22:36,633 --> 01:22:39,300
1982 would also be Archie 
McCardells

1750
01:22:39,300 --> 01:22:42,800
second contract negotiations 
with the UAW.

1751
01:22:42,800 --> 01:22:46,200
His argument for 100 million 
dollars in concessions

1752
01:22:46,200 --> 01:22:49,833
from the union, seemed stronger 
than ever against the grim

1753
01:22:49,833 --> 01:22:51,166
economic backdrop.

1754
01:22:51,166 --> 01:22:52,600
At this point

1755
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:53,600
it was looking like

1756
01:22:53,600 --> 01:22:56,500
the future of the entire company 
was in doubt.

1757
01:22:56,733 --> 01:23:00,766
Perhaps it was this realization 
that their very livelihoods

1758
01:23:00,766 --> 01:23:01,600
were at stake,

1759
01:23:01,866 --> 01:23:05,100
that brought the UAW back 
to the bargaining table.

1760
01:23:05,100 --> 01:23:09,300
The average union employee 
made $12.35 an hour,

1761
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:14,333
compared to a minimum 
wage of $3.35 at the time.

1762
01:23:14,333 --> 01:23:16,966
A deepening recession 
was keeping unemployment

1763
01:23:16,966 --> 01:23:18,900
levels in double digits.

1764
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:24,533
It was no time to be on strike 
or much worse looking for work.

1765
01:23:24,533 --> 01:23:25,566
Times were tough.

1766
01:23:25,566 --> 01:23:28,500
You couldn't get a job at Ford 
Motor Company,

1767
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:31,100
Chrysler or GM.

1768
01:23:31,100 --> 01:23:33,466
Everybody was laid off.

1769
01:23:33,466 --> 01:23:37,533
McCardell and Harvester 
had the upper hand this time.

1770
01:23:37,533 --> 01:23:41,033
On May 2nd, 1982, UAW members

1771
01:23:41,033 --> 01:23:45,633
ratified a new 29-month contract 
that included an astounding

1772
01:23:45,633 --> 01:23:49,833
200 million dollars 
in contract concessions.

1773
01:23:49,833 --> 01:23:53,766
The next day, it was announced 
that Archie McCardell

1774
01:23:53,766 --> 01:23:56,733
and International Harvester 
were parting ways.

1775
01:23:56,733 --> 01:24:00,500
Louis Menk replaced him 
as chairman of the board and Don

1776
01:24:00,500 --> 01:24:04,233
Lennox became the new president 
and chief operating officer.

1777
01:24:04,233 --> 01:24:05,433
Back in March,

1778
01:24:05,433 --> 01:24:08,333
Harvester had sent telegrams 
to the government leadership

1779
01:24:08,333 --> 01:24:10,433
in both Fort 
Wayne and Springfield

1780
01:24:10,433 --> 01:24:13,300
asking the cities 
to put together aid packages

1781
01:24:13,300 --> 01:24:17,533
to help keep the manufacturing 
facilities in their towns open.

1782
01:24:17,533 --> 01:24:18,466
I'm Karl Bandemer.

1783
01:24:18,766 --> 01:24:22,433
I was the economic development 
director under Mayor Win Moses.

1784
01:24:22,433 --> 01:24:25,000
When Harvester announced 
that it was liable to leave,

1785
01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:27,466
that that really elevated 
the concern.

1786
01:24:27,466 --> 01:24:30,300
The mayors office held meetings 
with the local Harvester

1787
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:31,733
executives to assess

1788
01:24:31,733 --> 01:24:36,366
what they could do to retain 
Fort Waynes largest employer.

1789
01:24:36,366 --> 01:24:41,100
Clearly, Harvesters main needs 
are cold cash that there's

1790
01:24:41,100 --> 01:24:45,666
very little in the way 
of of deferred obligations or

1791
01:24:45,666 --> 01:24:46,266
guaranteed

1792
01:24:46,866 --> 01:24:49,600
loans that are going to be 
of significant benefit to them.

1793
01:24:49,600 --> 01:24:52,766
City, county and state officials 
went to Chicago this morning

1794
01:24:52,766 --> 01:24:55,200
to talk with officials 
of International Harvester

1795
01:24:55,200 --> 01:24:56,766
about a financial assistance

1796
01:24:56,766 --> 01:24:59,166
proposal 
to keep this plant afloat.

1797
01:24:59,166 --> 01:25:00,500
When the government delegation

1798
01:25:00,500 --> 01:25:03,133
returned from their meeting 
with Harvester executives.

1799
01:25:03,133 --> 01:25:07,000
A press conference was held 
outside of the factory to reveal

1800
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:10,700
details of the 20 million dollar 
incentive package.

1801
01:25:11,100 --> 01:25:14,500
All seemed to be going well 
until International Harvester

1802
01:25:14,500 --> 01:25:19,200
made a bombshell announcement 
on July 29th 1982.

1803
01:25:19,200 --> 01:25:20,300
The company would be

1804
01:25:20,300 --> 01:25:23,400
consolidating its truck 
manufacturing facilities

1805
01:25:23,400 --> 01:25:27,966
from 3 factories 
in North America to just two.

1806
01:25:27,966 --> 01:25:31,800
The three factories involved 
were Chatham Ontario,

1807
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:34,966
Springfield Ohio,

1808
01:25:34,966 --> 01:25:37,800
and Fort Wayne Indiana.

1809
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:40,766
It soon became apparent 
that the Canadian facility

1810
01:25:40,766 --> 01:25:42,233
would remain open.

1811
01:25:42,233 --> 01:25:43,000
This meant

1812
01:25:43,366 --> 01:25:47,000
either Springfield or Fort 
Wayne would have to close.

1813
01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:50,400
Fort Wayne was now in a fight 
to keep their crown

1814
01:25:50,633 --> 01:25:54,433
as Heavy Duty Truck 
Capital of the World.

1815
01:25:55,166 --> 01:25:58,200
I truly believe they have 
not made up their mind. Mr.

1816
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:01,633
Dean Stanley, who's head of 
engineering group, talked to Mr.

1817
01:26:01,633 --> 01:26:03,900
Menk,and 
he point blank asked them,

1818
01:26:03,900 --> 01:26:05,900
Are you going to close Fort 
Wayne?

1819
01:26:05,900 --> 01:26:07,633
And his response 
was, It's an option.

1820
01:26:07,633 --> 01:26:08,733
That kind of set

1821
01:26:08,733 --> 01:26:11,233
this whole competition 
in motion.”

1822
01:26:11,233 --> 01:26:15,000
We knew that we were going to 
have to step up and figure out

1823
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:17,966
how we were going to influence 
Harvesters decision.

1824
01:26:18,766 --> 01:26:22,133
Fort Wayne Mayor Win Moses 
spearheaded the effort

1825
01:26:22,133 --> 01:26:23,833
to convince those in state

1826
01:26:23,833 --> 01:26:26,833
and county government 
and the local business community

1827
01:26:26,833 --> 01:26:29,900
that giving public assistance 
to a private company

1828
01:26:29,900 --> 01:26:32,333
was in everyones best interest.

1829
01:26:32,333 --> 01:26:35,366
Given the number of of Harvester 
employees here.

1830
01:26:35,366 --> 01:26:37,733
If they were out of a job,

1831
01:26:37,733 --> 01:26:38,366
that means they weren't

1832
01:26:38,633 --> 01:26:40,666
going to be able 
to shop in your stores.

1833
01:26:40,666 --> 01:26:43,133
Chances are they weren't being 
made their mortgage payment.

1834
01:26:43,133 --> 01:26:46,300
There was going to be 
a huge impact beyond

1835
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:49,666
just the fact 
that Harvester might shut down.

1836
01:26:49,666 --> 01:26:53,500
So you need to get on board here 
and, you know, work with us

1837
01:26:53,500 --> 01:26:57,533
to try to save Harvester 
and keep them here in the city.

1838
01:26:57,533 --> 01:27:00,733
The Fort Wayne community 
responded to the cause by making

1839
01:27:00,733 --> 01:27:04,266
pleas to state officials, 
holding rallies downtown,

1840
01:27:04,466 --> 01:27:05,900
and filling sandbags

1841
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:07,833
with letters 
to show their support

1842
01:27:07,833 --> 01:27:10,800
for keeping Harvester 
jobs in the city.

1843
01:27:11,000 --> 01:27:13,266
Community 
and state leaders in Springfield

1844
01:27:13,266 --> 01:27:16,033
Ohio were working 
just as hard to convince

1845
01:27:16,033 --> 01:27:18,366
Harvester 
to stay in their community.

1846
01:27:19,200 --> 01:27:23,266
The two communities 
locked in a contest for survival

1847
01:27:23,266 --> 01:27:27,433
caught the attention of 
struggling Americans everywhere.

1848
01:27:27,433 --> 01:27:29,266
This competition 
got national attention.

1849
01:27:29,266 --> 01:27:30,866
It was front page 
on  The New York

1850
01:27:30,866 --> 01:27:32,366
Times ,  The Wall Street Journal .

1851
01:27:32,366 --> 01:27:33,333
This morning,

1852
01:27:33,333 --> 01:27:35,666
Harvester employees 
in Fort Wayne, Indiana,

1853
01:27:35,666 --> 01:27:38,800
went to work wondering 
whether theirs will be that one.

1854
01:27:38,800 --> 01:27:41,833
In the past two years, these men 
who make trucks have watched

1855
01:27:41,833 --> 01:27:46,533
their assembly line shrink 
from 10000 to 4000 workers.

1856
01:27:46,533 --> 01:27:49,533
Harvester used to be the number 
one employer in Fort Wayne.

1857
01:27:49,733 --> 01:27:52,800
This big old building used to be 
a place you could rely on.

1858
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:55,833
Used to come in and figure, Hey, 
you was going to stay here

1859
01:27:55,833 --> 01:27:57,533
and here. 
Probably get your time in.

1860
01:27:57,533 --> 01:27:59,666
If you live to be 65, 
you could retire.

1861
01:27:59,666 --> 01:28:01,466
But now you just come in, figure

1862
01:28:01,466 --> 01:28:03,866
maybe 
you'll get through the day.

1863
01:28:03,866 --> 01:28:05,766
Maybe you'll get 
sent home at noon.

1864
01:28:05,766 --> 01:28:06,833
We'd just like to know

1865
01:28:06,833 --> 01:28:08,933
whether we've got a job 
or whether we don't.

1866
01:28:08,933 --> 01:28:10,766
It'd be terrible 
if we don't have,

1867
01:28:10,766 --> 01:28:13,766
but the dread of not knowing 
is even worse than knowing.

1868
01:28:14,033 --> 01:28:16,033
You really didn't 
know where corporate was.

1869
01:28:16,033 --> 01:28:17,433
They said 
they didn't have a preference,

1870
01:28:17,433 --> 01:28:18,966
it was just going to be

1871
01:28:18,966 --> 01:28:21,133
who's going to put together 
the best package.

1872
01:28:21,133 --> 01:28:23,433
Offers were presented 
to the top management

1873
01:28:23,433 --> 01:28:24,666
at International Corporate

1874
01:28:24,666 --> 01:28:27,833
headquarters 
behind closed doors in Chicago.

1875
01:28:27,833 --> 01:28:30,000
Governor Robert Orr and Lt.

1876
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:34,000
Governor John Mutz represented 
the Indiana state government.

1877
01:28:34,000 --> 01:28:36,633
The bankers were heavily 
involved.

1878
01:28:36,633 --> 01:28:39,966
At that point they were helping 
us save the company.

1879
01:28:39,966 --> 01:28:45,633
And I understand they toured 
both Springfield and Fort Wayne.

1880
01:28:45,633 --> 01:28:49,466
Springfield Plant was much newer 
than the Fort Wayne facility,

1881
01:28:49,466 --> 01:28:51,666
so that was probably a strike 
against us.

1882
01:28:51,666 --> 01:28:52,900
On the other hand,

1883
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:56,100
it was our understanding 
that the productivity in Fort

1884
01:28:56,100 --> 01:28:59,433
Wayne was much better than the 
productivity in in Springfield.

1885
01:28:59,433 --> 01:29:01,200
So that was to our advantage.

1886
01:29:01,200 --> 01:29:05,000
Both cities were constantly 
working to meet or exceed

1887
01:29:05,000 --> 01:29:06,400
what the other was offering

1888
01:29:06,400 --> 01:29:10,000
Harvester in a high-stakes 
game of one-upmanship.

1889
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:12,000
We're always trying 
to figure out exactly

1890
01:29:12,000 --> 01:29:13,500
what the other party 
was trying to do

1891
01:29:13,500 --> 01:29:16,166
so we could hopefully match them 
or trump them.

1892
01:29:16,166 --> 01:29:19,100
The nearly nonstop effort 
to bolster

1893
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:22,333
Indiana's Harvester aid package 
continues here at City Hall.

1894
01:29:22,333 --> 01:29:25,600
And with today's news 
that Ohio's $30 million of

1895
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:28,600
aid is set to go, 
the pressure is mounting.

1896
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:31,666
I think we're on borrowed time 
right now.

1897
01:29:31,666 --> 01:29:34,600
As soon as Ohio's package 
was completed this morning

1898
01:29:34,600 --> 01:29:37,300
and that the state will have 
to finalize their proposal

1899
01:29:37,300 --> 01:29:38,433
very quickly here.

1900
01:29:38,433 --> 01:29:39,533
The states addition

1901
01:29:39,533 --> 01:29:42,700
to the incentive package 
will be about $4 million.

1902
01:29:42,933 --> 01:29:46,433
Additionally, Fort Wayne's five 
banks have added approximately

1903
01:29:46,433 --> 01:29:51,533
$8 million, bringing the Indiana 
total to about $32 million.

1904
01:29:51,533 --> 01:29:53,433
The Ohio package stands 
at 30 million.

1905
01:29:53,433 --> 01:29:55,800
With summer 
fading into fall.

1906
01:29:55,800 --> 01:30:00,033
It seemed optimism was fading in 
Fort Wayne as well.

1907
01:30:00,033 --> 01:30:02,866
Local Harvester 
workers and city officials were

1908
01:30:02,866 --> 01:30:06,333
originally told the decision 
would be made in a few weeks.

1909
01:30:06,333 --> 01:30:10,766
The waiting had now dragged on 
for nearly 2 months.

1910
01:30:10,766 --> 01:30:12,166
Just leave. 
We don't care anymore.

1911
01:30:12,166 --> 01:30:14,100
I don't think we can say that.

1912
01:30:14,100 --> 01:30:15,100
You know, maybe,

1913
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:16,300
maybe in the mid-sixties,

1914
01:30:16,300 --> 01:30:18,433
when the economy was booming 
and you could find

1915
01:30:18,433 --> 01:30:20,600
other employers easily, 
you could say that.

1916
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:23,966
I think we've got to fight as 
hard as we can and as long as we

1917
01:30:23,966 --> 01:30:25,666
can to keep what we've got.

1918
01:30:27,033 --> 01:30:29,400
The anticipation was 
palpable as rumors spread that

1919
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:33,066
International Harvester 
may be close to a decision.

1920
01:30:33,866 --> 01:30:35,666
Can you say that 
tomorrow morning,

1921
01:30:35,666 --> 01:30:37,600
International Harvester 
will hold a news conference

1922
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:39,433
to announce 
they are moving to Springfield?

1923
01:30:39,433 --> 01:30:42,833
No, but I would not be surprised 
if tomorrow or Monday

1924
01:30:42,833 --> 01:30:43,433
they would.

1925
01:30:43,766 --> 01:30:45,600
They would hold such 
a news conference to

1926
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:48,233
to announce their decision. 
The decision is imminent

1927
01:30:48,233 --> 01:30:50,233
and the decision 
will be unfavorable.

1928
01:30:50,233 --> 01:30:53,166
They're going to shut down Fort 
Wayne.

1929
01:30:53,166 --> 01:30:56,300
The announcement 
that everyone anticipated

1930
01:30:56,300 --> 01:31:01,233
and dreaded came on September 
27, 1982.

1931
01:31:01,233 --> 01:31:04,133
International Harvester 
will phase out

1932
01:31:04,133 --> 01:31:07,100
truck manufacturing 
in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

1933
01:31:07,100 --> 01:31:10,533
This decision comes 
as a harsh blow to thousands

1934
01:31:10,533 --> 01:31:13,666
of individuals who work for this 
major employer.

1935
01:31:13,666 --> 01:31:15,466
I am not surprised.

1936
01:31:15,466 --> 01:31:16,866
I am disappointed.

1937
01:31:16,866 --> 01:31:17,666
Harvester President

1938
01:31:17,900 --> 01:31:19,900
Lennox said he was impressed 
with Fort Wayne's

1939
01:31:19,900 --> 01:31:21,900
multimillion dollar 
incentive package,

1940
01:31:21,900 --> 01:31:24,300
but added money 
was not the deciding issue.

1941
01:31:24,300 --> 01:31:27,966
The overwhelming advantage 
was the fact

1942
01:31:27,966 --> 01:31:31,800
that the Springfield plant 
is a much newer,

1943
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:34,833
much more cost effective plant.

1944
01:31:34,833 --> 01:31:37,400
I guess theyre doing the best 
for the company. I don't know.

1945
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:40,200
I think they knew what they had 
planned all the time.

1946
01:31:40,200 --> 01:31:43,066
Naturally a little sad  
about it.  But,

1947
01:31:43,066 --> 01:31:43,400
you get,

1948
01:31:44,133 --> 01:31:45,433
you have a few sad 
moments in your life, you know,

1949
01:31:45,433 --> 01:31:47,533
and you just got to regroup 
and go back on.

1950
01:31:47,533 --> 01:31:48,133
It was heartbreaking.

1951
01:31:48,400 --> 01:31:50,633
It really was To see that happen 
again.

1952
01:31:50,633 --> 01:31:52,300
Oh, broke my heart.

1953
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:53,466
That was a big thing to me.

1954
01:31:53,466 --> 01:31:56,000
Going to Fort Wayne. 
Seeing all them trucks.

1955
01:31:56,000 --> 01:31:59,200
This tale of two cities 
had ended with a winner

1956
01:31:59,200 --> 01:32:02,933
and a loser; 
rejoicing and mourning.

1957
01:32:02,933 --> 01:32:07,500
When Springfield was picked, 
everybody was really happy.

1958
01:32:07,500 --> 01:32:11,300
I wish when they voted, 
they voted to keep Fort Wayne.

1959
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:12,633
Some of the long time

1960
01:32:12,633 --> 01:32:15,766
employees are hoping Harvester 
will hang on long enough

1961
01:32:15,766 --> 01:32:19,366
for them to retire 
In only a matter of months,

1962
01:32:19,366 --> 01:32:21,666
over two thousand Harvester 
truck

1963
01:32:21,666 --> 01:32:25,500
factory workers would soon join 
the ranks of the unemployed.

1964
01:32:26,866 --> 01:32:29,500
With the decision 
finally made, Fort

1965
01:32:29,500 --> 01:32:31,800
Wayne workers were at least able 
to start

1966
01:32:31,800 --> 01:32:34,733
preparing for the next phase 
of their careers.

1967
01:32:34,733 --> 01:32:37,400
The good news is 
that most of them would have

1968
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:40,500
several more months 
of employment to count on.

1969
01:32:40,500 --> 01:32:43,266
About 200 factory workers 
would be laid off in November.

1970
01:32:43,266 --> 01:32:45,600
Another 800 will be gone 
by next summer.

1971
01:32:45,600 --> 01:32:47,566
Harvester representatives 
in Chicago told News

1972
01:32:47,566 --> 01:32:50,700
15 about 1900 local workers 
will not be affected

1973
01:32:50,700 --> 01:32:51,766
by the phase out.

1974
01:32:51,766 --> 01:32:53,200
Those not affected divisions

1975
01:32:53,200 --> 01:32:55,333
are the axle and transmission 
plant,

1976
01:32:55,333 --> 01:32:58,066
the materials management plant, 
the worldwide truck

1977
01:32:58,066 --> 01:33:01,600
engineering center and the parts 
distribution center.

1978
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:04,533
The illusion of job security 
for those departments

1979
01:33:04,533 --> 01:33:08,100
“not affected,” would soon be 
shattered as Harvester

1980
01:33:08,100 --> 01:33:11,733
continued to make more cuts 
in the months that followed.

1981
01:33:11,733 --> 01:33:14,633
December 1st, 1982: Harvester

1982
01:33:14,633 --> 01:33:17,933
announces it will cease 
making axles and transmissions

1983
01:33:17,933 --> 01:33:22,133
at its Fort Wayne Works 
500 jobs are eliminated.

1984
01:33:22,133 --> 01:33:25,666
April 20th, 1983: 
Harvester announces

1985
01:33:25,666 --> 01:33:29,266
it will close the Fort Wayne 
Material Management Center.

1986
01:33:29,266 --> 01:33:31,966
200 more jobs are eliminated.

1987
01:33:31,966 --> 01:33:37,366
Then in July of 1983, 
a 60 year run came to a halt

1988
01:33:37,366 --> 01:33:41,100
as the last heavy duty 
truck made its way down.

1989
01:33:41,100 --> 01:33:46,733
The assembly line at the Fort 
Wayne Works.

1990
01:33:46,733 --> 01:33:53,300
As the 1,527,299th

1991
01:33:53,300 --> 01:33:56,166
Harvester truck rolled off 
Fort Wayne's assembly line.

1992
01:33:56,166 --> 01:33:58,600
The reality of the shutdown 
hit home

1993
01:33:58,600 --> 01:34:01,533
when the line was stopped 
and their tools set aside.

1994
01:34:01,533 --> 01:34:04,666
Employees knew 
it would be for the last time.

1995
01:34:04,666 --> 01:34:08,400
[indistinct chatter]  
its all over.

1996
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:11,366
[Whistle blows]

1997
01:34:14,666 --> 01:34:17,966
I'll never forget 
it was July the 15th, 1983,

1998
01:34:17,966 --> 01:34:22,200
and it was a really very sad day 
when the whistle blew

1999
01:34:22,200 --> 01:34:23,433
for the last time.

2000
01:34:23,433 --> 01:34:27,000
That was very sad.

2001
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:29,700
It was very painful.

2002
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:32,566
That whistle didn't 
blow anymore.

2003
01:34:32,566 --> 01:34:35,066
This would be the final day 
at the Fort

2004
01:34:35,066 --> 01:34:39,033
Wayne Works for 1700 employees.

2005
01:34:39,033 --> 01:34:41,266
We got laid off. 
That was a big layoff.

2006
01:34:41,266 --> 01:34:43,033
I was laid off for four years.

2007
01:34:43,033 --> 01:34:45,000
I got laid off

2008
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:47,933
for six and a half years 
and the big cutback happened.

2009
01:34:47,933 --> 01:34:49,433
Nine hundred employees

2010
01:34:49,433 --> 01:34:52,133
at the Engineering Center 
and the Parts Distribution

2011
01:34:52,133 --> 01:34:54,733
Center were not affected 
by the plant closure

2012
01:34:54,733 --> 01:34:56,200
and would keep their jobs

2013
01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:57,700
in Fort Wayne.  
[timeclock punch]

2014
01:34:57,700 --> 01:35:00,033
The five hundred 
remaining factory workers

2015
01:35:00,033 --> 01:35:01,733
with seniority would be able

2016
01:35:01,733 --> 01:35:04,066
to stay on to assist 
with the dismantling

2017
01:35:04,066 --> 01:35:05,800
and sale of the plant's 
equipment

2018
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:08,666
but all of those jobs 
would end by November.

2019
01:35:08,666 --> 01:35:09,500
They were taking out

2020
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:12,666
all the machinery out 
and everything was going out.

2021
01:35:12,666 --> 01:35:14,900
I mean, you begin to see 
what was really was happening

2022
01:35:14,900 --> 01:35:17,300
when the floors would begin 
to look pretty empty.

2023
01:35:17,300 --> 01:35:19,033
450 is here, 500 now, five,

2024
01:35:19,033 --> 01:35:21,000
five and a half, six 
hundred dollars [indistinct]

2025
01:35:21,000 --> 01:35:24,566
Once the factory was completely 
shut down and the last tools

2026
01:35:24,566 --> 01:35:27,566
and industrial equipment 
had been auctioned off,

2027
01:35:27,566 --> 01:35:28,700
it was decision

2028
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:31,933
time for some of the workers 
with the most seniority.

2029
01:35:31,933 --> 01:35:34,066
Join the thousands of Fort 
Wayne job

2030
01:35:34,066 --> 01:35:36,033
seekers 
in the unemployment lines

2031
01:35:36,033 --> 01:35:40,266
or transfer to the Springfield, 
Ohio, factory.

2032
01:35:40,266 --> 01:35:43,833
In November, 
they sent a lot to office people

2033
01:35:43,833 --> 01:35:46,200
to Springfield 
that was on the list.

2034
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:49,600
And so they got to my seniority 
and I was transferred

2035
01:35:49,600 --> 01:35:52,900
to Springfield 
in November of 82.

2036
01:35:52,900 --> 01:35:57,433
[music]

2037
01:35:57,833 --> 01:35:59,700
Union workers from Fort Wayne 
had the option to “bump” a lower

2038
01:35:59,700 --> 01:36:04,100
seniority worker 
off the Springfield line.

2039
01:36:04,800 --> 01:36:06,400
This was crucially important

2040
01:36:06,400 --> 01:36:08,833
for the ones that were close 
to retirement age

2041
01:36:08,833 --> 01:36:11,200
who wanted to lock 
in their pensions.

2042
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:15,366
The drawback was, they would 
either have to relocate,

2043
01:36:15,633 --> 01:36:16,600
or make the

2044
01:36:16,833 --> 01:36:21,166
250 mile roundtrip commute 
from Fort Wayne to Springfield.

2045
01:36:21,166 --> 01:36:22,766
You had to go by seniority.

2046
01:36:22,766 --> 01:36:25,500
And so actually, there was 
a waiting list to get in there.

2047
01:36:25,500 --> 01:36:28,300
Finally, I was able to go back 
to work in Springfield.

2048
01:36:28,300 --> 01:36:32,366
A lot of the guys 
that had 20 years,

2049
01:36:32,366 --> 01:36:34,333
they had to go down and finish.

2050
01:36:34,333 --> 01:36:35,900
They had to go down there.

2051
01:36:35,900 --> 01:36:38,633
Many of my friends 
chose not to go to Springfield,

2052
01:36:38,633 --> 01:36:43,833
Ohio, due to families and roots 
and, you know, homes and such.

2053
01:36:44,066 --> 01:36:45,966
I was lucky enough.

2054
01:36:45,966 --> 01:36:48,400
I got called to Springfield

2055
01:36:48,400 --> 01:36:51,266
in February of 84

2056
01:36:51,266 --> 01:36:56,133
and I'd been laid off 
in July of 83.

2057
01:36:56,133 --> 01:36:58,933
That was an exciting time, 
you know, for us.

2058
01:36:58,933 --> 01:37:01,633
It was a time 
that you would realize

2059
01:37:01,633 --> 01:37:04,033
that it was nice 
to get back to your job

2060
01:37:04,033 --> 01:37:06,133
because you're sure 
seniority would continue

2061
01:37:06,133 --> 01:37:08,800
and you were able to retire 
when you got your time.

2062
01:37:08,800 --> 01:37:11,733
In fact, I spent about 19 years

2063
01:37:11,733 --> 01:37:15,066
after I left Fort Wayne 
in the Springfield area.

2064
01:37:15,066 --> 01:37:17,700
A lot of them went there mainly 
to get there 30 years

2065
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:19,233
and then came back.

2066
01:37:19,233 --> 01:37:22,866
I was there for 20 years 
and I went back

2067
01:37:22,866 --> 01:37:26,766
and forth on weekends 
and lived there during the week.

2068
01:37:27,000 --> 01:37:28,966
The bus ran every day.

2069
01:37:28,966 --> 01:37:32,333
And there was a gentleman 
that had the bus, owned it.

2070
01:37:32,333 --> 01:37:35,333
He was from Angola, 
so he would drive from Angola

2071
01:37:35,333 --> 01:37:39,966
to Springfield, Ohio, 
with the bus every day.

2072
01:37:39,966 --> 01:37:44,100
And so that went on for

2073
01:37:44,100 --> 01:37:45,600
easy 15 years.

2074
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:48,866
Four buses 
that held about 40 people each,

2075
01:37:49,066 --> 01:37:51,900
that made the trip 
to Springfield every day

2076
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:55,300
and took workers to work 
two and a half hour drive

2077
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:56,333
each direction.

2078
01:37:56,333 --> 01:38:02,066
They had to get up 
like 3:00 in the morning and

2079
01:38:02,066 --> 01:38:04,600
get home at 7:00 at night.

2080
01:38:04,600 --> 01:38:06,566
I rented a place.

2081
01:38:06,566 --> 01:38:10,233
It was really too far 
to drive back and forth.

2082
01:38:10,233 --> 01:38:14,300
Some drove a car with maybe two 
or three passengers,

2083
01:38:14,300 --> 01:38:17,066
but only time I would come home

2084
01:38:17,066 --> 01:38:22,133
would be on a Friday night, 
for Saturday and Sunday.

2085
01:38:22,333 --> 01:38:25,533
There was a lot of guys 
that moved down to Springfield.

2086
01:38:25,533 --> 01:38:26,500
There was a lot of guys 
that moved down to Springfield.

2087
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:28,966
There was a place, 
a trailer court in there

2088
01:38:28,966 --> 01:38:31,700
that it was called 
Little Fort Wayne,

2089
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:32,966
and a lot of the guys

2090
01:38:32,966 --> 01:38:34,900
bought trailers, 
or rented the trailers there.

2091
01:38:34,900 --> 01:38:38,266
It was like a little city 
of people from Harvester.

2092
01:38:38,266 --> 01:38:39,233
They used to work there.

2093
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:43,666
My uncle did that for years 
down there, and he ended up in a

2094
01:38:43,666 --> 01:38:48,133
trailer, him with three or four 
other guys living in a trailer,

2095
01:38:48,133 --> 01:38:49,933
and then they would come back 
on the weekend.

2096
01:38:49,933 --> 01:38:52,800
But, Fort Wayne was such 
a center of their lives.

2097
01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:54,600
They had kids in high school.

2098
01:38:54,600 --> 01:38:56,633
They didn't want to leave 
Fort Wayne.

2099
01:38:56,633 --> 01:39:00,133
Which under the circumstances 
it wasn't the best situation

2100
01:39:00,133 --> 01:39:03,100
because a lot of the people 
that used to work for for Fort

2101
01:39:03,100 --> 01:39:03,533
Wayne

2102
01:39:04,200 --> 01:39:06,666
actually had more seniority 
than a lot of people in

2103
01:39:06,666 --> 01:39:10,666
in Springfield. 
So there was some

2104
01:39:10,666 --> 01:39:12,166
situations that

2105
01:39:12,166 --> 01:39:14,300
you found yourself 
sometimes, you know, at odds

2106
01:39:14,300 --> 01:39:15,700
with some of 
the Springfield people

2107
01:39:15,700 --> 01:39:18,833
and then really didn't care 
too much for us from Fort Wayne.

2108
01:39:18,833 --> 01:39:22,200
It was kind of radical 
at first in a lot of people

2109
01:39:22,200 --> 01:39:25,900
in the factory 
had problems with flat tires and

2110
01:39:25,900 --> 01:39:27,400
and didn't like the people there

2111
01:39:27,400 --> 01:39:28,933
because they took away 
their jobs,

2112
01:39:28,933 --> 01:39:30,466
you know, because of seniority.

2113
01:39:30,466 --> 01:39:32,033
Any time somebody comes in

2114
01:39:32,033 --> 01:39:34,533
and what they call bump 
you off the line,

2115
01:39:34,533 --> 01:39:36,466
they might have seniority 
from Fort Wayne

2116
01:39:36,466 --> 01:39:39,100
and they come and take your job 
and you have to go

2117
01:39:39,100 --> 01:39:42,300
do a lesser job, 
which is a union thing, so.

2118
01:39:42,300 --> 01:39:44,266
But eventually, 
I think it began to the place

2119
01:39:44,266 --> 01:39:47,433
where after a time 
it begins to settle down

2120
01:39:47,433 --> 01:39:49,433
and then things begin to work 
a lot better.

2121
01:39:49,433 --> 01:39:52,033
Met a lot of good friends there 
in Springfield

2122
01:39:52,033 --> 01:39:53,500
and a lot of people 
became friends.

2123
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:56,000
I mean, it 
it worked out good in the end.

2124
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:57,066
I know a lot of people

2125
01:39:57,066 --> 01:39:58,666
that moved over here 
from Fort Wayne

2126
01:39:58,666 --> 01:40:03,100
and theyre just good people, 
just like Springfield people.

2127
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:05,600
[sad delta blues music]

2128
01:40:05,600 --> 01:40:08,933
Not everyone had jobs 
waiting for them in Springfield

2129
01:40:08,933 --> 01:40:10,600
through no fault of their own.

2130
01:40:10,600 --> 01:40:13,000
They had been severed 
from the only job

2131
01:40:13,000 --> 01:40:14,700
they had ever known.

2132
01:40:15,166 --> 01:40:16,333
I see no way

2133
01:40:16,333 --> 01:40:18,266
that we are going to

2134
01:40:18,266 --> 01:40:20,300
bring this community

2135
01:40:20,300 --> 01:40:23,166
back during the entire decade 
of the 1980s

2136
01:40:23,166 --> 01:40:26,633
to anything resembling the level 
it was in the 1970s.

2137
01:40:26,633 --> 01:40:27,966
It was a blow to us.

2138
01:40:27,966 --> 01:40:29,900
I mean, it was a 
it was a disappointment.

2139
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:32,533
But I think in many respects, 
it kind of hardened our

2140
01:40:32,533 --> 01:40:34,566
our economic development 
efforts.

2141
01:40:34,566 --> 01:40:37,166
I'm not in any way 
pessimistic about the city

2142
01:40:37,166 --> 01:40:38,966
and the future of our community.

2143
01:40:38,966 --> 01:40:41,233
We've learned something 
this past year

2144
01:40:41,233 --> 01:40:44,233
about this city 
and about our people.

2145
01:40:44,433 --> 01:40:46,233
No matter what confronts us.

2146
01:40:46,233 --> 01:40:47,600
We band together.

2147
01:40:47,600 --> 01:40:52,400
We muster our resources and 
come out ahead in the long run.

2148
01:40:52,400 --> 01:40:55,866
Even though the city was facing 
a grim economic forecast.

2149
01:40:56,066 --> 01:40:58,866
Mayor Win Moses 
and his team acted quickly

2150
01:40:58,866 --> 01:41:00,600
to preserve the hard earned

2151
01:41:00,600 --> 01:41:04,833
economic development funds 
previously offered to Harvester.

2152
01:41:04,833 --> 01:41:07,500
Shortly after the announcement 
that the Fort Wayne works

2153
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:11,900
would close, Karl Bandemer made 
a request to the City Council.

2154
01:41:11,900 --> 01:41:16,066
I asked Council to keep in place

2155
01:41:16,066 --> 01:41:22,233
the funds that they had that 
that we had come up with locally

2156
01:41:22,233 --> 01:41:25,000
for ah for 
an economic development effort.

2157
01:41:25,000 --> 01:41:29,966
And I believe that the vote 
was unanimous.

2158
01:41:29,966 --> 01:41:34,000
With the incentive funds secure, 
Fort Wayne was able to get the

2159
01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:38,000
attention of a major employer 
with a huge potential project.

2160
01:41:38,000 --> 01:41:39,766
I got a phone call

2161
01:41:39,766 --> 01:41:41,566
when I was on vacation 
from the mayor

2162
01:41:41,566 --> 01:41:44,733
and said I had to be 
in Indianapolis the next day.

2163
01:41:44,733 --> 01:41:47,433
So I went down, 
we met in the governor's office.

2164
01:41:47,433 --> 01:41:49,000
The county was there, other

2165
01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:50,366
people from the city 
were there, people

2166
01:41:50,366 --> 01:41:51,066
from the state,

2167
01:41:51,466 --> 01:41:53,633
and the people from 
General Motors were there also.

2168
01:41:53,633 --> 01:41:56,233
General Motors 
was looking for a location

2169
01:41:56,233 --> 01:41:57,533
to build a new factory

2170
01:41:57,533 --> 01:42:00,966
for the manufacture of full-size 
pickup trucks.

2171
01:42:00,966 --> 01:42:03,600
They presented the state 
and local representatives

2172
01:42:03,600 --> 01:42:05,866
with a list of conditions 
to meet in order

2173
01:42:05,866 --> 01:42:08,300
to secure the deal 
for Fort Wayne.

2174
01:42:08,300 --> 01:42:10,933
This would require an effort 
very similar to what

2175
01:42:10,933 --> 01:42:12,333
the city had done to win

2176
01:42:12,333 --> 01:42:16,333
the International truck factory 
back in the 1920s.

2177
01:42:16,333 --> 01:42:20,633
On August 31, 1984, 
just a little over a year

2178
01:42:20,633 --> 01:42:24,000
after heavy duty truck 
production stopped at Harvester,

2179
01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:27,300
General Motors announced 
it was going to build a 2.5

2180
01:42:27,300 --> 01:42:32,000
million square foot 
truck factory in Fort Wayne.

2181
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:36,200
The new plant would employ 3000 
workers with an annual payroll

2182
01:42:36,200 --> 01:42:40,533
of over 100 million dollars 
flowing into the local economy.

2183
01:42:40,533 --> 01:42:43,666
Sixty three years after 
the first truck was assembled

2184
01:42:43,666 --> 01:42:46,666
at the new International 
Harvester factory in Fort Wayne.

2185
01:42:46,900 --> 01:42:50,500
The first pickup rolled off 
the assembly line of the new GM

2186
01:42:50,500 --> 01:42:54,933
plant on December 8th 1986 
ensuring that Fort

2187
01:42:54,933 --> 01:42:59,433
Wayne would remain a “Truck 
Town for decades to come.

2188
01:42:59,433 --> 01:43:00,400
[music]

2189
01:43:00,800 --> 01:43:03,200
Even before 
the GM plant was announced,

2190
01:43:03,466 --> 01:43:05,066
there were still men and women

2191
01:43:05,066 --> 01:43:07,033
working 
at the International Harvester

2192
01:43:07,033 --> 01:43:09,400
Engineering Center 
in Fort Wayne.

2193
01:43:09,400 --> 01:43:12,100
They had been spared 
from disaster, much

2194
01:43:12,100 --> 01:43:15,533
like how one house 
remains intact after a tornado,

2195
01:43:15,533 --> 01:43:18,833
while the house next door 
is completely demolished.

2196
01:43:18,833 --> 01:43:20,866
The storm was still swirling 
around

2197
01:43:20,866 --> 01:43:23,200
International headquarters 
in Chicago.

2198
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:27,466
In November 1984, 
International Harvester Chairman

2199
01:43:27,466 --> 01:43:28,833
Don Lennox announced

2200
01:43:28,833 --> 01:43:32,433
the company had made 
the “monumental” decision

2201
01:43:32,433 --> 01:43:35,766
to sell the agricultural 
equipment division.

2202
01:43:35,766 --> 01:43:39,266
The deal with Tenneco, 
the maker of Case equipment,

2203
01:43:39,266 --> 01:43:43,800
would give Harvester 
430 million dollars, allowing it

2204
01:43:43,800 --> 01:43:47,433
to pay off a good portion 
of its long term debt.

2205
01:43:47,433 --> 01:43:48,866
When we sold off the Ag 
business.

2206
01:43:48,866 --> 01:43:53,066
Finally in 84, we were probably 
hours away from bankruptcy.

2207
01:43:53,066 --> 01:43:55,233
The agreement with Tenneco 
also included

2208
01:43:55,233 --> 01:43:58,200
the transfer of the “Harvester” 
brand name

2209
01:43:58,200 --> 01:44:00,566
along with the farming equipment 
business.

2210
01:44:00,566 --> 01:44:04,500
This resulted in the corporation 
changing its name in 1986.

2211
01:44:04,500 --> 01:44:07,466
The company would now 
be called Navistar,

2212
01:44:07,466 --> 01:44:08,566
and the main product line

2213
01:44:08,566 --> 01:44:11,700
would still be branded 
as “International” trucks.

2214
01:44:11,700 --> 01:44:15,400
Workers in Springfield and Fort 
Wayne would now have a new name

2215
01:44:15,400 --> 01:44:16,900
on their paychecks.

2216
01:44:16,900 --> 01:44:19,000
When I started, 
it was International Harvester.

2217
01:44:19,000 --> 01:44:21,600
My first paycheck 
was the International Harvester.

2218
01:44:21,600 --> 01:44:24,400
But then very quickly 
changed to Navistar.

2219
01:44:24,400 --> 01:44:25,866
But a lot of people didn't 
realize,

2220
01:44:25,866 --> 01:44:26,900
even in Fort Wayne,

2221
01:44:26,900 --> 01:44:29,700
that this engineering center 
was still around.

2222
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:33,066
Not only was the same kind of 
engineering design

2223
01:44:33,066 --> 01:44:34,300
and testing being done

2224
01:44:34,300 --> 01:44:36,666
at the Truck Development 
and Technology center,

2225
01:44:36,666 --> 01:44:40,500
but the proving grounds 
remained in operation as well.

2226
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:44,200
The newly rebranded Navistar 
had emerged on the other side

2227
01:44:44,200 --> 01:44:48,733
of the storm, a leaner, 
if not stronger, organization.

2228
01:44:48,733 --> 01:44:52,366
The corporation had gone from 47 
manufacturing facilities

2229
01:44:52,366 --> 01:44:56,766
in 1980 
down to just 8 plants in 1986.

2230
01:44:56,766 --> 01:44:58,966
we were starting to  
bring people back.

2231
01:44:59,166 --> 01:45:01,600
there was people 
who were laid off

2232
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:03,300
with less than 20 years 
experience

2233
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:05,466
that were starting 
to get rehired.

2234
01:45:05,466 --> 01:45:07,300
Many engineers were able to come

2235
01:45:07,300 --> 01:45:11,033
back and work long careers 
for Navistar in Fort Wayne.

2236
01:45:11,033 --> 01:45:14,600
The engineering and design 
job stayed until 2012,

2237
01:45:14,600 --> 01:45:15,966
when operations were moved

2238
01:45:15,966 --> 01:45:18,733
to Navistar headquarters 
in Lisle, Illinois.

2239
01:45:18,733 --> 01:45:22,633
Fourteen hundred 
jobs were affected and only 300

2240
01:45:22,633 --> 01:45:26,066
employees accepted offers 
to transfer out of state.

2241
01:45:26,066 --> 01:45:27,466
It had been 29 years

2242
01:45:27,466 --> 01:45:30,100
since the last truck 
was assembled in Fort Wayne,

2243
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:31,233
but there were still

2244
01:45:31,233 --> 01:45:34,600
important work being done here 
during those years.

2245
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:37,533
The proving grounds 
continued to test trucks,

2246
01:45:37,533 --> 01:45:41,033
it would be another five years 
before the last International

2247
01:45:41,033 --> 01:45:44,900
truck made the final lap 
around the track in 2015.

2248
01:45:44,900 --> 01:45:47,900
Operations were transferred 
to a larger facility built

2249
01:45:47,900 --> 01:45:53,400
by Studebaker near South 
Bend, in New Carlisle, Indiana.

2250
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:55,333
After all was said and done,

2251
01:45:55,333 --> 01:46:00,233
International trucks had a total 
run of 92 years in Fort Wayne.

2252
01:46:00,233 --> 01:46:02,466
Harvester had said 
goodbye to the city,

2253
01:46:02,466 --> 01:46:05,733
but this “Truck Town” wasnt 
quite ready

2254
01:46:05,733 --> 01:46:08,800
to say goodbye to the 
trucks that were made here.

2255
01:46:08,800 --> 01:46:10,500
[music]

2256
01:46:10,900 --> 01:46:12,233
[music]

2257
01:46:12,233 --> 01:46:13,933
Those who  
had worked here in Fort Wayne

2258
01:46:13,933 --> 01:46:16,933
felt like the legacy wasnt 
being preserved.

2259
01:46:16,933 --> 01:46:19,733
Many of the current residents 
werent aware of the history

2260
01:46:19,733 --> 01:46:23,733
that had taken place here 
over the last 100 years.

2261
01:46:23,733 --> 01:46:27,266
Something had to be done before 
the memories had faded away.

2262
01:46:27,266 --> 01:46:28,833
In 2019

2263
01:46:28,833 --> 01:46:30,566
a small group of individuals

2264
01:46:30,566 --> 01:46:32,866
started 
planning a reunion of sorts,

2265
01:46:32,866 --> 01:46:35,966
to bring those memories back 
to the attention of the Fort

2266
01:46:35,966 --> 01:46:37,000
Wayne community.

2267
01:46:37,000 --> 01:46:40,566
Harvester Homecoming

2268
01:46:40,566 --> 01:46:43,600
is really the brainchild 
of Ryan DuVall.

2269
01:46:43,600 --> 01:46:46,500
He said, I'd like to do 
something to help restore

2270
01:46:46,500 --> 01:46:48,900
International Harvester 
and the history here

2271
01:46:48,900 --> 01:46:51,666
in Fort Wayne, 
because nobody was doing that.

2272
01:46:51,666 --> 01:46:54,933
In June of 2019, planning

2273
01:46:54,933 --> 01:46:57,266
for a Harvester 
Homecoming event was underway.

2274
01:46:57,666 --> 01:47:01,300
The group began contacting 
former employees, Scout

2275
01:47:01,300 --> 01:47:03,533
collectors, 
and big truck enthusiasts

2276
01:47:03,533 --> 01:47:05,233
to bring 
their vehicles to the event.

2277
01:47:05,233 --> 01:47:07,900
I could not believe the people

2278
01:47:07,900 --> 01:47:10,900
that showed up the first year 
for the Harvester Homecoming.

2279
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:12,566
It was phenomenal.

2280
01:47:12,566 --> 01:47:14,600
You had to wait 
to get in the buildings.

2281
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:15,666
I mean, people

2282
01:47:15,666 --> 01:47:19,166
all over the place 
and the Scouts that showed up.

2283
01:47:19,166 --> 01:47:22,900
The first Harvester 
Homecoming in August of 2019

2284
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:24,666
brought out thousands of people

2285
01:47:24,666 --> 01:47:27,700
wanting to see the hundreds 
of vintage International

2286
01:47:27,700 --> 01:47:31,133
Harvester 
Scouts, and trucks on display.

2287
01:47:31,133 --> 01:47:34,333
Harvester Homecoming 
has become an annual festival

2288
01:47:34,333 --> 01:47:38,133
drawing thousands of enthusiasts 
from all across the country.

2289
01:47:38,133 --> 01:47:41,133
Navistar responded by loaning 
its corporate collection

2290
01:47:41,133 --> 01:47:42,600
of historic vehicles.

2291
01:47:42,600 --> 01:47:46,066
The festival was even able 
to utilize the old Scout factory

2292
01:47:46,066 --> 01:47:48,600
grounds; the vacant 
engineering center

2293
01:47:48,600 --> 01:47:51,600
was brought back to life, 
as former employees

2294
01:47:51,600 --> 01:47:53,400
and their relatives 
walked the halls

2295
01:47:53,400 --> 01:47:57,300
once more sharing tales 
of what went on at the facility.

2296
01:47:58,566 --> 01:48:00,533
Harvester 
Homecoming was a perfect

2297
01:48:00,533 --> 01:48:04,366
name for it 
because it wasn't just about

2298
01:48:04,366 --> 01:48:06,666
International Harvester 
in Fort Wayne.

2299
01:48:06,666 --> 01:48:07,900
It was about the people.

2300
01:48:07,900 --> 01:48:09,433
It was a family.

2301
01:48:09,433 --> 01:48:12,800
It is like coming home again 
and seeing all these people

2302
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:15,000
and the memories 
that are out there.

2303
01:48:15,000 --> 01:48:16,533
To me, 
they were the good old days.

2304
01:48:16,533 --> 01:48:18,400
So it's fun.

2305
01:48:18,400 --> 01:48:19,966
It's just wonderful to hear

2306
01:48:19,966 --> 01:48:22,366
all the stories 
from the different people.

2307
01:48:22,366 --> 01:48:24,266
It's the people, the stories,

2308
01:48:24,266 --> 01:48:25,266
you know, how things

2309
01:48:25,266 --> 01:48:27,266
happened in the plants, 
what what was going on?

2310
01:48:27,266 --> 01:48:29,966
and what was your relationship 
with International or, or,

2311
01:48:29,966 --> 01:48:32,533
you know, 
how did what job did you do?

2312
01:48:32,533 --> 01:48:33,766
The trucks themselves

2313
01:48:33,766 --> 01:48:35,866
can be a source of great 
nostalgia,

2314
01:48:35,866 --> 01:48:38,433
especially when 
there is a family connection.

2315
01:48:38,433 --> 01:48:43,666
All these old guys would walk up 
to one of the old trucks

2316
01:48:43,666 --> 01:48:49,333
and spend 15 minutes walking 
around it and staring at it. And

2317
01:48:49,333 --> 01:48:51,200
I said, “What are you thinking”  
And what is, you know, is

2318
01:48:51,200 --> 01:48:52,566
this bring back memories

2319
01:48:52,566 --> 01:48:54,600
and the first words 
out of everybody's mouth

2320
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:58,200
after I ask that question was 
“my daddy”.

2321
01:48:58,200 --> 01:49:00,766
“My daddy drove 
one of these trucks”.

2322
01:49:00,766 --> 01:49:03,300
“My daddy used to let me ride 
in it.

2323
01:49:03,300 --> 01:49:06,166
My my daddy”, 
whether it was on the farm

2324
01:49:06,166 --> 01:49:09,266
or whether it was 
a highway tractor, it was it.

2325
01:49:09,266 --> 01:49:12,300
And it's a sentimental 
I think that's

2326
01:49:12,300 --> 01:49:15,466
who it is that collects 
these old trucks.

2327
01:49:15,466 --> 01:49:17,200
Is it brings back

2328
01:49:17,200 --> 01:49:18,466
some childhood memories.

2329
01:49:18,466 --> 01:49:19,633
When you're doing a design,

2330
01:49:19,633 --> 01:49:21,300
the last thing in the world 
you think about

2331
01:49:21,300 --> 01:49:24,433
is that someone's 
still going to appreciate

2332
01:49:24,433 --> 01:49:27,933
or have any interest in it 
30 or 40 years later.

2333
01:49:27,933 --> 01:49:29,100
Theres 
not a whole bunch more things

2334
01:49:29,100 --> 01:49:33,000
that are more important to me 
in my life,

2335
01:49:33,000 --> 01:49:35,200
than preserving 
International truck history.

2336
01:49:35,200 --> 01:49:37,866
Its what I live 
and breathe for.

2337
01:49:37,866 --> 01:49:40,766
Harvester Homecoming has plans 
for the creation

2338
01:49:40,766 --> 01:49:44,000
of a permanent museum 
to spark new connections

2339
01:49:44,000 --> 01:49:47,133
and memories 
for future generations.

2340
01:49:47,133 --> 01:49:49,466
That is very important

2341
01:49:49,466 --> 01:49:54,066
and I think that's 
going to make it live on,

2342
01:49:54,066 --> 01:49:55,266
and I think it will.

2343
01:49:55,266 --> 01:49:58,766
[music]

2344
01:49:59,200 --> 01:50:01,866
[music]

2345
01:50:01,866 --> 01:50:04,700
For those who spent 
a good portion of their lives

2346
01:50:04,700 --> 01:50:09,633
here at the Fort Wayne Works, 
the memories remain strong.

2347
01:50:09,633 --> 01:50:10,500
I liked it.

2348
01:50:10,500 --> 01:50:13,000
I tell you, 
I just love the smell.

2349
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,133
I like the noise.

2350
01:50:15,133 --> 01:50:16,433
I like the people.

2351
01:50:16,433 --> 01:50:17,633
We work hard

2352
01:50:17,633 --> 01:50:19,300
and sometimes 
we would help each other

2353
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:21,233
because, you know, the line 
kept moving.

2354
01:50:21,233 --> 01:50:23,300
People worked hard.

2355
01:50:23,300 --> 01:50:26,300
But we also had 
a lot of good times.

2356
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:29,333
We not only worked together, 
we played together.

2357
01:50:29,333 --> 01:50:31,133
We had a close relationship.

2358
01:50:31,133 --> 01:50:33,466
There was just 
a lot of camaraderie.

2359
01:50:33,466 --> 01:50:35,433
Sometimes lifelong friends.

2360
01:50:35,433 --> 01:50:38,233
We all became very tight, 
close friends.

2361
01:50:38,233 --> 01:50:39,633
It was a family here.

2362
01:50:39,633 --> 01:50:43,466
I enjoyed being around them.

2363
01:50:43,466 --> 01:50:51,466
I forgot a lot of their names.

2364
01:50:51,466 --> 01:50:58,466
<Music>

2365
01:50:58,466 --> 01:51:01,766
These folks went through 
something pretty serious

2366
01:51:01,766 --> 01:51:06,266
and a lot of them, you 
know, they had been laid off,

2367
01:51:06,266 --> 01:51:08,800
but they loved this company.

2368
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:12,100
And that in that 
love of a company,

2369
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:16,033
you know, you just don't see 
that in today's environment.

2370
01:51:16,033 --> 01:51:16,266
You know,

2371
01:51:16,666 --> 01:51:18,266
it was just a unique time

2372
01:51:18,266 --> 01:51:22,166
in history, I think, 
in the history of the company.

2373
01:51:22,166 --> 01:51:25,300
It was a great company 
to work for.

2374
01:51:25,300 --> 01:51:28,166
It was a tremendous company 
to work for.

2375
01:51:28,166 --> 01:51:31,066
I was just tickled to have a job 
with them.

2376
01:51:31,066 --> 01:51:32,966
A great place to work.

2377
01:51:32,966 --> 01:51:35,500
It was a good place to work.

2378
01:51:35,500 --> 01:51:36,466
Good people to work with.

2379
01:51:36,466 --> 01:51:39,800
Time I started, 
it was like a family.

2380
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:43,266
I loved working for Harvester.

2381
01:51:43,266 --> 01:51:45,400
I still call it 
International Harvester,

2382
01:51:45,400 --> 01:51:49,600
even though it changed 
to Navistar. But

2383
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:51,966
I'm very proud 
to have worked for ‘em.

2384
01:51:51,966 --> 01:51:53,266
I loved working here.

2385
01:51:53,266 --> 01:51:55,733
It was always my goal 
to work at Harvester.

2386
01:51:55,733 --> 01:51:58,333
It's just really fun.

2387
01:51:58,333 --> 01:52:02,400
And we just really enjoyed 
every day and the opportunities

2388
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:03,933
and the surprises.

2389
01:52:03,933 --> 01:52:05,566
There are always surprises.

2390
01:52:05,566 --> 01:52:08,100
Enjoyed 
all the years with Harvester.

2391
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:13,366
It was hard work 
but the company treated us well.

2392
01:52:13,366 --> 01:52:16,533
It's what kept food on the table 
and a roof over my head.

2393
01:52:16,533 --> 01:52:18,766
Give me my home.

2394
01:52:18,766 --> 01:52:21,866
They gave me my food.

2395
01:52:21,866 --> 01:52:24,566
I raised three girls, 
put them through college.

2396
01:52:24,566 --> 01:52:27,100
I had four babies 
and a lovely wife.

2397
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:30,900
And we were 
from good old Fort Wayne. And

2398
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:31,533
I was where I

2399
01:52:31,533 --> 01:52:34,533
wanted to be, you know?

2400
01:52:34,533 --> 01:52:36,900
And I'm glad I stayed there.

2401
01:52:36,900 --> 01:52:39,600
Certainly when I came to Fort 
Wayne, Indiana,

2402
01:52:39,600 --> 01:52:43,666
which I knew very little about, 
to work for a truck company,

2403
01:52:43,666 --> 01:52:46,033
I assumed I'd be here 
two years and go off

2404
01:52:46,033 --> 01:52:50,033
to some wonderful place 
like Detroit or something.

2405
01:52:50,033 --> 01:52:53,566
And it just kept 
getting better and better.

2406
01:52:53,566 --> 01:52:56,700
And there was more 
and more reason to stay and

2407
01:52:56,700 --> 01:52:58,866
never really seriously 
thought about leaving

2408
01:52:58,866 --> 01:53:00,700
when when you come 
right down to it.

2409
01:53:00,700 --> 01:53:06,633
I can't explain how blessed 
we were to have the engineers

2410
01:53:06,633 --> 01:53:11,600
we had and the understanding 
they had of the product

2411
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:13,800
in this facility, 
in this location.

2412
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:16,800
Very central to my whole life.

2413
01:53:17,000 --> 01:53:19,166
I was able to spend 40 years 
there

2414
01:53:19,166 --> 01:53:20,666
and enjoyed every minute of it.

2415
01:53:20,666 --> 01:53:23,500
I'm so blessed 
that I got to experience

2416
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:26,000
that kind of work environment 
with those those people.

2417
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:30,133
Love them people

2418
01:53:30,133 --> 01:53:35,633
and it's 
like a home away from home.

2419
01:53:35,633 --> 01:53:41,133
I'm just really thankful that I 
got the privilege of working at

2420
01:53:41,133 --> 01:53:43,933
International 
Harvester, Navistar,

2421
01:53:43,933 --> 01:53:48,333
and it gave me a good life.

2422
01:53:48,333 --> 01:53:51,500
Id say it was probably the

2423
01:53:51,500 --> 01:53:54,933
the best place to work,

2424
01:53:54,933 --> 01:53:59,766
and we were very proud 
of the product that we produced.

2425
01:53:59,766 --> 01:54:05,966
Harvester was my life.

2426
01:54:05,966 --> 01:54:08,866
As long as memories 
are passed on

2427
01:54:08,866 --> 01:54:11,566
and passionate people 
continue to restore

2428
01:54:11,566 --> 01:54:14,566
and care for the vehicles 
that were born here.

2429
01:54:14,766 --> 01:54:18,366
Fort Wayne will 
always remain a Truck Town.

2430
01:54:18,366 --> 01:54:29,666
[bittersweet music ends]

2431
01:54:29,666 --> 01:54:32,633
[rock music]

2432
01:55:37,766 --> 01:55:41,200
[rock music ends]

2433
01:55:42,900 --> 01:55:46,400
[whistle blows]

2434
01:55:52,333 --> 01:55:54,600
Truck Town: A History 
of International Harvester

2435
01:55:54,600 --> 01:55:57,600
in Fort 
Wayne was brought to you by

2436
01:55:59,133 --> 01:56:01,833
Hanning and Bean - 
a commercial real estate

2437
01:56:01,833 --> 01:56:02,900
and property management

2438
01:56:03,133 --> 01:56:05,900
firm invested in the development 
of Northeast Indiana.

2439
01:56:07,200 --> 01:56:10,266
Proud to support PBS Fort Wayne 
in preserving

2440
01:56:10,266 --> 01:56:13,266
the legacy 
of International Harvester.

2441
01:56:14,066 --> 01:56:17,366
In 1935, Three Rivers 
Federal Credit Union began

2442
01:56:17,366 --> 01:56:19,633
as a financial cooperative 
for the hardworking

2443
01:56:19,633 --> 01:56:21,733
employees 
of International Harvester.

2444
01:56:21,733 --> 01:56:24,000
Committe 
to supporting the people, places

2445
01:56:24,000 --> 01:56:26,300
and ideas 
that make our region home.

2446
01:56:26,300 --> 01:56:29,300
3Riversfcu.org.

2447
01:56:29,300 --> 01:56:32,333
O'Rourke-Schof 
Family Foundation.

2448
01:56:32,333 --> 01:56:35,300
Proud to bring the International 
Harvester story

2449
01:56:35,300 --> 01:56:38,266
to the community.

2450
01:56:39,100 --> 01:56:42,100
Additional funding provided by

2451
01:56:42,366 --> 01:56:45,166
Koesters Body and Frame Shop,

2452
01:56:45,166 --> 01:56:47,733
Selking International Trucks,

2453
01:56:47,733 --> 01:56:50,733
and the City of New Haven.