1 00:00:02,433 --> 00:00:03,900 - Good evening, everyone, 2 00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:08,166 and welcome to Crossroads of Ideas: Can You Dig It? 3 00:00:08,166 --> 00:00:09,333 I'm Will Cushman, 4 00:00:09,333 --> 00:00:11,400 a science writer for University Communications 5 00:00:11,400 --> 00:00:15,333 within the UW-Madison Office of Strategic Communication. 6 00:00:16,333 --> 00:00:19,366 Today's event marks 2024's second installment 7 00:00:19,366 --> 00:00:22,300 of the Crossroads of Ideas program series. 8 00:00:22,300 --> 00:00:24,333 Crossroads of Ideas is a collaboration 9 00:00:24,333 --> 00:00:26,600 between the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery's 10 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:29,766 Illuminating Discovery Hub, UW-Madison, 11 00:00:29,766 --> 00:00:31,966 and the Morgridge Institute for Research. 12 00:00:32,966 --> 00:00:35,500 Before I say more about this evening's event, 13 00:00:35,500 --> 00:00:37,600 we will take a moment to acknowledge the land 14 00:00:37,600 --> 00:00:40,000 that we occupy here at the Discovery Building. 15 00:00:41,300 --> 00:00:43,033 The University of Wisconsin-Madison 16 00:00:43,033 --> 00:00:45,833 occupies ancestral Ho-Chunk land, 17 00:00:47,100 --> 00:00:49,566 a place their nation has called Teejop 18 00:00:49,566 --> 00:00:51,133 since time immemorial. 19 00:00:52,133 --> 00:00:54,000 In an 1832 treaty, 20 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:57,433 the Ho-Chunk were forced to cede this territory. 21 00:00:57,433 --> 00:01:01,766 Decades of ethnic cleansing followed when both the federal 22 00:01:01,766 --> 00:01:05,300 and state governments tried repeatedly, but unsuccessfully, 23 00:01:05,300 --> 00:01:07,966 to forcibly remove the Ho-Chunk from Wisconsin. 24 00:01:08,966 --> 00:01:12,666 This history of colonization informs our shared future 25 00:01:12,666 --> 00:01:14,800 of collaboration and innovation. 26 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:19,466 Today, UW-Madison and all of its presenting organizations 27 00:01:19,466 --> 00:01:23,233 respect the inherent sovereignty of the Ho-Chunk Nation 28 00:01:23,233 --> 00:01:26,600 and the 11 other First Nations of Wisconsin. 29 00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:31,400 Tonight, we are very excited to host Kallie Moore, 30 00:01:31,400 --> 00:01:33,566 who is this spring's Sharon Dunwoody 31 00:01:33,566 --> 00:01:36,066 Science Journalist in Residence. 32 00:01:36,066 --> 00:01:38,833 The UW-Madison Science Journalist in Residence program 33 00:01:38,833 --> 00:01:41,000 was founded in 1986 34 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:42,733 and is hosted by the School of Journalism 35 00:01:42,733 --> 00:01:44,033 and Mass Communication 36 00:01:44,033 --> 00:01:46,200 and the Office of Strategic Communication. 37 00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:48,400 We're grateful to all the partners 38 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:50,666 who made tonight's program possible. 39 00:01:51,766 --> 00:01:53,000 Speaking of tonight's program, 40 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:55,166 since 2017, Kallie has been a co-host 41 00:01:55,166 --> 00:01:56,433 and content consultant 42 00:01:56,433 --> 00:01:59,900 for the PBS Digital Studios channel Eons. 43 00:01:59,900 --> 00:02:01,600 The paleontology-focused channel 44 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:04,833 features deeply researched, short episodes 45 00:02:04,833 --> 00:02:08,500 that investigate scientific questions about life on Earth. 46 00:02:08,500 --> 00:02:10,700 From the dawn of living organisms 47 00:02:10,700 --> 00:02:12,400 through the age of dinosaurs, 48 00:02:12,400 --> 00:02:15,733 all the way to the end of the most recent Ice Age. 49 00:02:15,733 --> 00:02:16,900 Eons currently has 50 00:02:16,900 --> 00:02:19,466 nearly 3 million subscribers on YouTube. 51 00:02:20,466 --> 00:02:22,066 In her role at Eons, 52 00:02:22,066 --> 00:02:25,533 Kallie has explored so many fascinating questions. 53 00:02:25,533 --> 00:02:29,866 Questions like, why did giraffes' necks become so long? 54 00:02:29,866 --> 00:02:32,733 How did bats gain the ability to fly? 55 00:02:32,733 --> 00:02:35,533 And when did humans stop being naked 56 00:02:35,533 --> 00:02:37,000 and start wearing clothes? 57 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,500 In addition to sharing evolutionary tales on Eons, 58 00:02:40,500 --> 00:02:42,266 Kallie serves as collections manager 59 00:02:42,266 --> 00:02:45,666 or fossil librarian of the paleontology collection 60 00:02:45,666 --> 00:02:47,866 of the University of Montana. 61 00:02:47,866 --> 00:02:49,033 Her debut children's book, 62 00:02:49,033 --> 00:02:50,366 Tales of the Prehistoric World, 63 00:02:50,366 --> 00:02:52,433 was released in the fall of 2022. 64 00:02:53,566 --> 00:02:56,300 As a tiny bit of an Eons super-fan myself, 65 00:02:56,300 --> 00:02:58,933 I am personally thrilled to have Kallie on campus this week 66 00:02:58,933 --> 00:03:00,400 to share her expertise, 67 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:02,600 both with students in the journalism school 68 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:05,300 and with everyone gathered here tonight. 69 00:03:05,300 --> 00:03:06,666 Spending time with her this week, 70 00:03:06,666 --> 00:03:08,533 I've been able to witness how Kallie's energy 71 00:03:08,533 --> 00:03:11,500 and enthusiasm for fossils, paleontology, 72 00:03:11,500 --> 00:03:14,366 and science in general draws people in. 73 00:03:14,366 --> 00:03:16,466 It's no wonder that she's built a successful career 74 00:03:16,466 --> 00:03:20,000 connecting people to science through the art of storytelling. 75 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:21,800 This evening, Kallie will be offering 76 00:03:21,800 --> 00:03:24,066 a behind-the-scenes look at the production of Eons 77 00:03:24,066 --> 00:03:25,733 and describing her winning approach 78 00:03:25,733 --> 00:03:27,366 to science communication. 79 00:03:27,366 --> 00:03:29,900 Please join me in welcoming Kallie Moore. 80 00:03:29,900 --> 00:03:32,900 [audience applauding] 81 00:03:37,066 --> 00:03:40,933 - Okay, so I host Eons, yeah. 82 00:03:40,933 --> 00:03:44,800 How many of you, just show of hands, know Eons? 83 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:46,400 Oh, yeah, keep your hands raised. 84 00:03:46,400 --> 00:03:49,066 How many of you have watched an actual full episode 85 00:03:49,066 --> 00:03:50,633 and haven't just heard of it? 86 00:03:50,633 --> 00:03:54,100 Nice; how many of you have watched at least five episodes? 87 00:03:54,100 --> 00:03:55,566 Yeah! Okay, good. 88 00:03:55,566 --> 00:03:57,933 All right, so most of you are familiar with Eons. 89 00:03:57,933 --> 00:03:59,200 I love it. 90 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,266 For those of you that are not familiar with Eons, 91 00:04:01,266 --> 00:04:03,733 you're gonna get a very in-depth look for it tonight. 92 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:07,300 So this is how the talk is gonna go. 93 00:04:07,300 --> 00:04:09,266 I'm gonna start with what is science communication, 94 00:04:09,266 --> 00:04:10,800 just a brief description. 95 00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:12,400 Then we're gonna go into my, kind of, 96 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:15,000 personal science communication journey 97 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:17,933 and experience very briefly. 98 00:04:17,933 --> 00:04:19,133 And then we'll get into the 99 00:04:19,133 --> 00:04:21,066 behind-the-scenes look of Eons. 100 00:04:21,066 --> 00:04:22,400 I'm gonna give you some tips 101 00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:27,000 for creating effective science communication, 102 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:30,000 and then we're gonna get into some tricky topics 103 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:31,933 and how to navigate them. 104 00:04:31,933 --> 00:04:33,200 So let's get started 105 00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:35,933 with science communication, AKA SciComm. 106 00:04:35,933 --> 00:04:37,933 And for any students out there 107 00:04:37,933 --> 00:04:40,033 that are looking to get into science communication, 108 00:04:40,033 --> 00:04:41,200 I highly encourage you 109 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:44,433 to check out this little workbook by Eva Amsen. 110 00:04:44,433 --> 00:04:47,100 It's, like, less than $10, and it's, like, a workbook 111 00:04:47,100 --> 00:04:49,166 to help you translate your science 112 00:04:49,166 --> 00:04:50,700 into science communication. 113 00:04:50,700 --> 00:04:54,800 But she has a really great definition of what SciComm is. 114 00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:57,666 And it's basically any form of communication about science, 115 00:04:57,666 --> 00:04:59,666 scientists, and scientific research 116 00:04:59,666 --> 00:05:02,766 to an audience of people outside that field of science, 117 00:05:02,766 --> 00:05:06,033 excluding academic communication to other scientists. 118 00:05:06,033 --> 00:05:07,433 So when I go into a classroom 119 00:05:07,433 --> 00:05:09,766 and talk about dinosaurs, that's science communication. 120 00:05:09,766 --> 00:05:13,533 When I talk about dinosaurs to invertebrate paleontologists, 121 00:05:13,533 --> 00:05:15,233 that is not science communication. 122 00:05:15,233 --> 00:05:17,233 So I'm still talking to paleontologists 123 00:05:17,233 --> 00:05:18,933 about paleontology. 124 00:05:18,933 --> 00:05:20,966 So there is a line to be drawn 125 00:05:20,966 --> 00:05:22,966 on what counts as science communication 126 00:05:22,966 --> 00:05:26,033 and what is just me communicating science 127 00:05:26,033 --> 00:05:27,300 to other professionals. 128 00:05:28,300 --> 00:05:29,700 So how do you SciComm? 129 00:05:29,700 --> 00:05:31,166 There's basically three different ways. 130 00:05:31,166 --> 00:05:32,333 You can talk about it. 131 00:05:32,333 --> 00:05:33,766 That's my preferred method. 132 00:05:33,766 --> 00:05:34,933 You can write about it, 133 00:05:34,933 --> 00:05:36,833 and you can actually create about it. 134 00:05:36,833 --> 00:05:38,633 And I don't think a lot of people think 135 00:05:38,633 --> 00:05:40,966 about the creating side of science communication. 136 00:05:40,966 --> 00:05:44,966 So talking is doing videos, social media, 137 00:05:44,966 --> 00:05:47,466 podcasts, demonstrations, demos, tours, 138 00:05:47,466 --> 00:05:48,633 those sorts of things. 139 00:05:48,633 --> 00:05:50,633 Writing, blog, PopSci. 140 00:05:50,633 --> 00:05:51,866 You can write a book. 141 00:05:51,866 --> 00:05:54,133 Also, social media has a lot of writing into it, 142 00:05:54,133 --> 00:05:55,300 and consulting. 143 00:05:56,366 --> 00:05:57,966 Creating, though, is kind of fun, 144 00:05:57,966 --> 00:05:59,366 and I like to think about this 145 00:05:59,366 --> 00:06:02,433 because art is very important in paleontology. 146 00:06:02,433 --> 00:06:07,500 Paleo art, that helps people recognize the ancient past 147 00:06:07,500 --> 00:06:08,866 and see the animals 148 00:06:08,866 --> 00:06:10,633 of what they might have looked like, 149 00:06:10,633 --> 00:06:14,233 based on our best scientific hypotheses. 150 00:06:14,233 --> 00:06:17,100 So this is a shark called Helicoprion, 151 00:06:17,100 --> 00:06:21,066 and it was made by Staab Studios based on artwork 152 00:06:21,066 --> 00:06:23,433 from paleo artist Ray Troll. 153 00:06:23,433 --> 00:06:24,600 And it's a very cool... 154 00:06:24,600 --> 00:06:26,233 It's called the buzzsaw shark 155 00:06:26,233 --> 00:06:28,433 'cause its lower jaw and the teeth 156 00:06:28,433 --> 00:06:30,766 kind of look like a buzzsaw, right? 157 00:06:30,766 --> 00:06:33,600 You can also perform science communication. 158 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:37,700 So this picture here is from a body theater, 159 00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:40,566 prehistoric body theater where they're actually acting out, 160 00:06:40,566 --> 00:06:43,233 with their bodies, the end of the Cretaceous, 161 00:06:43,233 --> 00:06:45,233 the extinction of the dinosaurs, 162 00:06:45,233 --> 00:06:47,633 and then the rebirth of life after. 163 00:06:48,633 --> 00:06:50,500 Then there's also music. 164 00:06:50,500 --> 00:06:53,366 So Ray Troll, again, this paleo artist, he has a band, 165 00:06:53,366 --> 00:06:54,766 the Ratfish Wranglers, 166 00:06:54,766 --> 00:06:57,066 and they got together with another guy, Russell Wodehouse, 167 00:06:57,066 --> 00:06:59,733 and they created an album of fossil music. 168 00:06:59,733 --> 00:07:02,333 It is the most adorable thing ever. 169 00:07:02,333 --> 00:07:05,366 So many different types of music on this album, 170 00:07:05,366 --> 00:07:06,633 including a song 171 00:07:06,633 --> 00:07:08,866 where they teach you the geologic timescale. 172 00:07:08,866 --> 00:07:10,900 So if any of you are having trouble 173 00:07:10,900 --> 00:07:13,733 remembering the geologic timescale, 174 00:07:13,733 --> 00:07:16,966 I highly encourage downloading this album. 175 00:07:16,966 --> 00:07:18,466 So these are kind of the ways 176 00:07:18,466 --> 00:07:21,100 that you can do science communication. 177 00:07:22,533 --> 00:07:26,700 So how did I end up here today as a science communicator? 178 00:07:26,700 --> 00:07:28,866 Well, it all started in college. 179 00:07:28,866 --> 00:07:31,066 I was a big nerd, 180 00:07:31,066 --> 00:07:35,566 and I was the assistant curator of our campus museum. 181 00:07:35,566 --> 00:07:37,700 I was the president of the Earth Science Club, 182 00:07:37,700 --> 00:07:39,100 and we did a lot. 183 00:07:39,100 --> 00:07:41,333 We were a very active club when I was president. 184 00:07:41,333 --> 00:07:43,900 I was a field assistant for the St. Louis Science Museum, 185 00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:47,100 taking the general public out to eastern Montana 186 00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:48,900 to collect dinosaur bones 187 00:07:48,900 --> 00:07:51,300 and learn about the ancient past there, 188 00:07:51,300 --> 00:07:53,966 as well as a summer intern at Ashfall Fossil Beds 189 00:07:53,966 --> 00:07:56,433 where I answered questions to the general public, 190 00:07:56,433 --> 00:07:59,400 I gave geology tours, and that sort of thing. 191 00:07:59,400 --> 00:08:02,633 In 2008, I was hired as the collections manager 192 00:08:02,633 --> 00:08:04,733 of the University of Montana Paleontology Center, 193 00:08:04,733 --> 00:08:06,600 which I'll touch on in just a second. 194 00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:09,300 In 2016, I started consulting. 195 00:08:09,300 --> 00:08:12,000 I worked for Disney in Animal Kingdom Park 196 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:14,300 to help renovate their dinosaur ride. 197 00:08:14,300 --> 00:08:15,500 My name's on a plaque. 198 00:08:15,500 --> 00:08:17,100 If you go, take a picture of it, 199 00:08:17,100 --> 00:08:19,533 tag me on Instagram, love seeing it. 200 00:08:19,533 --> 00:08:21,533 And I also worked on a couple of TV pitches. 201 00:08:21,533 --> 00:08:23,000 They didn't get picked up, 202 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:26,133 but I thought my part of the pitches were really great, 203 00:08:26,133 --> 00:08:27,333 so maybe someday. 204 00:08:27,333 --> 00:08:29,833 In 2017, Eons was launched, 205 00:08:29,833 --> 00:08:32,466 and we will definitely go into that in a lot more detail. 206 00:08:32,466 --> 00:08:35,400 And then 2022, my book came out, my children's book, 207 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:37,266 Tales of the Prehistoric World. 208 00:08:37,266 --> 00:08:40,033 And most recently, I became an executive producer 209 00:08:40,033 --> 00:08:41,466 on Why Dinosaurs?, 210 00:08:41,466 --> 00:08:43,333 a documentary about the dinosaurs 211 00:08:43,333 --> 00:08:46,600 and the people that love them. 212 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:49,466 And this, we are in the distribution phase. 213 00:08:49,466 --> 00:08:51,000 We're trying to find a distributor 214 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,200 for this amazing documentary. 215 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,533 So hopefully, you all will be able to see it in person 216 00:08:57,533 --> 00:08:59,833 at some point soon. 217 00:08:59,833 --> 00:09:02,366 You might be able to catch a screening somewhere 218 00:09:02,366 --> 00:09:04,233 at a paleontological museum, 219 00:09:04,233 --> 00:09:07,033 either here in the US or in the UK 220 00:09:07,033 --> 00:09:09,600 if you happen to find yourself there this summer. 221 00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:12,066 So here is my building. [sighs] 222 00:09:12,066 --> 00:09:15,233 This is a scene from Why Dinosaurs?, 223 00:09:15,233 --> 00:09:19,033 and I find this building to be very ugly. 224 00:09:19,033 --> 00:09:21,566 Some people like it; I do not. 225 00:09:21,566 --> 00:09:24,000 But it looks very magical with this picture, 226 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:27,100 the drone image with it all being snowy and stuff. 227 00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:29,333 But this is where I spend most of my time, 228 00:09:29,333 --> 00:09:31,733 is down in a basement collection. 229 00:09:31,733 --> 00:09:33,033 This is our space saver, 230 00:09:33,033 --> 00:09:35,333 and all those cases that you can see 231 00:09:35,333 --> 00:09:37,866 house our massive collection. 232 00:09:37,866 --> 00:09:39,733 It's a pretty good-size collection. 233 00:09:39,733 --> 00:09:43,033 The collection spans over 2 billion years, 234 00:09:43,033 --> 00:09:46,500 and over 20 different countries are represented. 235 00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:49,500 It is slow, but it doesn't need to be fast, 236 00:09:49,500 --> 00:09:51,666 holding our priceless collection of fossils. 237 00:09:51,666 --> 00:09:54,666 As my colleague, physics colleague 238 00:09:54,666 --> 00:09:56,400 in the same basement always says, 239 00:09:56,400 --> 00:09:59,333 "How's your priceless collection doing today?" 240 00:09:59,333 --> 00:10:01,233 But anyways, these two stacks move back and forth, 241 00:10:01,233 --> 00:10:03,600 and this is where I spend most of my time, 242 00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:05,366 windowless basement. 243 00:10:06,533 --> 00:10:09,200 But the other part of my job is outreach. 244 00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:11,333 I do a lot of outreach, 245 00:10:11,333 --> 00:10:15,533 including fossil IDs, lots of fossil IDs. 246 00:10:15,533 --> 00:10:19,266 Or actually, should I say, soul-crushing descriptions 247 00:10:19,266 --> 00:10:22,766 of what is not a fossil that you have. 248 00:10:22,766 --> 00:10:25,266 Very rarely do they actually bring in fossils. 249 00:10:25,266 --> 00:10:27,300 If I had a dollar for every dinosaur egg 250 00:10:27,300 --> 00:10:29,733 that I said, "No, it is a rock," 251 00:10:29,733 --> 00:10:32,700 I wouldn't have to do much work anymore. 252 00:10:33,700 --> 00:10:35,733 This little kid here, though, had fossils, 253 00:10:35,733 --> 00:10:38,666 so I'm identifying all of his fossils for him. 254 00:10:38,666 --> 00:10:40,333 But I do a lot of fossil identifications 255 00:10:40,333 --> 00:10:42,100 either in person or through email. 256 00:10:44,366 --> 00:10:46,566 The other thing I do is a lot of guided tours. 257 00:10:46,566 --> 00:10:48,433 We don't have a natural history museum 258 00:10:48,433 --> 00:10:53,166 or a paleo museum on campus, but we do have a small atrium 259 00:10:53,166 --> 00:10:54,700 in the first floor of our building 260 00:10:54,700 --> 00:10:56,533 that does have some display cases, 261 00:10:56,533 --> 00:10:58,400 including a T-Rex skull 262 00:10:58,400 --> 00:11:01,000 that you can kind of see over there on the right. 263 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:04,233 And so I do a lot of K through 12 tours, 264 00:11:04,233 --> 00:11:07,766 including the general public, groups from campus, 265 00:11:08,766 --> 00:11:10,066 visitors through the summer 266 00:11:10,066 --> 00:11:11,533 that are just passing through Missoula. 267 00:11:11,533 --> 00:11:12,933 They come by, 268 00:11:12,933 --> 00:11:15,700 and we talk about the evolution of life for about an hour. 269 00:11:17,766 --> 00:11:19,233 My preferred form 270 00:11:19,233 --> 00:11:21,566 of science communication is public lectures. 271 00:11:21,566 --> 00:11:24,233 I literally can talk about anything 272 00:11:24,233 --> 00:11:26,933 if it's related to paleontology. 273 00:11:26,933 --> 00:11:29,200 And this is from a public lecture 274 00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:31,233 that I just gave at the Museum of the Rockies 275 00:11:31,233 --> 00:11:35,233 in Bozeman, Montana, for their Valentine's Day event, 276 00:11:35,233 --> 00:11:38,133 and it was called "Fornicating Fossils." 277 00:11:38,133 --> 00:11:41,066 So let your mind run with imagination 278 00:11:41,066 --> 00:11:42,900 on what that talk included. 279 00:11:44,166 --> 00:11:47,866 I also do a lot of, like, fossil show-and-tells, 280 00:11:47,866 --> 00:11:49,600 and I go into the classrooms, 281 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:53,033 and I consider this, again, public lectures. 282 00:11:53,033 --> 00:11:54,300 This one here, 283 00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:56,533 I was invited to a local elementary school book fair 284 00:11:56,533 --> 00:12:01,266 where they were selling my book, and I have a set of fossil casts 285 00:12:01,266 --> 00:12:04,633 that go with some of the stories from my book. 286 00:12:04,633 --> 00:12:07,000 So I sat down, we read the story, 287 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:08,933 and then we went through the fossils 288 00:12:08,933 --> 00:12:12,733 that went with the story, and it was a really fun time. 289 00:12:12,733 --> 00:12:14,366 I love this elementary school. 290 00:12:14,366 --> 00:12:16,533 They always invite me for their book fair. 291 00:12:17,533 --> 00:12:19,233 So now let's get into Eons. 292 00:12:21,333 --> 00:12:25,333 So we have the best URL, I think, youtube.com/eons. 293 00:12:25,333 --> 00:12:27,833 It's so easy, short, sweet. 294 00:12:27,833 --> 00:12:30,233 And basically, join hosts Kallie Moore, 295 00:12:30,233 --> 00:12:33,133 Michelle Barboza-Ramirez, and Blake de Pastino 296 00:12:33,133 --> 00:12:34,533 as they take you on a journey 297 00:12:34,533 --> 00:12:35,933 through the history of life on Earth. 298 00:12:35,933 --> 00:12:38,533 From the dawn of life in the Archaean Eon 299 00:12:38,533 --> 00:12:41,000 through the Mesozoic Era, the so-called Age of Dinosaurs, 300 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:43,000 right up to the end of the most Ice Age. 301 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,300 I see where you got your intro from. [laughs] 302 00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:49,133 But you can find us anywhere you can get YouTube. 303 00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:52,666 Now, YouTube is kind of a partnership 304 00:12:52,666 --> 00:12:56,533 between PBS Digital Studios and Complexly. 305 00:12:56,533 --> 00:12:58,466 Complexly is a production company 306 00:12:58,466 --> 00:13:02,566 based out of Missoula, Montana, started by Hank and John Green. 307 00:13:02,566 --> 00:13:04,033 This is the production company 308 00:13:04,033 --> 00:13:06,300 that has brought you classics like SciShow 309 00:13:06,300 --> 00:13:08,933 and Crash Course, and Bizarre Beasts. 310 00:13:09,933 --> 00:13:12,400 We launched in 2017, 311 00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,000 and we actually are the only Complexly show 312 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:17,066 that has launched at VidCon. 313 00:13:17,066 --> 00:13:20,133 VidCon is like a YouTube convention, basically. 314 00:13:20,133 --> 00:13:23,000 I think it's morphed more into, like, social media-a-con. 315 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:28,066 But in the old days, back in 2017, it was mostly YouTube. 316 00:13:28,066 --> 00:13:31,333 So we launched at the Anaheim Convention Center 317 00:13:31,333 --> 00:13:34,700 in front of almost 7,000 people. 318 00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:36,033 It was a lot. 319 00:13:37,033 --> 00:13:38,233 And then the following week, 320 00:13:38,233 --> 00:13:39,633 we officially launched on YouTube. 321 00:13:40,633 --> 00:13:45,300 As of the end of February, we have made 234 episodes. 322 00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:48,366 We have 2.89 million subscribers. 323 00:13:48,366 --> 00:13:52,100 We have 650 million lifetime views, 324 00:13:52,100 --> 00:13:57,600 which equals to about 47.1 million hours watched. 325 00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:00,266 So a lot of people have spent a lot of time 326 00:14:00,266 --> 00:14:02,066 with our channel, which is great. 327 00:14:03,466 --> 00:14:06,333 So when we look at YouTube specifically, 328 00:14:06,333 --> 00:14:10,000 'cause we make content for a lot of different platforms. 329 00:14:11,133 --> 00:14:14,666 In 2023, we had about 163 million views, 330 00:14:14,666 --> 00:14:16,433 6.8 million hours watched, 331 00:14:16,433 --> 00:14:19,933 and we netted about 400,000 subscribers. 332 00:14:19,933 --> 00:14:22,933 And if we break that down between Eons Prime, 333 00:14:22,933 --> 00:14:24,633 that's our long-form content, 334 00:14:24,633 --> 00:14:26,133 that's what we've refer to it as, 335 00:14:26,133 --> 00:14:29,300 and YouTube Shorts, which is short-form content, 336 00:14:29,300 --> 00:14:34,366 we had 27 uploads on long-form, 71.5 million views, 337 00:14:34,366 --> 00:14:37,533 and we netted 241,000 subscribers 338 00:14:37,533 --> 00:14:39,700 from the YouTube side. 339 00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:43,800 From Shorts, we uploaded 77 YouTube Shorts, 340 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:46,866 and they had 92.3 million views. 341 00:14:46,866 --> 00:14:49,333 So we actually had more views on our Shorts 342 00:14:49,333 --> 00:14:51,500 than we did for our long-form content, 343 00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:52,800 which is kind of interesting, 344 00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:56,233 and it netted us about 114,000 subscribers. 345 00:14:57,366 --> 00:14:59,833 And this is fairly average, year on year. 346 00:14:59,833 --> 00:15:03,466 So last year looked very similar to this year's numbers, 347 00:15:03,466 --> 00:15:05,300 so we're staying pretty consistent. 348 00:15:06,633 --> 00:15:08,800 We also posted 72 TikToks. 349 00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:10,366 And here's our TikTok numbers too, 350 00:15:10,366 --> 00:15:11,533 in case you were wondering. 351 00:15:11,533 --> 00:15:14,633 We have over 365,000 followers 352 00:15:14,633 --> 00:15:17,600 and over 7 million likes on TikTok. 353 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,433 We added a new host, Gabriel Santos, 354 00:15:20,433 --> 00:15:24,633 who is in the upper right-hand corner over there. 355 00:15:24,633 --> 00:15:27,266 And he will start releasing episodes with us 356 00:15:27,266 --> 00:15:28,500 with season seven, 357 00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:31,733 which will start probably in the summer. 358 00:15:31,733 --> 00:15:35,800 And then our best-performing video of last year 359 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:40,433 was "The Invisible Barrier Keeping Two Worlds Apart," 360 00:15:40,433 --> 00:15:43,066 and it already has 17 million views. 361 00:15:43,066 --> 00:15:46,066 People were really stoked to learn about the Wallace line, 362 00:15:46,066 --> 00:15:49,133 so if you don't know what it is, check out the episode. 363 00:15:50,966 --> 00:15:53,666 Now, this is not a YouTube channel 364 00:15:53,666 --> 00:15:55,366 that's made in somebody's basement. 365 00:15:55,366 --> 00:15:57,400 It is made in a basement, 366 00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:00,200 but the basement of an old funeral home. 367 00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:03,000 So I feel like we've come full circle. 368 00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,766 We're talking about really, really dead, ancient life 369 00:16:05,766 --> 00:16:09,400 in a building that used to hold modern, dead humans. 370 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:12,966 So it's real fun, and it's in the basement. 371 00:16:12,966 --> 00:16:15,500 So the basement has been converted into studio spaces. 372 00:16:15,500 --> 00:16:18,333 We have five studios and one podcast studio. 373 00:16:18,333 --> 00:16:19,833 But this is the team, 374 00:16:19,833 --> 00:16:22,566 especially all the names over here 375 00:16:22,566 --> 00:16:26,933 are the team that makes Eons happen. 376 00:16:26,933 --> 00:16:28,733 So I'm not just hanging out with a friend 377 00:16:28,733 --> 00:16:31,000 with an iPhone and a little box light. 378 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:36,500 This is a well-funded, well-staffed operation. 379 00:16:38,066 --> 00:16:40,600 So this is how an episode gets made. 380 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:43,500 The topic is either pitched by us. 381 00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:45,133 We'll find a writer that we like, 382 00:16:45,133 --> 00:16:47,866 somebody that works on geology, for example, 383 00:16:47,866 --> 00:16:49,966 we have a geology writer, 384 00:16:49,966 --> 00:16:52,766 and we will be like, "Hey, we got this idea. 385 00:16:52,766 --> 00:16:54,066 Can you pitch it to us?" 386 00:16:54,066 --> 00:16:56,966 And so the pitch will consist about 250 words, 387 00:16:56,966 --> 00:16:58,633 kind of give an overview, 388 00:16:58,633 --> 00:17:01,466 kinda like the elevator pitch of the episode, 389 00:17:01,466 --> 00:17:04,766 as well as a list of sources. 390 00:17:05,766 --> 00:17:07,833 Writers can also pitch us as well. 391 00:17:07,833 --> 00:17:10,000 Some of our long-term writers 392 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:13,133 will pitch us ideas when they strike. 393 00:17:14,133 --> 00:17:15,600 A script can take anywhere 394 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:17,433 from two to three weeks to develop, 395 00:17:17,433 --> 00:17:19,900 and our content team works very closely 396 00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:23,233 with most of the writers to develop these scripts 397 00:17:23,233 --> 00:17:27,000 because Eons is a storytelling channel. 398 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:28,800 We don't do explainer videos. 399 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,133 We don't do listicles; we don't do things like that. 400 00:17:31,133 --> 00:17:34,500 We tell stories, and so we wanna make sure 401 00:17:34,500 --> 00:17:39,000 that these scripts have the Eons vibe throughout them. 402 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:42,166 Our scripts are about 1,600 to 1,800 words, 403 00:17:42,166 --> 00:17:45,100 and that translates to about seven to ten minutes 404 00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:47,000 on a YouTube video. 405 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:49,466 From there, the script is done, a table read. 406 00:17:49,466 --> 00:17:52,166 So we actually have the host either through Zoom 407 00:17:52,166 --> 00:17:55,266 or come into the office and read through it 408 00:17:55,266 --> 00:17:57,600 to make sure the script is readable. 409 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,266 Scripts are very different when you're just reading on paper 410 00:18:01,266 --> 00:18:03,333 versus reading it out loud. 411 00:18:03,333 --> 00:18:04,933 So we make sure that there's not, like, 412 00:18:04,933 --> 00:18:07,266 five commas in a sentence or something like that. 413 00:18:09,033 --> 00:18:10,700 Then it comes to me for fact-checking. 414 00:18:10,700 --> 00:18:13,833 So I fact-check everything 415 00:18:13,833 --> 00:18:15,100 that Eons writes. 416 00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:18,566 So that's including YouTube scripts, Shorts, TikToks, 417 00:18:18,566 --> 00:18:21,333 actually, Shorts and TikToks are the same thing, 418 00:18:21,333 --> 00:18:24,800 and our podcast, so I check all of those. 419 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:26,800 And that can take me up to, like, two days, 420 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,466 depending on how much time I have available. 421 00:18:29,466 --> 00:18:34,133 But the basics of these scripts are one to two ideas per script, 422 00:18:34,133 --> 00:18:35,900 you don't wanna overload people, 423 00:18:35,900 --> 00:18:38,033 and you wanna be counterintuitive. 424 00:18:38,033 --> 00:18:41,066 Obvious answers to questions make for boring scripts. 425 00:18:41,066 --> 00:18:44,000 We don't want that; we want a twist, right? 426 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,300 So a really good example of this is actually just last week. 427 00:18:47,300 --> 00:18:48,733 I had a friend contact me 428 00:18:48,733 --> 00:18:50,666 and say, "Hey, I read in a magazine 429 00:18:50,666 --> 00:18:54,866 that elk evolved from tusked ancestors." 430 00:18:54,866 --> 00:18:56,933 And I was like, "That sounds ridiculous. 431 00:18:56,933 --> 00:18:58,300 That can't be right." 432 00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:01,833 And I mean, it's oversimplified, but it is basically right. 433 00:19:01,833 --> 00:19:03,533 So I looked into it. 434 00:19:03,533 --> 00:19:07,166 And when you first have the oldest artiodactyl, 435 00:19:07,166 --> 00:19:09,366 so artiodactyls are a group of mammals 436 00:19:09,366 --> 00:19:12,500 that have even-toed hooves. 437 00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:15,633 So pigs, camels, deers, those types of things. 438 00:19:15,633 --> 00:19:17,866 The oldest member of that group 439 00:19:17,866 --> 00:19:21,000 that we have evidence for has well-developed canines. 440 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:23,933 Not tusks, but canines. 441 00:19:23,933 --> 00:19:26,033 Through some climate change, 442 00:19:26,033 --> 00:19:28,933 we get a very hot, humid forest environment, 443 00:19:28,933 --> 00:19:31,866 and at least the deer family takes off, 444 00:19:31,866 --> 00:19:34,933 and we do start to see tusks develop. 445 00:19:34,933 --> 00:19:38,633 And they're about musk deer-sized 446 00:19:38,633 --> 00:19:40,533 in their tusk and their overall size. 447 00:19:40,533 --> 00:19:42,866 Most of them don't have any headgear yet, 448 00:19:42,866 --> 00:19:44,100 just these tusks. 449 00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:45,866 They were probably more isolated, 450 00:19:45,866 --> 00:19:48,666 and they used the tusks to fight to the death. 451 00:19:49,666 --> 00:19:53,600 More climate change happens, and things dry out. 452 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:56,700 The forests disappear and grasslands take over. 453 00:19:56,700 --> 00:20:00,866 And as this happens, we see, at the same time, 454 00:20:00,866 --> 00:20:03,333 tusks are starting to disappear. 455 00:20:03,333 --> 00:20:05,700 The deer family is becoming more social. 456 00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:09,700 They're living in herds and headgear starts to evolve. 457 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:13,933 So instead of fights to the death, they have standoffs. 458 00:20:13,933 --> 00:20:15,966 "Ooh, your rack is bigger than mine. 459 00:20:15,966 --> 00:20:18,600 Never mind, you win." 460 00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:20,233 'Cause you don't wanna kill your neighbor. 461 00:20:20,233 --> 00:20:24,500 Survival is best in groups at this point in time. 462 00:20:24,500 --> 00:20:26,566 And so I was blown away. 463 00:20:26,566 --> 00:20:27,733 I had no idea, 464 00:20:27,733 --> 00:20:29,733 and there happened to be two relatively new papers 465 00:20:29,733 --> 00:20:33,466 that had come out looking in this transition over time. 466 00:20:33,466 --> 00:20:35,233 And so I emailed our content team. 467 00:20:35,233 --> 00:20:37,533 I was like, "Hey, this is shocking, 468 00:20:37,533 --> 00:20:39,966 "and I can just see all the fun titles 469 00:20:39,966 --> 00:20:42,066 that we could come up with for this." 470 00:20:42,066 --> 00:20:44,666 And so that's what I mean by being counterintuitive. 471 00:20:44,666 --> 00:20:49,300 Who would've thought that deer used to have big canines 472 00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:51,666 and fight to the death, right? 473 00:20:51,666 --> 00:20:54,766 And then also be totally devoted to accuracy. 474 00:20:54,766 --> 00:20:57,266 Anything you put on the internet that's wrong, 475 00:20:57,266 --> 00:20:59,733 you will be called out within seconds. 476 00:20:59,733 --> 00:21:01,400 I don't care if your mistake happened 477 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:02,833 over three minutes into the video. 478 00:21:02,833 --> 00:21:04,433 Somehow, somebody will find it 479 00:21:04,433 --> 00:21:07,366 within the first five seconds and tell you. 480 00:21:07,366 --> 00:21:09,800 So it's very important that whatever you put out there, 481 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:13,666 especially for science communication, is accurate. 482 00:21:13,666 --> 00:21:15,833 And that's where I come in, to fact-check. 483 00:21:16,833 --> 00:21:18,000 Now, for production, 484 00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:20,133 we film in our studio in Missoula, Montana, 485 00:21:20,133 --> 00:21:21,933 so in the basement of the funeral home. 486 00:21:21,933 --> 00:21:24,200 And it takes about an hour-ish, 487 00:21:24,200 --> 00:21:26,266 depending on how comfortable you are. 488 00:21:26,266 --> 00:21:27,533 So when I first started out, 489 00:21:27,533 --> 00:21:29,233 it definitely took me more than an hour 490 00:21:29,233 --> 00:21:30,533 to make a ten-minute video. 491 00:21:30,533 --> 00:21:32,900 It was kind of tragic how long it took. 492 00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:35,466 We get it down to about, like, less than 45 minutes now. 493 00:21:35,466 --> 00:21:37,200 We can cruise through it pretty fast. 494 00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:38,833 But this is what our studio looks like. 495 00:21:38,833 --> 00:21:41,066 We shoot on a green screen; it's real boring. 496 00:21:41,066 --> 00:21:43,633 A lot of our fans want to always see our studio. 497 00:21:43,633 --> 00:21:46,833 And we're like, "Here it is; yep, that's it. 498 00:21:46,833 --> 00:21:48,600 It's a green screen." 499 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:50,966 We have a lot of really expensive equipment in there, 500 00:21:50,966 --> 00:21:52,700 but we don't have a set. 501 00:21:53,966 --> 00:21:56,933 From there, all that raw footage is sent 502 00:21:56,933 --> 00:22:02,000 to our post-production team, and that's who cuts the episode, 503 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:03,933 takes out all of my mistake lines, 504 00:22:03,933 --> 00:22:08,000 pulls out the good bloopers, and the images are added. 505 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:10,466 And this can take about seven days-ish. 506 00:22:10,466 --> 00:22:14,200 It depends on how quickly we can get images. 507 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:18,100 Sometimes that's the biggest holdup, is getting the images. 508 00:22:19,233 --> 00:22:20,666 From there, a finished, 509 00:22:20,666 --> 00:22:23,533 cut episode goes to our sound editor, 510 00:22:23,533 --> 00:22:26,233 and she puts in any fun little sounds, 511 00:22:26,233 --> 00:22:29,433 like birds chirping when we show a forest scene, 512 00:22:29,433 --> 00:22:32,100 and also puts in the music. 513 00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:34,433 The final draft is sent to the team, 514 00:22:34,433 --> 00:22:36,833 and I also fact-check the graphics. 515 00:22:36,833 --> 00:22:38,400 And the reason why I do that 516 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:40,733 is because of our most watched episode ever 517 00:22:40,733 --> 00:22:43,566 has one of the most embarrassing mistakes 518 00:22:43,566 --> 00:22:45,066 in our channel's history. 519 00:22:45,066 --> 00:22:46,833 And that is our megalodon episode, 520 00:22:46,833 --> 00:22:51,233 and it has been seen by 26 million people. 521 00:22:51,233 --> 00:22:53,900 So fun fact, be sure to triple-check 522 00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:56,100 what your stock image titles are 523 00:22:56,100 --> 00:22:58,700 to make sure that they're actually what they say they are. 524 00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:02,466 So in this scene, we're talking about the blue whale, 525 00:23:02,466 --> 00:23:05,333 the biggest thing that has ever evolved on our planet. 526 00:23:05,333 --> 00:23:09,233 And we show a picture of a blue-colored humpback whale. 527 00:23:10,233 --> 00:23:13,666 And there were probably nine sets of eyes on this video, 528 00:23:13,666 --> 00:23:15,000 and nobody caught it. 529 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:16,833 But you know who did catch it? 530 00:23:16,833 --> 00:23:19,000 Our viewers, immediately. 531 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:20,666 And so in these days, 532 00:23:20,666 --> 00:23:23,500 you could get very harshly penalized 533 00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:26,500 from the YouTube algorithm if you uploaded something 534 00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:28,100 and then pulled it down really quickly 535 00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:29,866 and then uploaded it again. 536 00:23:29,866 --> 00:23:31,266 It's not that way anymore, 537 00:23:31,266 --> 00:23:34,066 but we could not risk our views to pull it down. 538 00:23:34,066 --> 00:23:35,466 So we just pinned a comment, 539 00:23:35,466 --> 00:23:40,100 and then lo and behold, so many people saw it. 540 00:23:40,100 --> 00:23:43,633 So anyways, that's what I mean by triple-check everything, 541 00:23:43,633 --> 00:23:45,133 including your images. 542 00:23:46,433 --> 00:23:48,733 So here's what our audience kind of looks like. 543 00:23:48,733 --> 00:23:52,200 And this is from the 2022 PBS annual survey, 544 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,933 so if any of you actually answer these surveys, 545 00:23:55,933 --> 00:23:58,133 we use this data, I promise you. 546 00:23:58,133 --> 00:24:00,566 So the data that you're seeing right here 547 00:24:00,566 --> 00:24:03,300 is anybody that said on that PBS survey 548 00:24:03,300 --> 00:24:07,533 that they watch Eons often or all the time. 549 00:24:07,533 --> 00:24:10,900 So these are our core audience members. 550 00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:15,133 And you can see, 25 to 34 is kind of our sweet spot, 551 00:24:15,133 --> 00:24:19,600 but really we range anywhere from 18 to 44 for the channel. 552 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:25,333 Our split on gender is 60% men and 40% everybody else. 553 00:24:25,333 --> 00:24:27,366 And while that sounds, 60/40, 554 00:24:27,366 --> 00:24:30,933 kind of like a uneven split, for a science channel, 555 00:24:30,933 --> 00:24:32,466 that's really good. 556 00:24:32,466 --> 00:24:35,433 So if you get into physics channels and things like that, 557 00:24:35,433 --> 00:24:39,733 their splits can be closer to 80/20 or even 90/10. 558 00:24:39,733 --> 00:24:43,766 So having a 60/40 split is actually pretty good. 559 00:24:43,766 --> 00:24:45,466 And then based on race, 560 00:24:45,466 --> 00:24:48,100 we definitely are overwhelmingly white. 561 00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:50,300 If anybody has any ideas 562 00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:51,866 about how to get a diverse audience, 563 00:24:51,866 --> 00:24:54,100 that's, like, the million-dollar question for YouTube, 564 00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:55,966 so patent that. 565 00:24:57,266 --> 00:24:58,533 Where are they? 566 00:24:58,533 --> 00:25:02,066 Well, it makes sense that almost 60% of our audience 567 00:25:02,066 --> 00:25:03,933 is in the United States. 568 00:25:03,933 --> 00:25:07,200 We make it here, we produce it here; that kind of tracks. 569 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:08,900 And also, the top states 570 00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,433 are some of the states with the largest populations, 571 00:25:11,433 --> 00:25:13,433 so this is no surprise. 572 00:25:13,433 --> 00:25:18,033 Outside of the US, our top countries are Canada, the UK, 573 00:25:18,033 --> 00:25:20,833 oddly, Germany, and then Australia, 574 00:25:20,833 --> 00:25:23,866 which every one of those makes sense, except for Germany, 575 00:25:23,866 --> 00:25:25,933 because they're English-speaking countries. 576 00:25:25,933 --> 00:25:28,200 Some of our episodes have been translated. 577 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:30,800 YouTube does have a translate feature now. 578 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:33,500 But overwhelmingly, our audience 579 00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:36,033 is mostly from English-speaking countries. 580 00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:39,300 This was actually kind of a shock for us 581 00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:40,900 when we first released Eons. 582 00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:42,700 We thought that since we were gonna be talking 583 00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:44,100 about dinosaurs and fossils, 584 00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:48,500 that our audience would skew at least high school or younger. 585 00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:51,666 That was made very apparent wrong 586 00:25:51,666 --> 00:25:53,666 within the first few episodes. 587 00:25:53,666 --> 00:25:55,433 Our commenters were saying things like, 588 00:25:55,433 --> 00:25:56,866 "Why are you talking down to us? 589 00:25:56,866 --> 00:25:58,100 "We're not kindergartners. 590 00:25:58,100 --> 00:26:00,366 Like, pick it up, pick it up." 591 00:26:00,366 --> 00:26:04,000 And so this survey that I did in 2019, 592 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:05,333 it was very, very informal. 593 00:26:05,333 --> 00:26:07,433 I just put out a link and was like, 594 00:26:07,433 --> 00:26:11,133 "Hey, we wanna know about you, tell me." 595 00:26:11,133 --> 00:26:12,366 And they did. 596 00:26:12,366 --> 00:26:14,500 Over 10,000 people answered my survey, 597 00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:16,833 which was way too many people, 598 00:26:16,833 --> 00:26:19,033 but I got a lot of good data out of it. 599 00:26:19,033 --> 00:26:20,233 And so as you can see, 600 00:26:20,233 --> 00:26:24,233 over 27% already have their bachelor's degree. 601 00:26:24,233 --> 00:26:28,800 And 20%, almost 24% are currently in college. 602 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:33,133 15% have a master's degree, and 15% are in high school 603 00:26:33,133 --> 00:26:34,666 or have a high school diploma. 604 00:26:34,666 --> 00:26:37,466 So we actually have a fairly educated audience, 605 00:26:37,466 --> 00:26:39,366 so we kick it up a notch. 606 00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:43,033 Our channel is very high-level science, 607 00:26:44,033 --> 00:26:47,700 but we always define jargon 608 00:26:48,900 --> 00:26:50,400 whenever we use it. 609 00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:52,166 So let's get into some tips 610 00:26:52,166 --> 00:26:57,166 for creating successful science communication. 611 00:26:57,166 --> 00:26:59,933 So science communication in the biz 612 00:26:59,933 --> 00:27:06,500 is known as edutainment, educating entertainment. 613 00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:09,600 So you want to keep people's attention. 614 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,466 Usually, I would be pacing back and forth on this stage, 615 00:27:12,466 --> 00:27:15,533 but I must stay with the microphone tonight. 616 00:27:15,533 --> 00:27:19,200 And so we wanna be engaging, we wanna be entertaining, 617 00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:21,166 but we also wanna be educating. 618 00:27:21,166 --> 00:27:24,833 So science communication in our world is edutainment. 619 00:27:24,833 --> 00:27:27,166 And for us, that means storytelling. 620 00:27:27,166 --> 00:27:31,400 So again, Eons episodes have this very strong narrative. 621 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:34,133 We wanna take you on a journey through time, 622 00:27:34,133 --> 00:27:37,233 through discovery, through evolutionary history. 623 00:27:37,233 --> 00:27:39,100 So we're not just throwing facts at you 624 00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:41,033 and seeing what sticks in your brain. 625 00:27:41,033 --> 00:27:43,700 We wanna give you a narrative and a story. 626 00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:48,133 So some things that make good science communication topics, 627 00:27:48,133 --> 00:27:49,766 and this is gonna be mostly based 628 00:27:49,766 --> 00:27:51,866 in geology and paleontology, 629 00:27:51,866 --> 00:27:55,166 but a lot of these will work for really any of the sciences. 630 00:27:55,166 --> 00:27:58,766 Creature features, so talking about a cool animal. 631 00:27:58,766 --> 00:28:00,733 Casual geology, so I just found out 632 00:28:00,733 --> 00:28:03,200 that your Capitol has a fossil tour 633 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:04,666 for their building stones, 634 00:28:04,666 --> 00:28:08,166 and I'm gonna do it tomorrow, and I'm very excited. 635 00:28:08,166 --> 00:28:09,933 Collection and museum features, 636 00:28:09,933 --> 00:28:11,733 so if you have access to a museum, 637 00:28:11,733 --> 00:28:14,100 maybe talk about an exhibit. 638 00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:16,133 Q&As and replies are wonderful. 639 00:28:16,133 --> 00:28:18,266 People love to engage with your channel, 640 00:28:18,266 --> 00:28:19,900 so if you have a Q&A, 641 00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:23,300 make sure you reply to those questions. 642 00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:27,166 You can do news, debunking, so misinformation, 643 00:28:27,166 --> 00:28:29,933 listicles, "Top Three Mammoth Deaths." 644 00:28:29,933 --> 00:28:31,566 Yes, that is a TikTok. 645 00:28:32,566 --> 00:28:35,400 Tales of discovery, behind the scenes, 646 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,933 so looking at a prep lab or a regular lab space. 647 00:28:38,933 --> 00:28:40,333 I got to go visit the sharks. 648 00:28:40,333 --> 00:28:42,000 Oops, I shouldn't have said that. 649 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:44,400 Behind the scenes, I said that, 650 00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:48,900 and then how-to guides, and personal experiences in science. 651 00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:51,700 So obviously, even if you've had negative experience 652 00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:55,666 in sciences and have had toxic office mates 653 00:28:55,666 --> 00:28:58,100 or something like that, people still like to hear about it 654 00:28:58,100 --> 00:29:00,266 and to know how you overcame. 655 00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:03,433 But the most important thing 656 00:29:03,433 --> 00:29:07,233 is to have a really good opening line and intro. 657 00:29:07,233 --> 00:29:09,033 And that's because a view 658 00:29:09,033 --> 00:29:12,233 on most platforms is three seconds. 659 00:29:12,233 --> 00:29:15,800 And while that sounds really fast, it's not. 660 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:17,433 If any of you are TikTok viewers, 661 00:29:17,433 --> 00:29:19,700 think about how fast you scroll past a video 662 00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:22,700 that just remotely doesn't look interesting to you. 663 00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:25,600 A half a second, a quarter of a second maybe. 664 00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,400 So three seconds is a lifetime, at least on TikTok. 665 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,933 So having something that keeps people on your channel 666 00:29:33,933 --> 00:29:37,866 or on your content at least three seconds, 667 00:29:37,866 --> 00:29:39,533 you'll get that view. 668 00:29:39,533 --> 00:29:42,533 But that all comes from the opening line and the intro. 669 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:45,833 So here are some helpful tips. 670 00:29:45,833 --> 00:29:49,500 Keep it light, keep it casual, have fun, be humorous. 671 00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:51,366 I know from personal experience, 672 00:29:51,366 --> 00:29:53,900 when I go to conferences and I listen to other people talk, 673 00:29:53,900 --> 00:29:56,766 if they're using memes, if they're making people laugh, 674 00:29:56,766 --> 00:29:58,600 that means that people are engaged, 675 00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:00,033 and they're gonna keep listening, 676 00:30:00,033 --> 00:30:01,566 and they're gonna keep walking around. 677 00:30:01,566 --> 00:30:04,133 That's why I usually walk around up and down the stage 678 00:30:04,133 --> 00:30:06,066 to keep your eyes doing something 679 00:30:06,066 --> 00:30:09,633 so you're not just staring at a screen the entire time. 680 00:30:09,633 --> 00:30:11,733 You can collaborate with other SciCommers, 681 00:30:11,733 --> 00:30:15,100 but you need to be very strategic. 682 00:30:15,100 --> 00:30:18,100 So if you've just launched your channel about fossils, 683 00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:20,833 don't come to Eons for a collaboration 684 00:30:20,833 --> 00:30:24,266 because the collaborations need to benefit both channels. 685 00:30:24,266 --> 00:30:26,233 Obviously, you, ooh, excuse me, 686 00:30:26,233 --> 00:30:30,066 you would benefit from working with Eons, 687 00:30:30,066 --> 00:30:31,566 but if you have no audience, 688 00:30:31,566 --> 00:30:35,766 how does Eons benefit from this collaboration? 689 00:30:35,766 --> 00:30:38,166 Eons very rarely collaborates at all. 690 00:30:38,166 --> 00:30:41,633 We usually only collaborate within the PBS DS family 691 00:30:41,633 --> 00:30:45,933 or within the Complexly family, and it takes a lot of work. 692 00:30:45,933 --> 00:30:48,933 So it's gotta be a real good collaboration. 693 00:30:48,933 --> 00:30:50,366 So what I suggest 694 00:30:50,366 --> 00:30:53,566 is that you find other science communicators 695 00:30:53,566 --> 00:30:55,266 that are at your level, 696 00:30:55,266 --> 00:30:57,800 that have a similar amount of following, 697 00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,733 and that is in the sciences, but different. 698 00:31:00,733 --> 00:31:03,200 So if you do geology paleo stuff, 699 00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,533 maybe find a modern biologist. 700 00:31:05,533 --> 00:31:07,533 So you know that your two audiences 701 00:31:07,533 --> 00:31:11,000 are already interested in science, in natural histories, 702 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:12,700 but they might not have found you yet. 703 00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:15,466 And then collaborate on some cool episode 704 00:31:15,466 --> 00:31:19,100 about modern sharks compared to their ancient ancestors 705 00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:20,266 or something like that. 706 00:31:20,266 --> 00:31:21,966 So you guys can share your audiences, 707 00:31:21,966 --> 00:31:24,866 and hopefully, both of you grow your channels. 708 00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:29,633 Try to use the native features built into the apps 709 00:31:29,633 --> 00:31:30,800 as much as possible. 710 00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:33,400 I know that TikTok has started to crack down 711 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:36,100 on third-party apps 712 00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:38,233 that help you cut your episodes together 713 00:31:38,233 --> 00:31:40,133 and then you just upload it. 714 00:31:40,133 --> 00:31:43,966 So anytime you can, anytime you have time, 715 00:31:43,966 --> 00:31:46,400 use the native features built into the app, 716 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:49,000 and the algorithm will definitely work with you. 717 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:50,666 And then like I mentioned earlier, 718 00:31:50,666 --> 00:31:54,266 I may have mentioned it earlier, I've said this many times today. 719 00:31:54,266 --> 00:31:55,833 Your thumbnail and title 720 00:31:55,833 --> 00:31:58,566 are the most important part of your video, 721 00:31:58,566 --> 00:32:01,000 hands down, especially on YouTube. 722 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:05,833 That is your point of contact with the audience. 723 00:32:05,833 --> 00:32:07,300 Are they gonna click on it, 724 00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:09,066 or are they not gonna click on it? 725 00:32:09,066 --> 00:32:11,166 And with YouTube, you can change stuff. 726 00:32:11,166 --> 00:32:14,233 So we've had some low-performing videos from the past 727 00:32:14,233 --> 00:32:15,666 where we've actually gone in 728 00:32:15,666 --> 00:32:17,666 and changed the thumbnail and the title, 729 00:32:17,666 --> 00:32:21,200 and our views shoot up for that video. 730 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:22,366 So it just shows you 731 00:32:22,366 --> 00:32:25,433 how important your thumbnail and title can be. 732 00:32:25,433 --> 00:32:28,633 Engagement, again, ask questions, answer comments, 733 00:32:28,633 --> 00:32:31,266 and go into your analytics. 734 00:32:31,266 --> 00:32:35,333 TikTok, no, they have no analytics; it's impossible. 735 00:32:35,333 --> 00:32:37,033 They don't even know what they're doing. 736 00:32:37,033 --> 00:32:39,100 But with YouTube and Meta, 737 00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:41,900 actually have some pretty good back-end analytics. 738 00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:43,300 And if you're a science communicator, 739 00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:44,966 it probably means you're a scientist. 740 00:32:44,966 --> 00:32:46,133 So look at the data 741 00:32:46,133 --> 00:32:47,566 and find out what's working for you 742 00:32:47,566 --> 00:32:49,166 and what's not working for you. 743 00:32:50,166 --> 00:32:53,900 So I mentioned the algorithm, and I'm just gonna, ugh. 744 00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:56,900 The algorithm is a thing, 745 00:32:56,900 --> 00:32:59,133 and it does what it's supposed to do. 746 00:32:59,133 --> 00:33:00,733 It does what it's designed to do, 747 00:33:00,733 --> 00:33:05,466 and that's to keep people on the app as long as possible. 748 00:33:05,466 --> 00:33:07,566 And so if your content is doing that, 749 00:33:07,566 --> 00:33:09,400 you're gonna see your numbers go up. 750 00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,266 If your content isn't doing that, 751 00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:13,833 your numbers are either gonna plateau, 752 00:33:13,833 --> 00:33:15,166 or they're gonna go down. 753 00:33:15,166 --> 00:33:16,566 So it's very unlikely, 754 00:33:16,566 --> 00:33:19,233 if you are playing by the ethic rules 755 00:33:19,233 --> 00:33:23,400 of the platform that you're on, that you're being shadow banned. 756 00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:26,000 No, I'm sorry, your content is getting stale. 757 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:27,633 Freshen it up, change some stuff up, 758 00:33:27,633 --> 00:33:30,500 play with your analytics, make it better. 759 00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:32,133 It's the hard truth, I'm sorry. 760 00:33:33,133 --> 00:33:36,633 But I do wanna mention something that's weirdly happening 761 00:33:36,633 --> 00:33:39,100 with social media specifically, 762 00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:44,000 and this is what I'm calling social media's beige era. 763 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:48,800 So all the platforms are turning into the same thing. 764 00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:50,833 They all have the same features now. 765 00:33:50,833 --> 00:33:53,366 There's nothing that makes any of these apps 766 00:33:53,366 --> 00:33:55,100 any different than the other, 767 00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:58,533 other than the interface, how you interact with the app. 768 00:33:58,533 --> 00:34:01,800 And 2024, I think, is gonna be the year 769 00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:03,366 that TikTok goes beige. 770 00:34:03,366 --> 00:34:04,733 And the reason for that 771 00:34:04,733 --> 00:34:07,533 is that they're starting to push long-form content. 772 00:34:07,533 --> 00:34:12,066 They want content that's between 5 and 30 minutes long. 773 00:34:12,066 --> 00:34:14,466 That is YouTube. 774 00:34:14,466 --> 00:34:17,600 Stay in your lane, TikTok, but they're not. 775 00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:19,800 The other thing is they're pushing is horizontal format, 776 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,000 even though the app doesn't rotate. 777 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:24,766 So now you just have a really tiny horizontal box on top 778 00:34:24,766 --> 00:34:27,000 and a whole bunch of dead screen at the bottom. 779 00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:29,033 What? It makes no sense. 780 00:34:29,033 --> 00:34:31,066 And they're also pushing photo carousels. 781 00:34:31,066 --> 00:34:34,000 Hello, Instagram on TikTok, what? 782 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,466 So my suggestion is to focus on whatever app 783 00:34:37,466 --> 00:34:39,000 you're getting the most traction, 784 00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,833 and then repurpose all that content for the other apps. 785 00:34:42,833 --> 00:34:45,733 If you're looking at monetizing, YouTube is where it's at. 786 00:34:45,733 --> 00:34:47,433 TikTok is eh, kind of. 787 00:34:48,433 --> 00:34:50,866 Those two platforms have creator funds 788 00:34:50,866 --> 00:34:53,366 that you can make a little bit of money, not a lot, 789 00:34:53,366 --> 00:34:55,200 but outside brand deals. 790 00:34:56,333 --> 00:34:58,833 Comments. [sighs] 791 00:34:59,833 --> 00:35:01,866 Comments are awful; they're horrible. 792 00:35:01,866 --> 00:35:03,300 You need to have a tough skin. 793 00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,333 Especially if you are a woman or identify as a woman, 794 00:35:06,333 --> 00:35:09,333 it is going to be awful. 795 00:35:09,333 --> 00:35:11,666 I almost quit Eons within the first six months 796 00:35:11,666 --> 00:35:14,800 because the comments were so horrific. 797 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:16,233 Get a banned words list 798 00:35:16,233 --> 00:35:20,166 and make it robust, extremely robust. 799 00:35:20,166 --> 00:35:22,466 And what's really funny is all of these comments 800 00:35:22,466 --> 00:35:24,533 that are talking about my makeup, 801 00:35:24,533 --> 00:35:27,500 the only thing that I changed was my lip color. 802 00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:28,700 It was a little bit darker, 803 00:35:28,700 --> 00:35:30,933 so it matched something in my shirt, 804 00:35:30,933 --> 00:35:35,333 and people lost their collective minds 805 00:35:35,333 --> 00:35:39,433 about me having a slightly darker lip shade. 806 00:35:39,433 --> 00:35:41,933 This last one, though, cracks me up. 807 00:35:41,933 --> 00:35:43,666 "You look like Napoleon Dynamite's girlfriend 808 00:35:43,666 --> 00:35:44,833 all grown up." 809 00:35:44,833 --> 00:35:46,666 So sometimes they're creative burns, 810 00:35:46,666 --> 00:35:48,266 and other times they're really mean, 811 00:35:48,266 --> 00:35:50,033 and sometimes they're really gross. 812 00:35:50,033 --> 00:35:51,533 But a banned words list 813 00:35:51,533 --> 00:35:55,700 will help growing your audience into a positive community 814 00:35:55,700 --> 00:35:58,533 who downvotes these horrible comments, 815 00:35:58,533 --> 00:36:02,666 and they get lost in the mist of your comments section. 816 00:36:02,666 --> 00:36:05,033 Our comments section can be very large. 817 00:36:05,033 --> 00:36:07,833 We can get up to, like, 3,000 comments on a video. 818 00:36:07,833 --> 00:36:10,533 And so if just five people downvote something, 819 00:36:10,533 --> 00:36:12,933 the likelihood of you seeing it is fairly low. 820 00:36:12,933 --> 00:36:16,366 But I can't go into our comments section. 821 00:36:16,366 --> 00:36:20,700 I know it's a positive place now, but I just stay away. 822 00:36:20,700 --> 00:36:22,933 But some of 'em are funny, some of 'em are funny. 823 00:36:22,933 --> 00:36:24,133 I'll give 'em that. 824 00:36:25,433 --> 00:36:27,566 All right, so let's get into some tricky topics. 825 00:36:27,566 --> 00:36:32,433 Will asked me to put in some conflict, so here we go. 826 00:36:32,433 --> 00:36:34,800 So AI paleo art. 827 00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,333 I have three images up here, and I would love to see hands 828 00:36:38,333 --> 00:36:41,400 for who thinks these images are AI-generated 829 00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:44,033 or just stock images. 830 00:36:44,033 --> 00:36:45,366 So here's the first one. 831 00:36:45,366 --> 00:36:50,300 Raise your hand if you think this is AI art or stock art. 832 00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:51,900 Got a couple, couple hands. 833 00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:53,466 Don't be shy, it's okay. 834 00:36:53,466 --> 00:36:54,866 You can be wrong; it's all right. 835 00:36:54,866 --> 00:36:56,266 This is a learning opportunity. 836 00:36:56,266 --> 00:36:59,066 Okay, this is AI. 837 00:36:59,066 --> 00:37:01,466 [grunts] Yes, I know. 838 00:37:02,533 --> 00:37:03,700 How about this one? 839 00:37:03,700 --> 00:37:06,000 Show of hands, AI or stock? 840 00:37:07,333 --> 00:37:08,800 Ah, you guys are catching on. 841 00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:10,000 This one's actually stock. 842 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:11,400 It's just really, really bad stock. 843 00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:15,633 Images of a, [laughs] of a Stegosaurus. 844 00:37:15,633 --> 00:37:18,500 All right, how about this last one, little woolly mammoth here? 845 00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:21,066 AI? 846 00:37:22,066 --> 00:37:23,233 Okay, yep. 847 00:37:23,233 --> 00:37:24,400 This is also AI art. 848 00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:27,400 But still, it's getting pretty good, right? 849 00:37:28,833 --> 00:37:31,000 So I'm basically gonna use images 850 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:33,200 and some information from this article 851 00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:37,233 because I think the writer did a really good job 852 00:37:37,233 --> 00:37:40,400 at breaking down what AI can and cannot do, 853 00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:42,933 at least for paleo art specifically. 854 00:37:44,333 --> 00:37:49,833 So in this image, she prompted AI with sabertooth, 855 00:37:49,833 --> 00:37:55,766 and this first hallucination is from 2022. 856 00:37:55,766 --> 00:37:59,066 And this is the first prompt she ever put into AI art, 857 00:37:59,066 --> 00:38:01,500 an AI generator. 858 00:38:01,500 --> 00:38:03,333 And what is happening? 859 00:38:03,333 --> 00:38:08,166 However, this next one is from October of 2023. 860 00:38:08,166 --> 00:38:11,433 So you can see how much that AI has learned 861 00:38:11,433 --> 00:38:13,900 between 2022 and 2023, 862 00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:16,600 which is actually really shocking, right? 863 00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,866 However, it also depends on what generator you're using. 864 00:38:20,866 --> 00:38:23,000 So this is another prompt, triceratops. 865 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:24,700 And DALL-E got it pretty good. 866 00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:26,666 I mean, that looks like, okay, that's a Triceratops, 867 00:38:26,666 --> 00:38:29,533 but what is going on with Midjourney? 868 00:38:29,533 --> 00:38:32,033 It has no idea what is happening. 869 00:38:32,033 --> 00:38:35,300 And these were put in on the same day, 870 00:38:37,166 --> 00:38:39,733 mid-October of 2023. 871 00:38:39,733 --> 00:38:44,733 So some AI generators can handle paleo art okay, 872 00:38:44,733 --> 00:38:48,933 and some cannot and fail miserably. 873 00:38:48,933 --> 00:38:50,800 I mean, like, what? 874 00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:52,200 What is that? 875 00:38:54,066 --> 00:38:57,833 But also, AI works on data. 876 00:38:57,833 --> 00:39:00,566 So some of those images that I showed you to begin with 877 00:39:00,566 --> 00:39:02,466 are very popular animals. 878 00:39:02,466 --> 00:39:06,500 T-Rex, sabertooth cats, woolly mammoths. 879 00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:09,333 There is a lot of data, and there's a lot of images 880 00:39:09,333 --> 00:39:13,433 for AI to use to generate the images. 881 00:39:13,433 --> 00:39:16,866 But what about stuff that is not so popular? 882 00:39:16,866 --> 00:39:20,733 Who here knows what Opabinia should look like? 883 00:39:20,733 --> 00:39:21,933 All right, a couple of you. 884 00:39:21,933 --> 00:39:24,966 Well, AI is not a couple of you 885 00:39:24,966 --> 00:39:27,733 because this is what Opabinia looks like. 886 00:39:27,733 --> 00:39:29,766 So basically, the only thing that they got right 887 00:39:29,766 --> 00:39:31,733 was it lives in water. 888 00:39:31,733 --> 00:39:35,666 But what is going on with the eye on the antenna? 889 00:39:35,666 --> 00:39:37,666 Like, I mean, Opabinia is a 890 00:39:37,666 --> 00:39:40,233 very classic Cambrian animal. 891 00:39:40,233 --> 00:39:42,833 It lived about 505 million years ago. 892 00:39:42,833 --> 00:39:44,666 Their fossils are found in the Burgess Shale 893 00:39:44,666 --> 00:39:45,966 in British Columbia. 894 00:39:45,966 --> 00:39:48,766 And it had five eyes, like, what? 895 00:39:48,766 --> 00:39:51,766 And then it had this weird proboscis thing 896 00:39:51,766 --> 00:39:53,833 with a clasper on the end of it. 897 00:39:53,833 --> 00:39:55,633 Like, it was just strange all the way around, 898 00:39:55,633 --> 00:39:58,333 but even AI had no idea what was happening. 899 00:39:58,333 --> 00:40:00,800 So again, AI is a generalist. 900 00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:05,366 It can only do what data is available for it 901 00:40:05,366 --> 00:40:08,666 to use to generate these images. 902 00:40:08,666 --> 00:40:10,533 This one is a Gorgonopsid. 903 00:40:10,533 --> 00:40:12,833 Who knows what a Gorgonopsid is? 904 00:40:12,833 --> 00:40:14,233 This is what it actually looks like, 905 00:40:14,233 --> 00:40:16,366 or what we think it looks like. 906 00:40:16,366 --> 00:40:18,833 Yeah, so these things are actually more closely related 907 00:40:18,833 --> 00:40:21,000 to us mammals than they are to reptiles. 908 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,400 They show up kind of in the Permian. 909 00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:24,566 They were very strange. 910 00:40:24,566 --> 00:40:26,933 But what is DALL-E doing? 911 00:40:26,933 --> 00:40:30,566 And remember, DALL-E was the good one with Triceratops, 912 00:40:30,566 --> 00:40:33,533 and this is what it came up with for Gorgonopsid. 913 00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:40,433 So luckily, with paleo art, AI is only as good as the data, 914 00:40:40,433 --> 00:40:44,233 and so there is no way any current AI generator 915 00:40:44,233 --> 00:40:48,600 could hang with new finds, new discoveries. 916 00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:52,066 There's not enough information out there for it to generate. 917 00:40:52,066 --> 00:40:55,800 So we don't have to worry about people generating AI art 918 00:40:55,800 --> 00:41:00,300 for their new species of Gorgonopsid 919 00:41:00,300 --> 00:41:02,066 because they won't work. 920 00:41:02,066 --> 00:41:05,666 But we still need to be mindful of the creatures 921 00:41:05,666 --> 00:41:09,333 that there is a lot of data out there for, the popular kids: 922 00:41:09,333 --> 00:41:12,933 T-Rex, Triceratops, woolly mammoth, sabertooth cats. 923 00:41:14,733 --> 00:41:18,533 And we had a recent lesson on Eons. 924 00:41:18,533 --> 00:41:21,833 So it's a wonderful Saturday afternoon in January, 925 00:41:21,833 --> 00:41:25,800 and all of a sudden, my phone starts exploding 926 00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:27,800 with panicked messages, 927 00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:32,766 and it all boiled down to this tweet, this meme. 928 00:41:32,766 --> 00:41:34,500 And so we had posted, 929 00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:37,333 just recently, maybe 24 hours before this, 930 00:41:37,333 --> 00:41:39,800 a YouTube Short that used AI art. 931 00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:42,866 Now, this guy on Twitter thought that there were four images 932 00:41:42,866 --> 00:41:44,166 that were AI art, 933 00:41:44,166 --> 00:41:46,133 and his comments section quickly shut him down, 934 00:41:46,133 --> 00:41:49,466 at least on the Pterosaur and the theropod over there, 935 00:41:49,466 --> 00:41:50,933 the dinosaurs, actually. 936 00:41:51,933 --> 00:41:55,500 But what we got caught on, I guess, is the modern animals, 937 00:41:55,500 --> 00:41:57,900 a parrot and a crocodile. 938 00:41:57,900 --> 00:42:00,300 And I don't fact-check those graphics. 939 00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:02,166 Maybe I should start; I don't know. 940 00:42:02,166 --> 00:42:05,000 But we do have a anti-AI policy. 941 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:06,266 It is very robust. 942 00:42:06,266 --> 00:42:08,566 We do not use it in any way, shape, or form, 943 00:42:08,566 --> 00:42:09,966 and we pay humans. 944 00:42:09,966 --> 00:42:13,233 We have a lot of paleo artists that do amazing work for us. 945 00:42:13,233 --> 00:42:15,733 And again, AI art's not gonna really help us 946 00:42:15,733 --> 00:42:20,033 with some unknown species of fossil. 947 00:42:20,033 --> 00:42:22,533 So anyways, what did we do? 948 00:42:22,533 --> 00:42:25,800 We replied, and we pulled the image down 949 00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:27,766 as soon as it was brought to our attention, 950 00:42:27,766 --> 00:42:31,933 and I think we've uploaded it again with corrected images. 951 00:42:31,933 --> 00:42:36,300 So the parrot and the crocodile were taken out 952 00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:38,833 and new ones put in. 953 00:42:38,833 --> 00:42:40,900 But we owned up to our mistake, 954 00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:43,933 and we let everybody know that we are anti-AI 955 00:42:43,933 --> 00:42:47,700 and we do pay our paleo artists, and we love our paleo artists. 956 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:51,933 Luckily, for us, also, 957 00:42:52,933 --> 00:42:55,133 our response was seen way more 958 00:42:55,133 --> 00:42:57,666 than that original meme, thank goodness. 959 00:42:58,766 --> 00:43:01,833 And the response from our audience 960 00:43:01,833 --> 00:43:04,433 was overwhelmingly positive. 961 00:43:04,433 --> 00:43:06,333 The top comment and the bottom comment 962 00:43:06,333 --> 00:43:09,533 are two relatively famous paleo artists. 963 00:43:09,533 --> 00:43:10,733 And they're just like, "Thank you. 964 00:43:10,733 --> 00:43:11,900 "Thank you for acknowledging this. 965 00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:14,233 "Thank you for pulling it down, 966 00:43:14,233 --> 00:43:16,233 and I'm glad you were able to correct it." 967 00:43:16,233 --> 00:43:18,566 And then Emily had a really good idea 968 00:43:18,566 --> 00:43:21,133 is making sure when we're searching our stock images, 969 00:43:21,133 --> 00:43:22,300 we're searching for images 970 00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:27,166 that were uploaded before 2022 when AI started. 971 00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:31,366 So that was our first foray into AI art. 972 00:43:31,366 --> 00:43:34,300 I didn't think it was gonna happen immediately, 973 00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:36,066 but what do you know, it did. 974 00:43:36,066 --> 00:43:41,666 So if you are working on stock image sites, be wary. 975 00:43:41,666 --> 00:43:42,933 We work with Getty, 976 00:43:42,933 --> 00:43:47,666 and Getty has not started to label AI-generated art. 977 00:43:47,666 --> 00:43:50,900 It's still unknown whether or not it is or it isn't. 978 00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:55,233 And so that's why it's helpful to look for images before 2022. 979 00:43:55,233 --> 00:43:58,700 So now let's talk about hoaxed and poached fossils. 980 00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:01,933 And we're gonna start with this podcast episode, 981 00:44:01,933 --> 00:44:05,833 "The Case of the Most Famous Fake Human Fossil." 982 00:44:05,833 --> 00:44:08,433 And if you're unfamiliar, this is Piltdown Man. 983 00:44:08,433 --> 00:44:12,100 The first fossils of Piltdown Man were found in 1911 984 00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:15,233 and continued to be found until about 1919. 985 00:44:15,233 --> 00:44:18,733 And they were published as Eoanthropus dawsoni. 986 00:44:20,433 --> 00:44:21,966 Funnily enough, the guy 987 00:44:21,966 --> 00:44:27,033 that originally discovered said fossils died in 1919. 988 00:44:27,033 --> 00:44:28,200 And what do you know? 989 00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,466 No more fossils were found. 990 00:44:30,466 --> 00:44:34,033 And in 1953, they were exposed as a deliberate fake. 991 00:44:34,033 --> 00:44:36,566 So they figured out that at least the lower jaw 992 00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:41,300 was from orangutan, not a human at all. 993 00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:46,566 And in 2016, a very comprehensive paper came out 994 00:44:46,566 --> 00:44:48,666 looking at the history of all the finds, 995 00:44:48,666 --> 00:44:50,700 the history of the hoax itself, 996 00:44:50,700 --> 00:44:53,266 and who they thought was the hoaxer. 997 00:44:53,266 --> 00:44:54,866 Hoaxster, hoaxer? 998 00:44:54,866 --> 00:44:57,900 And it turns out that Charles Dawson, 999 00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:00,266 the guy that found the original fossils, 1000 00:45:00,266 --> 00:45:03,500 was more than likely the guy that faked it. 1001 00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:08,233 And he was thirsty for scientific street cred. 1002 00:45:08,233 --> 00:45:12,433 Like, he wanted it bad, and so he faked something. 1003 00:45:12,433 --> 00:45:15,733 Now, this rolls into a really racist time 1004 00:45:15,733 --> 00:45:18,300 in human evolution hypotheses. 1005 00:45:18,300 --> 00:45:21,500 A lot of people did not want humans 1006 00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:25,933 to come from small-brained apes in Africa at all. 1007 00:45:25,933 --> 00:45:28,833 And they would do anything to have us come 1008 00:45:28,833 --> 00:45:32,233 from a large-brain ape that doesn't exist 1009 00:45:32,233 --> 00:45:34,233 in Eurasia instead. 1010 00:45:34,233 --> 00:45:36,266 And so this tied into that 1011 00:45:36,266 --> 00:45:39,100 kind of racist thinking of the time. 1012 00:45:40,100 --> 00:45:42,100 So here's the darker areas of the skull 1013 00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:44,133 or the bits and pieces that they found. 1014 00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:46,933 And so yeah, 1015 00:45:46,933 --> 00:45:49,966 we did a whole Eons podcast episode about that, 1016 00:45:49,966 --> 00:45:54,266 going through the hoax, who we thought the hoaxster was, 1017 00:45:54,266 --> 00:45:57,433 and then kind of touched on the reason why the hoax happened 1018 00:45:57,433 --> 00:45:59,366 in the first place. 1019 00:45:59,366 --> 00:46:01,766 The next one is "The Giant Dinosaur 1020 00:46:01,766 --> 00:46:03,033 that was Missing a Body." 1021 00:46:03,033 --> 00:46:04,666 This is about Deinocheirus. 1022 00:46:04,666 --> 00:46:09,500 And in 1965, this massive set of arms were discovered 1023 00:46:09,500 --> 00:46:10,900 in the Gobi Desert. 1024 00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:12,700 And this is the woman that found them, actually. 1025 00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:14,200 1965, that's pretty good. 1026 00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,066 There were not a lot of female paleontologists back then. 1027 00:46:18,066 --> 00:46:21,266 And in 2009, much later, 1028 00:46:21,266 --> 00:46:23,866 researchers discovered a poached skeleton 1029 00:46:23,866 --> 00:46:26,900 that was missing one hand, the feet, and the skull. 1030 00:46:26,900 --> 00:46:29,266 So we find with a lot of poached dinosaurs, 1031 00:46:29,266 --> 00:46:33,733 that they only take the claws and the teeth. 1032 00:46:33,733 --> 00:46:36,333 Both of those things are fairly relatively small, 1033 00:46:36,333 --> 00:46:38,733 and they're easy to smuggle out of these countries. 1034 00:46:38,733 --> 00:46:42,100 So very rarely do you get a whole poached skeleton. 1035 00:46:42,100 --> 00:46:45,866 But if you find just a skeleton without hands and feet, 1036 00:46:45,866 --> 00:46:48,566 it's more often than not, poached. 1037 00:46:48,566 --> 00:46:51,866 And what was really cool was in 2011, 1038 00:46:51,866 --> 00:46:54,266 there was a fossil preparator 1039 00:46:54,266 --> 00:46:58,766 that got some bones from a private collector, 1040 00:46:58,766 --> 00:47:02,733 and they matched up with the poached skeleton. 1041 00:47:02,733 --> 00:47:05,133 So they could actually take a single toe bone 1042 00:47:05,133 --> 00:47:10,033 and fit it right into the matrix of the poached skeleton. 1043 00:47:10,033 --> 00:47:11,900 So they knew exactly, 1044 00:47:11,900 --> 00:47:14,966 those hands and feet came from this specimen. 1045 00:47:14,966 --> 00:47:17,766 Luckily, the private owner was like, "Nope. 1046 00:47:17,766 --> 00:47:19,833 "I don't want anymore. Take it. 1047 00:47:19,833 --> 00:47:21,633 "No, you don't have to pay me or nothing. 1048 00:47:21,633 --> 00:47:23,200 Bye, don't release my name," 1049 00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:27,533 'cause poached specimens is not a good look for anybody. 1050 00:47:28,766 --> 00:47:32,266 And then in 2014, the completed specimen, 1051 00:47:32,266 --> 00:47:35,166 and it gave us this really weird-looking dinosaur, 1052 00:47:35,166 --> 00:47:38,100 and this dinosaur is about the size of a T-Rex. 1053 00:47:38,100 --> 00:47:42,866 This is an ornithomimid, so a plant-eater, basically. 1054 00:47:42,866 --> 00:47:44,533 But these giant arms, right? 1055 00:47:44,533 --> 00:47:46,733 And this is kind of what we think it looks like. 1056 00:47:46,733 --> 00:47:49,866 But the whole specimen was repatriated to Mongolia in 2014. 1057 00:47:49,866 --> 00:47:51,666 So it kind of has a happy ending. 1058 00:47:51,666 --> 00:47:55,033 Not all poached specimens have happy endings, obviously. 1059 00:47:55,033 --> 00:47:57,300 A lot of 'em still are in private collections. 1060 00:47:57,300 --> 00:47:58,866 But in the case of Deinocheirus, 1061 00:47:58,866 --> 00:48:01,233 we got this wonderfully weird dinosaur, 1062 00:48:01,233 --> 00:48:03,600 and it was sent back to the country of origin. 1063 00:48:06,066 --> 00:48:07,700 The last one I wanna talk about 1064 00:48:08,733 --> 00:48:11,133 is one that's still going on, 1065 00:48:11,133 --> 00:48:13,300 and there is not a happy story yet. 1066 00:48:13,300 --> 00:48:16,266 "Why We Mostly Don't Talk About Burmese Amber, 1067 00:48:16,266 --> 00:48:17,433 and Here's Why." 1068 00:48:17,433 --> 00:48:19,033 This was a TikTok. 1069 00:48:19,033 --> 00:48:22,566 Burmese amber is known as conflict amber. 1070 00:48:22,566 --> 00:48:23,833 If you're unfamiliar, 1071 00:48:23,833 --> 00:48:27,233 Myanmar has had a lot of troubles for a long time. 1072 00:48:27,233 --> 00:48:28,700 And in 2017, 1073 00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:32,433 the Myanmar government military forces seized control 1074 00:48:32,433 --> 00:48:36,366 of the amber mines from the Kachin Independence Army. 1075 00:48:36,366 --> 00:48:37,833 That was not good. 1076 00:48:37,833 --> 00:48:43,233 In 2019, the UN reported human rights violations. 1077 00:48:43,233 --> 00:48:46,333 And in 2020, SVP, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 1078 00:48:46,333 --> 00:48:50,833 called for a moratorium on publishing amber material 1079 00:48:50,833 --> 00:48:54,333 that is 2017 or later. 1080 00:48:54,333 --> 00:48:57,100 And we really try to abide by that. 1081 00:48:57,100 --> 00:48:58,800 And it sucks 1082 00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:01,633 because the amber that comes out of Myanmar 1083 00:49:01,633 --> 00:49:03,200 is from the Cretaceous, 1084 00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:06,000 and you get amazing specimens like this. 1085 00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:09,033 This is a tale of a non-avian dinosaur, 1086 00:49:09,033 --> 00:49:12,700 a little bitty, not-bird dinosaur. 1087 00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:16,300 And it's so well-preserved you can see the feathers. 1088 00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:17,733 It's amazing, right? 1089 00:49:17,733 --> 00:49:20,533 Luckily, this specimen was published in 2016, 1090 00:49:20,533 --> 00:49:23,033 so it's before the moratorium of 2017, 1091 00:49:23,033 --> 00:49:25,066 so we can actually talk about it. 1092 00:49:25,066 --> 00:49:28,266 But basically, anything that was collected after 2017, 1093 00:49:28,266 --> 00:49:32,233 and really any papers that were published 2017 or later, 1094 00:49:32,233 --> 00:49:36,133 we shy away from 'cause it's really easy to lie 1095 00:49:36,133 --> 00:49:39,400 in your supplemental material and say, 1096 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:40,566 "Oh, yeah, don't worry. 1097 00:49:40,566 --> 00:49:42,466 "Hmm, this was collected years ago. 1098 00:49:42,466 --> 00:49:45,066 We just are now getting around to publishing it." 1099 00:49:45,066 --> 00:49:46,633 But some of these pieces of amber 1100 00:49:46,633 --> 00:49:49,833 can fetch thousands of dollars, 1101 00:49:49,833 --> 00:49:52,633 and so that's why they've become so conflicted 1102 00:49:52,633 --> 00:49:55,700 is because these armies can sell it, make a lot of money, 1103 00:49:55,700 --> 00:49:57,033 but when it leaves the country, 1104 00:49:57,033 --> 00:49:59,566 you're also excluding local scientists. 1105 00:49:59,566 --> 00:50:03,600 People that live in the area that want to study it, 1106 00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:05,600 they're unable to because it leaves 1107 00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:09,100 and goes to a private collector or a rich institution somewhere. 1108 00:50:10,633 --> 00:50:15,333 So that's mainly why we shy away from Burmese amber, 1109 00:50:15,333 --> 00:50:20,233 and I think a lot of other places abide by SVP's rule 1110 00:50:20,233 --> 00:50:21,700 of, nope, don't even touch it. 1111 00:50:23,033 --> 00:50:25,666 Don't make it better than it is for people to buy, 1112 00:50:25,666 --> 00:50:28,900 and don't raise more money for human rights violations. 1113 00:50:31,233 --> 00:50:32,400 Now, let's talk. 1114 00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:35,533 This is the end, problematic scientists. 1115 00:50:35,533 --> 00:50:38,566 We run into a lot of this with our human evolution episodes 1116 00:50:38,566 --> 00:50:40,633 because we usually look at human evolution 1117 00:50:40,633 --> 00:50:42,333 through a historical lens. 1118 00:50:42,333 --> 00:50:46,066 And if you are familiar with old Victorian scientists, 1119 00:50:46,066 --> 00:50:50,200 you know that a lot of them had some real awful ideas. 1120 00:50:51,533 --> 00:50:54,733 This is our "No Single Cradle of Humankind." 1121 00:50:54,733 --> 00:50:57,533 And in this episode, we talk about 1122 00:50:57,533 --> 00:51:00,833 how humans probably evolved all over Africa, 1123 00:51:00,833 --> 00:51:04,500 but there was an idea that came out about this, 1124 00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:08,066 like, now-sunken continent called Lemuria. 1125 00:51:08,066 --> 00:51:11,866 Because again, these researchers did not want humans 1126 00:51:11,866 --> 00:51:13,833 to come from Africa. 1127 00:51:13,833 --> 00:51:15,100 So in one of our sentences, 1128 00:51:15,100 --> 00:51:17,900 we actually edit out Ernst Haeckel 1129 00:51:19,166 --> 00:51:21,233 because mainly, it wasn't critical to the story. 1130 00:51:21,233 --> 00:51:22,400 It was just a line. 1131 00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:24,066 So we replaced it 1132 00:51:24,066 --> 00:51:27,766 with a more generalized "one German zoologist" 1133 00:51:27,766 --> 00:51:31,100 when we were talking about this ancient sunken continent 1134 00:51:31,100 --> 00:51:33,333 that doesn't exist, Lumeria. 1135 00:51:33,333 --> 00:51:36,166 So a lot of times, we can just not give them airtime. 1136 00:51:36,166 --> 00:51:39,900 If their name and their picture is not part of the story 1137 00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:42,033 and we're just kind of generally talking 1138 00:51:42,033 --> 00:51:45,666 about the transition of thought, we just take 'em out, 1139 00:51:45,666 --> 00:51:47,966 and we don't give them credit. 1140 00:51:49,666 --> 00:51:52,133 Other times, like this TikTok 1141 00:51:52,133 --> 00:51:55,333 where we were talking about Robert Broom. 1142 00:51:56,966 --> 00:51:58,733 Broom was an interesting guy. 1143 00:51:58,733 --> 00:52:04,600 He liked to hunt for fossils in the nude. 1144 00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:08,366 So we were basically making fun of him in this TikTok, 1145 00:52:08,366 --> 00:52:12,033 but he was a very controversial person. 1146 00:52:12,033 --> 00:52:13,633 He found a lot of great things, 1147 00:52:13,633 --> 00:52:15,866 but he had some very awful thoughts 1148 00:52:15,866 --> 00:52:17,833 about those great specimens. 1149 00:52:17,833 --> 00:52:20,833 And so we added a line to that TikTok. 1150 00:52:20,833 --> 00:52:22,433 "Now, before we get into our story, 1151 00:52:22,433 --> 00:52:26,133 "let's undress a difficult historical truth about Broom. 1152 00:52:26,133 --> 00:52:29,166 "He contributed to the early study of human 'races,' 1153 00:52:29,166 --> 00:52:32,466 the harmful effects of which continue to this day." 1154 00:52:32,466 --> 00:52:33,633 So he basically thought 1155 00:52:33,633 --> 00:52:35,233 that the different races of human 1156 00:52:35,233 --> 00:52:38,000 were actually different species, bleh. 1157 00:52:39,166 --> 00:52:44,900 So this isn't the end of it, though, because we wonder, 1158 00:52:44,900 --> 00:52:48,100 amongst ourselves in Eons on our content team, 1159 00:52:48,100 --> 00:52:49,533 is this good enough? 1160 00:52:49,533 --> 00:52:56,866 Is this gonna, like, stand up to five to ten years from now? 1161 00:52:56,866 --> 00:52:59,033 Should we always call them out? 1162 00:52:59,033 --> 00:53:00,833 Should we stop talking 1163 00:53:00,833 --> 00:53:04,300 about historical paleoanthropology altogether? 1164 00:53:04,300 --> 00:53:06,366 What is right thing to do here? 1165 00:53:06,366 --> 00:53:07,666 And we don't know. 1166 00:53:07,666 --> 00:53:09,600 We're still trying to figure that out. 1167 00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:14,333 Because even Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace 1168 00:53:14,333 --> 00:53:19,733 had some pretty terrible ideas about human evolution, 1169 00:53:19,733 --> 00:53:21,100 and we don't mention them. 1170 00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:23,300 So in the barnacle episode, 1171 00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:25,533 where if you watch the bloopers of this, 1172 00:53:25,533 --> 00:53:26,733 you'll get to hear my very, 1173 00:53:26,733 --> 00:53:29,533 very awful Victorian men scientist. 1174 00:53:30,566 --> 00:53:32,400 Oh, my God, it's really bad. 1175 00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:33,566 It's really bad. 1176 00:53:33,566 --> 00:53:34,966 Anyways, we don't mention it 1177 00:53:34,966 --> 00:53:38,066 because we're not talking about humans specifically. 1178 00:53:38,066 --> 00:53:39,766 We're not talking about human evolution. 1179 00:53:39,766 --> 00:53:42,800 We were talking about how much Darwin hated barnacles 1180 00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:45,466 and the evolutionary history of barnacles. 1181 00:53:45,466 --> 00:53:47,666 Same thing with Alfred Russel Wallace. 1182 00:53:47,666 --> 00:53:49,600 So this is the Wallace Line episode. 1183 00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:52,700 Again, Wallace had some pretty bad ideas about humans, 1184 00:53:52,700 --> 00:53:55,366 but since we're not talking about humans specifically 1185 00:53:55,366 --> 00:53:57,833 in the episode, we don't call him out. 1186 00:53:57,833 --> 00:54:00,100 Should we? Should we have? 1187 00:54:00,100 --> 00:54:01,566 We don't know. 1188 00:54:01,566 --> 00:54:03,933 So this is something that we're still coming to terms with 1189 00:54:03,933 --> 00:54:06,733 on how to deal with it, at least on our channel. 1190 00:54:08,733 --> 00:54:11,433 So with that, I thank you all for your attention. 1191 00:54:11,433 --> 00:54:14,100 I thank the University of Wisconsin for bringing me here 1192 00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:15,766 and the University of Wisconsin Foundation 1193 00:54:15,766 --> 00:54:17,600 for funding this trip. 1194 00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:20,266 I've had an amazing time talking to all 1195 00:54:20,266 --> 00:54:22,700 of the journalism students, touring campus, 1196 00:54:22,700 --> 00:54:25,400 going to museums, seeing sharks. 1197 00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:27,033 It's been a wonderful time, 1198 00:54:27,033 --> 00:54:29,766 and I thank you so much for your attention. 1199 00:54:29,766 --> 00:54:32,266 [audience applauding]